Cannabis Use Surveillance by Sweat Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sweat testing, an alternative matrix for establishing drug abuse, offers additional benefits to the more common biological samples. The authors developed a procedure using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to test for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid, cannabinol (CBN), and cannabidiol (CBD) in a sweat patch. The results were compared with urine and hair sample results. METHODS: Urine, hair, and sweat samples were simultaneously collected from 12 patients who were involved, respectively, in forensic case and monitoring abuse. Selectivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery, intraday and interday imprecision, and inaccuracy of the quantification procedure were validated. LODs in hair were 0.05 ng/mg for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, CBN, and CBD, and 0.005 ng/mg for 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid. The LOD for sweat was 0.30 ng/patch for all substances. The LOQ in hair was 0.1 ng/mg for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, CBN, and CBD, and 0.01 ng/mg for 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid. The LOQ was 0.4 ng/patch in sweat for each analyte. Cannabinoid in urine was determined by means of immunochemical screening (cutoff 11-nor-Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid 50 ng/mL). RESULTS: All subjects tested positive for 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in urine and hair. In sweat samples, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol was found in all patches (0.4-2.0 ng/patch); 6 cases were positive for CBN (0.4-0.5 ng/patch) and 3 for CBD (0.4-0.6 ng/patch); 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid was never detected in patches. CONCLUSIONS: Present sweat analysis results integrated the information from hair and urine and showed that sweat analysis is a suitable, noninvasive method for monitoring compliance with rehabilitation therapy and for detecting recent cumulative use of cannabinoids.

A direct immersion solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous detection of levamisole and minor cocaine congeners in hair samples from chronic abusers.

BACKGROUND: Because levamisole has been increasingly found as a component of illicit drugs, a robust method to detect its presence in hair samples is needed. However, no systematic research on the detection of levamisole in hair samples has been published. The method presented here uses direct immersion solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (DI-SPME-GC/MS) to detect levamisole and minor cocaine congeners in hair samples using a single-extraction method. METHODS: Fifty hair samples taken in the last 4 years were obtained from cocaine abusers, along with controls taken from drug-free volunteers. Sampling was performed using direct immersion with a 30-µm polydimethylsiloxane fused silica/stainless steel fiber. Calibration curves were prepared by adding known amounts of analytes and deuterated internal standards to the hair samples taken from drug-free volunteers. This study focused on the adulterant levamisole and some minor cocaine congeners (tropococaine, norcocaine, and cocaethylene). RESULTS: Levamisole was detected in 38% of the hair samples analyzed; its concentration ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 ng/mg. The limit of quantification and limit of detection for levamisole, tropococaine, norcocaine, and cocaine were 0.2 and 0.1 ng/mg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: DI-SPME-GC/MS is a sensitive and specific method to detect the presence of levamisole and cocaine congeners in hair samples.

Dermatological complications after bariatric surgery: report of two cases and review of the literature.

Bariatric surgery aims at weight reduction of severely obese patients. The Roux-en-Y technique is one of the most common bariatric procedures and is occasionally accompanied by nutrient insufficiencies and metabolic changes. According to the literature, skin architecture and immunity change after bariatric surgery and may lead to inflammation and increased susceptibility to pathogens. Additionally, vitamin and mineral deficiencies frequently develop in these patients and affect the skin's defense mechanisms, possibly contributing to dermatological complications. Knowledge and recognition of skin changes after bariatric surgery make an important asset for the dermatologist and help in the proper treatment of these patients. We report 2 cases of infectious skin lesions where vitamin and trace element deficiencies have possibly contributed to their persistence and resistance to traditional treatments.

Assessment of vascularity in common blue nevi, small/medium congenital nevocellular, common and dysplastic acquired melanocytic nevi and melanomas: a comparative study.

