In-season training periodization of professional soccer players.

The aim of this study was to quantify the seasonal perceived respiratory and muscular training loads (i.e., sRPEres-TL and sRPEmus-TL) completed by elite-oriented young professional soccer players. Twenty-four players (20.3 ± 2.0 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga club participated in this study. Only the players that were available to train for a whole week with the team and also to play the weekly game were considered: Starters, players that participated in the match for at least 45 min and Non-Starters, players that did not participate or played less than 45 minutes in the match. The competitive period was analysed after the division into 5x6-8 week blocks and 35x1 week microcycles. Data were also analysed with respect to number of days before the immediate match. Weekly TL variation across the in-season blocks was trivial-small for both groups except between Block 2 and Block 3 (ES= moderate). Substantial TL differences (ES= small-very likely) were found between training days, the TL pattern being a progressive increase up to MD-3 followed by a decrease until MD-1. Except for the match, sRPEres-/sRPEmus-TL was very similar between Starters and Non-Starters. In summary, perceived TL across the season displayed limited variation. Coaches periodized training contents to attain the highest weekly TL 72 hours before the match to progressively unload the players between MD-3 and the match day. The data revealed that the TL arising from the weekly game was solely responsible for the observed higher weekly TL of Starters in comparison with Non-Starters.

Physiological responses between players with and without spinal cord injury in wheelchair basketball small-sided games.

STUDY DESIGN: This is a comparative study between players with and without spinal cord injury (SCI) during a training task. OBJECTIVE: This study examined physiological responses in commonly used small-sided games (SSGs) in well-experienced wheelchair basketball (WB) players with SCI and without SCI (Non-SCI). SETTING: The study was conducted with a WB team in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (2014). METHODS: The team was divided into an SCI group (n=6) and a Non-SCI group (n=6). Absolute and relative heart rate (HR) along with tympanic temperature and perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded for both groups. RESULTS: The two groups attained different absolute HR values for the same SSG. However, no significant differences were observed in relative HR between groups (%HRmean, %HRpeak and the percentage of the time spent in each HR zone: low, moderate, high and maximal) nor in tympanic temperature. Moreover, in relation to the bout evolution analysis (4 repetitions of 4 min), the Non-SCI group significantly increased (P<0.05) absolute HRmean and HRpeak during bouts, whereas the SCI group maintained them constant. Furthermore, the variations in the percentage of the time spent in each HR zone only were observed in the Non-SCI group. CONCLUSION: In spite of the Non-SCI group attaining higher absolute HR values, the SCI and Non-SCI groups may have similar HR relative values during a specific WB training task. However, the SCI group reported significantly higher values in respiratory RPE in the last bout than the Non-SCI group for the same SSG.

Change of direction ability test differentiates higher level and lower level soccer referees.

This report examines the agility and level of acceleration capacity of Spanish soccer referees and investigates the possible differences between field referees of different categories. The speed test consisted of 3 maximum acceleration stretches of 15 metres. The change of direction ability (CODA) test used in this study was a modification of the Modified Agility Test (MAT). The study included a sample of 41 Spanish soccer field referees from the Navarre Committee of Soccer Referees divided into two groups: i) the higher level group (G1, n = 20): 2ndA, 2ndB and 3rd division referees from the Spanish National Soccer League (28.43 ± 1.39 years); and ii) the lower level group (G2, n = 21): Navarre Provincial League soccer referees (29.54 ± 1.87 years). Significant differences were found with respect to the CODA between G1 (5.72 ± 0.13 s) and G2 (6.06 ± 0.30 s), while no differences were encountered between groups in acceleration ability. No significant correlations were obtained in G1 between agility and the capacity to accelerate. Significant correlations were found between sprint and agility times in the G2 and in the total group. The results of this study showed that agility can be used as a discriminating factor for differentiating between national and regional field referees; however, no observable differences were found over the 5 and 15 m sprint tests.

Can we predict the response in the treatment of epilepsy with vagus nerve stimulation?

