How to limit radial artery spasm during percutaneous coronary interventions: The spasmolytic agents to avoid spasm during transradial percutaneous coronary interventions (SPASM3) study.

AIMS: To compare the efficacy of three vasodilators in preventing radial artery spasm (RAS) in patients undergoing transradial percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). METHODS AND RESULTS: 731 patients were randomized to receive diltiazem 5 mg, verapamil 2.5 mg, or isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) 1 mg before coronary intervention. RAS occurred in 20.1% in the whole population and was significantly reduced by verapamil and ISDN compared to diltiazem (16.2, 17.2, and 26.6%, respectively; P < 0.006). There was also a trend towards less severe pain (more than 8 on a numerical scale from 0 [no pain] to 10 [maximal pain]), and less severe RAS (complete catheter blockage or severe pain), among patients treated by verapamil compared to ISDN and diltiazem (1.3% vs. 2.8% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.43 and 5.1% vs. 6.2% vs. 9.5%, respectively, P = 0.13). No difference was found between the three vasodilators in terms of crossover or safety events. Female gender, failure at first attempt to access the radial artery, emergency procedures, and the use of diltiazem were independent predictors of RAS. CONCLUSION: Verapamil and ISDN considerably reduce the incidence of RAS compared to diltiazem during transradial PCI.

Ticagrelor vs Clopidogrel in Clopidogrel-Naive Patients With Chronic Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Whether ticagrelor may reduce periprocedural myocardial necrosis after elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with and without chronic clopidogrel therapy is unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to compare ticagrelor vs clopidogrel in patients with and without chronic clopidogrel therapy before undergoing elective PCI. METHODS: In this prespecified analysis of the ALPHEUS (Assessment of Loading With the P2Y12 Inhibitor Ticagrelor or Clopidogrel to Halt Ischemic Events in Patients Undergoing Elective Coronary Stenting) trial, patients were defined as clopidogrel(+) and clopidogrel(-) according to the presence and absence of clopidogrel treatment for ≥7 days before PCI, respectively. The primary endpoint was the composite of PCI-related myocardial infarction and major injury as defined by the third and fourth universal definition 48 hours after PCI. RESULTS: A total of 1,882 patients were included, 805 (42.7%) of whom were clopidogrel(+). These patients were older, had more comorbidities, and had more frequent features of complex PCI. The primary endpoint was less frequently present in clopidogrel(-) compared to clopidogrel(+) patients (32.8% vs 40.0%; OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.60-0.88), but no significant differences were reported for the risk of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or transient ischemic attack at 48 hours or 30 days. Ticagrelor did not reduce periprocedural myocardial necrosis or the risk of adverse outcomes, and there was no significant interaction regarding the presence of chronic clopidogrel treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Clopidogrel-naive patients presented less periprocedural complications compared to clopidogrel(+) patients, a difference related to a lower risk profile and less complex PCI. The absence of clopidogrel at baseline did not affect the absence of a difference between ticagrelor and clopidogrel in terms of PCI-related complications supporting the use of clopidogrel as the standard of care in elective PCI in patients with or without chronic clopidogrel treatment.

Disulfiram ethanol reaction mimicking anaphylactic, cardiogenic, and septic shock.

Shock is a common reason for medical intensive care unit admission, with septic and cardiogenic accounting for most of the etiologies. However, the potential severity of adverse side effects of drugs indicates that any medication should be carefully scrutinized for potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions that may result. We herein report the case of a life-threatening shock mimicking successively anaphylactic, cardiogenic, and septic shock, which was finally related to disulfiram ethanol reaction. Indeed, disulfiram ethanol reaction is known to provoke unpleasant symptoms through vasodilatation in various organs. However, extreme manifestations of vasodilatory shock may lead to circulatory failure and lactic acidosis. Because of large prevalence of alcoholism and disulfiram medication, emergency physicians and medical specialists should be aware of this life-threatening condition, with its misleading presentation.

Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair following surgical valve repair with ring implantation: Results from the multicentre "Clip-in-Ring" registry.

BACKGROUND: Management of mitral regurgitation recurrence after failed surgical valve repair with ring implantation is controversial. AIM: To describe the French experience regarding midterm safety and efficacy of transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TEER) in patients with failed surgical valve repair with ring implantation. METHODS: The "Clip-in-Ring" registry is a multicentre registry conducted in 11 centres in France, approved by local institutional review boards, of consecutive TEER following surgical valve repair with ring implantation. Outcomes were Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium (MVARC) technical success, modified 30-day device and procedural success (where 10mmHg is considered as a cut-off for significant mitral stenosis) and MVARC complications. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were studied: mean age, 69±10years; male sex, 74%; EuroSCORE II, 16±17; left ventricular ejection fraction, 53±12%; mitral regurgitation grade 3+/4+, 17%/78%; New York Heart Association class III/IV, 47%/22%; median surgery to TEER delay, 23 (6-94) months. Technical success was 100%. At discharge, residual mitral regurgitation grade was≤2+ in 87% and median transmitral gradient was 4 (3-5) mmHg. Thirty-day modified MVARC device and procedural success was 82%: four patients (17%) had residual mitral regurgitation grade>2+, including two patients who needed complementary surgery. No patient had a 30-day transmitral gradient>7mmHg. No patient died or had a stroke or any life-threatening complications. One patient presented a vascular access complication requiring transfusion. No other MVARC-2 adverse event was reported. CONCLUSIONS: TEER in patients with failed mitral ring is feasible and safe. Further studies should delineate its exact role in the therapeutic armamentarium for this medical issue.