Angiogenesis and vascularity are researched in melanocytic tumors for their importance in carcinogenesis. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the authors compared the microvascular characteristics between small/medium congenital nevocellular nevi (CN), common blue nevi (BN), common and dysplastic acquired melanocytic nevi (AMN), and melanomas. The authors collected 31 BN, 48 CN (≤5 cm), 35 AMN (14 common, 21 dysplastic), and 26 melanomas. Vessels were stained with factor VIII. Microvascular density (MVD) and total vascular area (TVA), where evaluated in high capillary density areas. Student t and Mann-Whitney tests were used. MVD (mean ± SD) was low in BN (3.52 ± 1.21) and significantly higher in CN (7.56 ± 2.47) (P < 0.001). TVA was low in BN and significantly higher in CN (Mann-Whitney U = 141, n1 = 48, n2 = 31, P < 0.001, 2-tailed). MVD was not significantly different between common and dysplastic AMN (20.64 ± 7.87 and 20.38 ± 9.54, respectively) (P > 0.05). TVA was not significantly different between common and dysplastic AMN (Mann-Whitney U = 164, n1 = 14, n2 = 21, P > 0.05, 2-tailed). MVD was significantly lower in CN (7.56 ± 2.47) compared with AMN (20.49 ± 8.79) (P < 0.001). TVA was significantly lower in CN compared with AMN (Mann-Whitney U = 1486, n1 = 48, n2 = 35, P < 0.001, 2-tailed). MVD was significantly lower in AMN (20.49 ± 8.79) compared with melanomas (33.77 ± 14.32) (P < 0.001). TVA (mean ± SD) was significantly smaller in AMN (18473.94 ± 7050.61) compared with melanomas (29308.50 ± 11307.22) (P < 0.001). Vascularity increased from BN to CN to AMN with melanomas being the most vascular. Common and dysplastic AMN had comparable vascularity. The implications of our results regarding melanoma transformation risk are considered.

Cocaine Addiction Treatment and Home Remedies: Use of the Scopolamine Transdermal Patch.

Recently, there has been an enormous increase in the number of people seeking treatment for cocaine addiction. Fifteen male cocaine users aged 20-30 years who requested hair analysis from our forensic toxicology laboratory (Perugia, Italy) from March to June 2012, reported using scopolamine without medical supervision to reduce the anxiety associated with cocaine withdrawal. Self-reports were verified with the results obtained from the hair analysis. We discuss whether the use of scopolamine in cocaine abusers could be supported by a neurobiological and pharmacological point of view.

Significance of cyclooxygenase 2, EZH-2 polycomb group and p53 expression in actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin.

The development and progression of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is characterized by an accumulation of molecular changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH-2), and p53 in actinic keratosis (AK) and SCC and detect any differences between invasive and preinvasive squamous epidermal lesions. Forty-three cases with AK, 38 with SCC, and 9 with SCC arising on AK (SCC/AK) were studied. For COX-2 immunostaining, weak or no reaction was associated with AK (58.10% of cases), whereas moderate or strong reaction with SCCs (34.2% and 39.5%, respectively). Furthermore, 88.9% of the "mixed" SCC/AK specimens demonstrated moderate reaction (χ2 = 29.924, P < 0.0001). For EZH-2 immunostaining, a weak or no reaction was observed in 62.8% of AK cases, whereas a moderate reaction was observed in 42.1% of SCCs and 77.8% of "mixed" SCC/AK cases (χ2 = 18.91, P = 0.001). Weak immunoreactivity of p53 was associated with AK (58.1%), moderate with SCC (44.7%), and strong with SCC/AK lesions (66.7%) (χ2 = 15.999, P = 0.003). COX-2, p53, but mainly EZH-2 immune expression seems to be strongly associated with the biological potential of squamous epidermal cells and seems to be differentiating SCC by comparison to AK of the skin. The value of the combined expression of these markers is worth being further investigated as an additional tool for diagnostic, prognostic, and possibly, therapeutic use.

Long-Term Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Drug/Alcohol Use Prevalence in a Population with Substance Use Disorders.