Despite the introduction of new antiepileptic drugs and advances in the surgical treatment of epilepsy, an important group of patients still remains uncontrolled by any of these methods. The relatively recent introduction of vagus nerve stimulation is yet another possible treatment for refractory epilepsy. This safe, simple, and adjustable technique reduces the number of seizures and multiple publications support its increasing efficacy and effectiveness, with few adverse effects. The goal of our study is to determine the efficacy of this procedure and the factors predicting a response, particularly in the presence of a temporal lobe discharge on the video electroencephalogram (video-EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions. We undertook a retrospective study of all the patients with refractory epilepsy who underwent implantation of a vagus nerve stimulator between 2003 and 2009, and with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. The statistical analysis was done with SPSS for Windows. The stimulator was implanted in 40 patients, of whom 38 had a minimum follow-up of 6 months. In one patient, the device had to be removed due to infection, so the series comprised 37 patients. These were divided into different groups, according to the epidemiologic, clinical, radiologic, and electroencephalographic data. In addition, an analysis of the response was performed. The efficacy of the procedure was established according to the reduction in the mean seizure frequency. The baseline value of these seizures was 80.97 ± 143.59, falling to 37 ± 82.51 at the last revision. The response rate (reduction in seizures ≥ 50 %) at 6 months was 51.4 %, with 62.2 % of the patients showing this reduction at the last evaluation. Significant differences in the response were seen for the variables: baseline frequency of seizures, temporal lobe discharge on VideoEEG and MRI lesions. The mean time to response was 10 months in patients with lower rate of seizures versus 25 months of those with the higher rate (p = 0.024), and the response at 6 months was higher (p = 0.05). Patients with temporal lobe discharge alone or in combination with discharges over other regions had a mean time to response of 11 months versus 26 months in those without temporal discharge (p = 0.037). In the analysis of the MRI, we had seen that at the last revision, 82.4 % of the patients with lesion had achieved response versus 45 % without lesion (p = 0.02). Vagus nerve stimulation reduces the frequency of seizures. A temporal lobe discharge on the video-EEG is an indicator of an early response and the presence of an MRI lesion indicates a late response. Patients with fewer rates of seizures have a better prognosis.

Jump landing characteristics in elite soccer players with cerebral palsy.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the parameters that characterize the vertical ground reaction force during the landing phase of a jump, and to determine the relationship among these parameters in elite soccer players with cerebral palsy (CP). Thirteen male members of the Spanish national soccer team for people with CP (mean age: 27.1 ± 4.7 years) volunteered for the study. Each participant performed three counter movement jumps. The characteristics of the first peak of the vertical ground reaction force during the landing phase of a jump, which corresponds to the forefoot contact with the ground, were similar to the results obtained in previous studies. However, a higher magnitude of rearfoot contact with the ground (F2) was observed in participants with CP than in participants without CP. Furthermore, a significant correlation between F2 magnitude and the elapsed time until its production (T2) was not observed (r = -0.474 for p = 0.102). This result implies that a landing technique based on a delay in the production of F2 might not be effective to reduce its magnitude, contrary to what has been observed in participants without CP. The absence of a significant correlation between these two parameters in the present study, and the high magnitude of F2, suggest that elite soccer players with CP should use footwear with proper cushioning characteristics.

Estimators and confidence intervals for the proportion using binary auxiliary information with applications to pharmaceutical studies.

Estimation of a proportion is commonly used in areas such as medicine, biopharmaceutical experiments, etc. Estimation of a proportion using auxiliary information has not been investigated in the literature. Ratio estimators of the population proportion and two-sided confidence intervals based upon auxiliary information are derived in this paper. Real data extracted from the Spanish National Health Survey are used to demonstrate the application of the proposed methods in the estimation of prevalences. Results derived from simulation studies show that proposed estimators are more efficient than the traditional estimator. Proposed confidence intervals outperform the alternative methods, especially in terms of interval width. A study on patients with hypertension is also considered to calculate various estimators and confidence intervals.

Meningioangiomatosis: clinical-radiological features and surgical outcome.

Meningioangiomatosis (MA) is a rare, benign neoplastic disorder involving the cortex and leptomeninges, the sporadic form, commonly presents as refractory localization-related epilepsy, but could be asymptomatic especially in older patients. The imaging features may be entirely non-specific. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) erroneously suggests meningioma, lowgrade tumour or vascular malformations. The pathological findings are characterised by proliferation of meningothelial cells and leptomeningeal vessels and calcifications within the mass. Macroscopically there is dense thickening in the underlying cortex, often in a sharply defined area. In this article we report 3 cases of MA, neither of whom had a familiary history or stigmata of Neurofibromatosis (NF). We discuss and place particular emphasis on the clinical presentation and diagnosis imaging, as well as on the outcome. We also review the literature concerning about the aetiology, pathology findings and imaging features of MA.