Indirect Transfer to Catheterization Laboratory for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Is Associated With Mortality Independent of System Delays: Insights From the France-PCI Registry.

Background: First medical contact (FMC)-to-balloon time is associated with outcome of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We assessed the impact on mortality and the determinants of indirect vs. direct transfer to the cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL). Methods: We analyzed data from 2,206 STEMI patients consecutively included in a prospective multiregional percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) registry. The primary endpoint was 1-year mortality. The impact of indirect admission to CCL on mortality was assessed using Cox models adjusted on FMC-to-balloon time and covariables unequally distributed between groups. A multivariable logistic regression model assessed determinants of indirect transfer. Results: A total of 359 (16.3%) and 1847 (83.7%) were indirectly and directly admitted for PCI. Indirect admission was associated with higher risk features, different FMCs and suboptimal pre-PCI antithrombotic therapy.At 1-year follow-up, 51 (14.6%) and 137 (7.7%) were dead in the indirect and direct admission groups, respectively (adjusted-HR 1.73; 95% CI 1.22-2.45). The association of indirect admission with mortality was independent of pre-FMC and FMC characteristics. Older age, paramedics- and private physician-FMCs were independent determinants of indirect admission (adjusted-HRs 1.02 per year, 95% CI 1.003-1.03; 5.94, 95% CI 5.94 3.89-9.01; 3.41; 95% CI 1.86-6.2, respectively). Conclusions: Our study showed that, indirect admission to PCI for STEMI is associated with 1-year mortality independent of FMC to balloon time and should be considered as an indicator of quality of care. Indirect admission is associated with higher-risk features and suboptimal antithrombotic therapy. Older age, paramedics-FMC and self-presentation to a private physician were independently associated with indirect admission. Our study, supports population education especially targeting elderly, more adequately dispatched FMC and improved pre-CCL management.

An unusual cause of myocardial ischemia: Compression of a left internal mammary artery grafting to the left anterior descending artery by a pacemaker lead.

An 83-year-old patient, with prior history of coronary artery disease treated by coronary-artery bypass graft with left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to the left anterior descending artery (2001) and angioplasty of the right coronary artery (2012) and prior pacemaker through left subclavian vein (2014), was referred to coronary angiography for an anterior silent ischemia. It found no evolving lesion on the native coronary artery network (compared with 2012 review) but revealed an external compression of the LIMA bridge by the pacemaker lead. Conservative treatment was chosen rather than explantation and reimplantation of stimulus material or LIMA angioplasty. .

Catheter migration after fracture is not always in right cavities.

Catheter fracture and cardiac migration are rare but known complications. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of catheter migration into the coronary sinus. The broken fragment was successfully retrieved using helical basket, whereas biplane fluoroscopy was helpful in the heart chambers because of a difficult spatial orientation. No complications were noted during or after this procedure.

Comparison of two-year outcomes in patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting with and without peripheral artery disease.

We aimed to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes among patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) after coronary artery bypass grafting. We studied 589 consecutive patients who had undergone isolated coronary artery bypass grafting from January 2003 to June 2005 at our university hospital. The effect of PAD was assessed by comparing the 2-year follow-up data from 2 groups of patients: 243 patients with and 346 without PAD. A large systematic atherosclerosis screening was performed, including cerebrovascular disease, lower extremity artery disease, and abdominal aorta disease and its branches. PAD was defined as a history of treated atherosclerotic disease and significant atherosclerotic stenosis on screening. Patients with PAD were significantly older (70 +/- 9 vs 64 +/- 11 years, p <0.001) and were more often men (p = 0.04) than those without PAD. They had a greater incidence of hypertension (p = 0.002), chronic renal dysfunction (p <0.01), chronic pulmonary disease (p = 0.005), and a history of coronary artery disease (p = 0.03). No significant difference was noted between the 2 groups with regard to the left ventricular ejection fraction. The 2-year cumulative survival rate was 76.6% for patients with PAD and 94.1% for those with isolated coronary disease (p <0.001). In conclusion, after adjusting all significant variables, the presence of PAD appeared as an independent predictive factor for all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 5.7, p = 0.001).