[Sleep-related movement and behavioural disorders in adults]. / Trastornos del movimiento y de la conducta durante el sueño en el adulto.

Sleep-related movement and behaviour disorders may have an impact on sleep quality and lead to daytime symptoms. These groups of conditions include diseases such as restless legs syndrome, periodic leg movements, and REM and NREM parasomnias. The knowledge of their clinical features and management is of utmost importance for the neurologist and sleep specialist. Frequently, these patients are referred to such specialists and it is relevant to know that certain sleep disorders may be associated with other neurological conditions.

TITLE: Trastornos del movimiento y de la conducta durante el sueño en el adulto.Los trastornos del movimiento y de la conducta durante el sueño pueden tener un impacto en la calidad del sueño del paciente y dar lugar a síntomas diurnos. En estos grupos de enfermedades se incluyen entidades como el síndrome de piernas inquietas, los movimientos periódicos de las piernas y las parasomnias del sueño de movimientos oculares rápidos (REM) y no REM. El conocimiento de sus características clínicas y nociones sobre su manejo es de gran importancia para el neurólogo y especialista en sueño por su frecuencia e impacto en la calidad del sujeto. Con frecuencia, estos pacientes son referidos a dichos especialistas, y es relevante conocer que ciertos trastornos del sueño pueden asociarse a otras enfermedades neurológicas.

Rotavirus VP6 protein as a bio-electrochemical scaffold: Molecular dynamics and experimental electrochemistry.

This paper reports a theoretical and experimental investigation on the recombinant protein rotavirus VP6 as a bioelectrochemical interface. Our motivation arises from the highly active zones of VP6 which can interact with biological structures and metals, as well as its useful features such as self-assembly, polymorphism, and active surface charge. A molecular simulation study was performed to analyze the charge transfer properties of theVP6 trimer under an applied electric field. The electrostatic properties were evaluated via the nonlinear second-order Poisson-Boltzmann equation, using finite element methods based on parameter discretization and calculation of solute/solvent interaction forces, which account for mean-field screening effects. The electrochemical study validated the theoretical predictions for VP6 in their different assemblies (trimers and nanotubes) when they are used as electrodes in 10 mM K3[Fe(CN)6], 1 M KCl. Applying a potential sweep promotes charge transfer, facilitates redox activity of the ferricyanide ion. Furthermore, protein assemblies decreased electrode electrical resistance and enabled gold particle electrodeposition on the protein VP6. These results suggest that VP6 is a promising conductive biomaterial that promotes charge transfer of redox probes and could be used as a new scaffold to create bio-electrochemical interfaces.

Basic clinical features do not predict dopamine transporter binding in idiopathic REM behavior disorder.

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is strongly associated with development of Parkinson's Disease and other α-synuclein-related disorders. Dopamine transporter (DAT) binding deficit predicts conversion to α-synuclein-related disorders in individuals with RBD. In turn, identifying which individuals with RBD have the highest likelihood of having abnormal DAT binding would be useful. The objective of this analysis was to examine if there are basic clinical predictors of DAT deficit in RBD. Participants referred for inclusion in the RBD cohort of the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative were included. Assessments at the screening visit including DAT SPECT imaging, physical examination, cognitive function screen, and questionnaire-based non-motor assessment. The group with DAT binding deficit (n = 49) was compared to those without (n = 26). There were no significant differences in demographic or clinical features between the two groups. When recruiting RBD cohorts enriched for high risk of neurodegenerative disorders, our data support the need for objective biomarker assessments.

Gold nanoparticles/4-aminothiophenol interfaces for direct electron transfer of horseradish peroxidase: Enzymatic orientation and modulation of sensitivity towards hydrogen peroxide detection.

Hydrogen peroxide electrochemical detection by horseradish peroxidase has been widely studied. The use of gold nanoparticles to prepare electrode/enzyme bioconjugates has attracted attention due to their catalytic properties. In this work, it is reported the use of gold nanoparticles and 4-aminothiophenol as a scaffold to obtain a suitable matrix for enzyme bioconjugation with horseradish peroxidase. A critical factor in biosensors design and development is the enzymatic electrochemical activity understanding. Comparison of voltammetric studies of the heme prosthetic group showed a reversible electrochemical behavior when the enzymes were immobilized in a well-dispersed gold deposit; on the other hand, a discrete redox response was observed on a randomly deposited gold electrode. These results show that the distance between enzymes is essential. Hydrogen peroxide catalysis and the enzymatic behavior were analyzed considering two types of nanoparticles dispositions. The catalytic behavior observed in the well-dispersed nanoparticles configuration suggests a preserved enzyme folding, a decrease of steric impediments, and appears to be a better immobilization strategy. In contrast, the randomly electrodeposited gold electrode decreased the enzyme orientation and the electrochemical activity. The advantages of this methodology are the electrode fabrication affordable cost and the enzymatic direct electron transfer response improvement.

Falls Suffered by Elderly People From the Perspective of Health Care Personnel: A Qualitative Study.

An exploratory interpretative study was carried out to recognize the factors regarded by health care professionals as potential obstacles to the evaluation, prevention, and documentation of falls in persons above 65 years of age. Focus groups and questionnaires were carried out. Audio recordings were made, and these were subsequently transcribed and analyzed in accordance with the Bardin's thematic content analysis. Four focus groups of four persons were set up, and 16 questionnaires were returned. Four thematic categories were obtained. The analysis showed a lack of data in records of falls, perhaps for reasons of overwork, lack of motivation, awareness, or consistency in the registration systems in use. Health care professionals document two types of fall, depending on the elderly person's ability to carry out everyday tasks. There is not a rigorous and systematic approach for recording falls. Perspectives from health care professionals could help in analyzing the causes of falls and suggesting comprehensive preventive measures.

Assessing relational, emotional, and physical dimensions of young players during the tag game / Evaluación de las dimensiones relacional, emocional y física de jóvenes jugadores durante el juego de pillar / Avaliação das dimensões relacional, emocional e física de jovens jogadores durante o jogo de pega-pega

Many tag games present unstable motor communications between players, that is, the motor communication varies during the play due to role-changing. A holistic point of view provides a more complete assessment of the experience of the players during the traditional tag games. Thus, the aims of the study were to propose and use a specific guide to assess the relational, emotional, and physical dimensions during a traditional motor game in young players. Twenty-two young players took part in the study. The participants played a modification of the classic itmotor game for ten minutes. The relational dimension was assessed by observational methodology analysing counter-communications between the tagger and the runner who experienced the counter-communication. The emotional dimension was assessed by the BECS scale of perceived enjoyment and competence. Physical dimension was assessed by differentiating the tagger, the runner, and the target-player measuring the Total Distance covered per second. The relational analysis provided clues about the social relationship of the group. The high values of enjoyment (4.4 ± 0.6) and perceived competence (4.0 ± 0.6) declared by players (suggested the use of the traditional tag game during physical educationlessons and sport training. The tagger performed significantly greater total distance than the rest of the players (p< .001; Effect Size = 1.53 –2.76), suggesting that the assessment of the physical dimension during motor games should be carried out differentiating the motor roles. The assessment of the experience of the players during the motor games differentiating by roles and from a holistic point of view could help to optimise the pedagogical plan. (AU)

Gran parte de los juegos de pillarpresentan comunicaciones motrices inestables entre los jugadores, es decir, la comunicación motriz (i.e. interacciones de cooperación, oposición o neutras) varía durante el juego debido al cambio de rol. El punto de vista holístico posibilita una valoración más completa de la experiencia de los jugadores durante el juego tradicional de pillar. Por lo tanto, los objetivos del estudio fueron presentar y emplear una propuesta para valorar las dimensiones relacional, emocional y física de jóvenes jugadores durante un juego motor. Veintidós jóvenes jugadores participaron en el estudio. Los jugadores jugaron a una modificación del juego de pillardurante diezminutos. La dimensión relacional fue evaluada mediante la metodología observacional, analizando las contra-comunicaciones entre el pilladory el jugador contra-comunicado, la dimensión emocional mediante la escala BECS de disfrute y competencia percibida, y el análisis de la dimensión física(i.e. Distancia Total recorrida por segundo) diferenciando los roles motricesdurante el juego. El análisis relacional aportó pistas sobre las relaciones sociales del conjuntode participantes. Los altos niveles de disfrute (4.4 ± 0.6) y competencia percibida (4.0 ± 0.6) declarados por los jugadores sugieren el uso del juego tradicional de pillardurante las sesiones de educación física y de entrenamiento deportivo. El pilladorrecorrió una distancia significativamente mayor que el resto de los jugadores (p< .001; Tamaño del Efecto = 1.53 –2.76), sugiriendo que la valoración de la dimensión física debería ser llevada a cabo diferenciando los roles motrices. La evaluación de la experiencia de los jóvenes jugadores durante los juegos motores desde un punto de vista holístico y diferenciando por roles podría ayudara optimizar la intervención pedagógica. (AU)

Grande parte dos jogos de pega-pega apresenta comunicações motoras instáveis entre os jogadores, ou seja, a comunicação motora (i.e. interações cooperativas, opostas ou neutras) varia durante o jogo devido à câmbio de papel. O ponto de vista holístico permite uma avaliação mais completa da experiência dos jogadores durante o jogo tradicional de pega-pega. Portanto, os objetivos do estudo foram apresentar e utilizar uma proposta para avaliar as dimensões relacional, emocional e física de jovens jogadores durante um jogo motriz. Vinte e dois jovens jogadores participaram do estudo. Os jogadores jogaram um jogo de pega-pega modificado por 10 minutos. A dimensão relacional foi avaliada por meio da metodologia observacional, analisando as contracomunicações entre o apanhador e o jogador contracomunicado. A dimensão emocional foi avaliada por meio da escala BECS de prazer e competência percebida. A avaliação da dimensão física foi realizada diferenciando os papéis motrices através da medição da Distância Total percorrida por segundo. A análise relacional forneceu pistas sobre as relações sociais do grupo de participantes. Os altos níveis de prazer (4.4 ± 0.6)e competência percebida (4.0 ± 0.6)declarados pelos jogadores sugerem a utilização do tradicional jogo de pega-pega durante as sessões de educação física e treinamento esportivo. Aquele que o apanha percorreu uma distância significativamente maior (p < .001; Tamanho do Efeito = 1.53 –2.76) do que o restante dos jogadores, sugerindo que a avaliação da dimensão física deve ser realizada diferenciando os papéis motrices. A avaliação da experiênciade jovens jogadores durante os jogos motrices de um ponto de vista holístico e diferenciado por papéis pode ajudar a otimizar a intervenção pedagógica. (AU)

Percepción espacial de futbolistas semiprofesionales en juegos reducidos: Un estudio de caso / Spatial Perception of Semi-Professional Soccer Players in Small Games: A Case of Study

Este estudio pretende: i) describir las exigencias tácticas objetivas (área ocupada por el equipo, AOE) y subjetivas (percepción subjetiva del espacio ocupado, PSEO), ii) identificar la variabilidad inter-sujeto y explorar la relación entre AOE y PSEO, y iii) comparar las exigencias entre defensa y ataque durante la realización de juegos reducidos. Doce jugadores semiprofesionales de fútbol fueron monitoreados mediante dispositivos inerciales WIMU PRO®. Los resultados indican un AOE (ataque=257.6±60.6; defensa=120.3±37.8 m2) y PSEO (ataque=3.5±0.7; defensa=2.7±0.6 a.u.). Se encontraron diferencias entre fase de ataque y defensa en ambas variables (p>0.001; AOE, d=2.72; PSEO, d=1.23) y una alta relación entre ambos indicadores (r=0.92). En conclusión, las variables AEO y PSEO discriminaron el efecto de la fase de juego y el día de entrenamiento. Son necesarias futuras investigaciones con un mayor tamaño muestral para confirmar la validez de la PSEO. (AU)

This study aims to: i) describe the objective tactical demands (surface area occupied by team, AOE) and subjective (spatial perception of occupied area, PSEO), ii) identify the inter-subjects variability and the relationship between AOE and PSEO iii) to compare the demands between offensive and defensive phases during small-sided games. Twelve semi-professional football players were tracked using WIMU PRO®. The results indicated an AOE (attack=257.6±60.6; defense=120.3±37.8 m2) and PSEO (attack=3.5±0.7; 2.7±0.6 a.u.). Differences were found between attack and defense phase in both variables (p>0.001; AOE, d=2.72; PSEO, d=1.23) and high relationship between both indicators (r=0.92). In conclusion, the variables AEO and PSEO discriminated the effect of the game phase and the training day. Future research with a larger sample size is necessary to confirm the validity of the PSEO. (AU)

Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Nephrectomy for Live Donor Kidney Transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: The live donor nephrectomy is an unusual surgical procedure as it is performed on healthy individuals. It is important to make the procedure as safe as possible without compromising the health of the donor and graft function. JUSTIFICATION: In Mexico during 2014, 2610 kidney transplantations performed, and 1862 grafts were from living donors. OBJECTIVE: We describe our experience with hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy on live donors for kidney transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a descriptive and observational study in which all living donors who completed the study protocol for renal transplantation are included. RESULTS: From September 2006 to July 2015, there were 238 hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomies with live donors; 227 (95.37%) were performed on the left side and 11 (4.63%) on the right side. Of donors, 54.1% were females. The average values for the variables analyzed were age 38.17 years, 25.94 BMI, creatinine 0.82-1.13 mg/dL pre- and postoperative month respectively, length of stay 4.95 (range 2-8), warm ischemia 5.07 (range 3-13) minutes, surgical time 168.85 minutes (range 90-306), and transsurgical bleeding 139 055 mL (range 25-650). One patient was reoperated for abdominal pain and bloating without evidence of pathology, attributing it to metabolic ileus. Two patients were converted to open surgery; 1 by technical problems with the laparoscopic equipment and the second by bleeding from the renal vein, both with good results. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy is a safe method that allows kidney donors to have a speedy recovery without modifying the survivals of renal grafts.

Recurrent arrival of oil to Galician coast: the final step of the Prestige deep oil spill.

Yearly monitoring in one of the most affected coastal zones by the Prestige oil spill, namely Nemiña and O Rostro beaches (NW Spain), has been carried out since 2004. Topographic data of beaches revealed seasonal altimetric changes up to 4m that would prevent the on shore persistence of oil. However, surficial and subsurficial oil was detected in the intertidal area of both beaches in all campaigns. The hydrocarbon analysis confirmed that this oil corresponded to the Prestige oil, even nine years after the accident. Tar balls were highly biodegraded suggesting that the oil was accumulated on the subtidal sediments for a long time and transported to the coast by the action of waves. The present work provides new evidence of the long term persistence of deep oil spills from wrecks in marine areas where the hydrodynamic conditions play a twofold key role, in determining the exposed coastal area to recurrent contamination and in burying and resurfacing the oil in the intertidal zone.

Taquicardia paroxística supraventricular (TPSV): dos presentaciones. Dos aproximaciones / Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT): two presentations. Two approaches

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Efectos producidos por diferentes programas de interferencia contextual en la agilidad / Effects of different contextual interference programs in agility

En este estudio participaron 76 alumnos de 9-10 años de edad de un colegio público de educación primaria (44 chicos y 32 chicas). Los participantes fueron randomizados en función del resultado del pretest en cuatro grupos: interferencia contextual baja (ICB, n=19), interferencia contextual moderada (ICM, n=19) interferencia contextual alta (ICA, n=19) y Grupo Control (GC, n=19). El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer que método de entrenamiento de la agilidad en función de la interferencia contextual baja, moderada o alta (ICB, ICM e ICA) es más efectivo en escolares de cuarto curso de educación primaria, con el fin de dilucidar qué método de desarrollo de esta capacidad resultó el idóneo en esta etapa de escolarización. La agilidad fue evaluada mediante el test MAT2. Salvo en el grupo control (CG), se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en la agilidad (test MAT2), en todos los grupos después de un programa de intervención de 4 semanas de duración en alumnos del cuarto curso de primaria. Estas diferencias han sido superiores en el grupo de ICM (p<0,01, ES=1,12). Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05, ES=0,79) en el postest entre el grupo de ICM e ICB (AU)

This study involved 76 students from 9-10 years old in a public elementary school (44 boys and 32 girls). Participants were randomized to the outcome of the pretest into four groups: low contextual interference (ICB, n = 19), moderate contextual interference (ICM, n = 19) high contextual interference (ICA, n = 19) and Control Group (GC, n = 19). The aim of this study was to determine which method of agility training (ICB, ICM or ICA) is more effective in primary school children (9-10 years), in order to figure out what method of development of this capacity was the appropriate at this stage of schooling. The agility was evaluated by MAT2 test. Except in the control group (GC), there were significant differences in agility (MAT2 test) in all groups (ICB, ICM and ICA) after an intervention program of 4-week fourth-year students of elementary school. These differences have been higher in the ICM group (p<0.01, ES=1.12). We found significant differences (p<0.05, ES=0.79) in the posttest between the ICM and ICB group (AU)