As time passes, the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are becoming increasingly apparent. The extreme restrictions imposed during the pandemic have had detrimental impacts on the most vulnerable groups, such as individuals suffering from substance and/or alcohol disorders (SUDs). This study reports quarterly laboratory data on alcohol and drug use in 150 subjects with SUDs that were examined using hair analysis for 2 years before the start of pandemic until after the end of the Italian health emergency. Overall, it was found that the number of subjects who used heroin, cocaine, and MDMA all decreased during the 2020 and 2021 lockdowns, increasing during reopening and subsequently stabilizing close to pre-COVID levels. Cannabis use was less impacted, remaining stable throughout the pandemic. Alcohol and benzodiazepine use both increased significantly during the lockdowns, displaying an opposing trend. While benzodiazepine use progressively returned to baseline levels, alcohol remained at significantly increased levels, even in September 2022. Long-term heavy drinking combined with substance use should be seriously considered, since these results in several health and social problems alongside alcohol-related comorbidities. Thus, appropriate response plans should be implemented both during and after the pandemic, whilst focusing on those who are most vulnerable.

Changes in Drug Use Patterns during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Monitoring a Vulnerable Group by Hair Analysis.

From 22 March until 18 May 2020, a complete lockdown in Italy was ordered as a countermeasure against the COVID-19 pandemic. Social isolation measures affect some populations more than others, and people with drug and/or alcohol disorders (SUDs) are more likely to be adversely affected. This study presents, for the first time, laboratory data on the use of alcohol and drugs in a high-risk population during Italy's first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thirty subjects with SUDs were monitored for the use of illicit drugs and alcohol every 3 months before, during and after the lockdown, by hair analysis. The number of samples positive for heroin, cocaine, MDMA and cannabis fell considerably during the lockdown and then resumed to pre-lockdown levels when the period of confinement was over. Interestingly, the consumption of benzodiazepines and alcohol followed the opposite trend; both the number of benzodiazepine-positive samples and the level of alcohol consumption increased and remained high, even at the end of the lockdown. The confinement measures produced significant changes in drug/alcohol use patterns, with a shift toward the use of substances that were more easily accessible, used as self-medication for negative feelings, and used to alleviate the effects of abstinence from drugs that were no longer readily available.

Pregabalin Abuse in Combination With Other Drugs: Monitoring Among Methadone Patients.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, there has been an increase in the non-medical use of psychoactive prescription drugs including pregabalin (PGB). Studies have shown that multiple drug users and patients in methadone treatment programs administered PGB at high dosages in order to achieve euphoria, reduce withdrawal symptoms, or potentiate the effects of methadone. For these reasons, accurate toxicological monitoring is required for these high-risk individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study investigated whether PGB could be detected in the hair samples of 250 patients with a history of opiate dependency, and under toxicological surveillance assess their compliance with methadone maintenance therapy. RESULTS: Opiates were found in 54/250 of all hair samples, while cannabis was present in 74/250 patients, cocaine was detected in 21/250 patients, and benzodiazepines without prescription were identified in 49/250 patients. As expected, methadone was present in all 250 patients (100%). PGB without prescription was found in the hair samples of 35/250 patients (14%). Of these, 91.43% were male, 48.57% were <30 y old, and 45.71% were between ages 30 and 50 y. There were no apparent associations among PGB use, daily methadone dosage, and duration of methadone maintenance therapy. Psychiatric comorbidities were present in 25.71% of the patients abusing PGB. Anxiety (55.56%) and depression (33.33%) were the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. DISCUSSION: Most of the patients taking PGB (57.14%) used other drugs (especially opiates) concurrently. The utility of hair analysis is explained by easy and rapid sample collection and the ability of the hair to reflect long-term drug use and incorporate drug metabolites. The findings of this study suggested that PGB has significant potential for abuse by high-risk populations such as opioid users and patients with dual diagnosis. These risks are particularly high in cases of poly-drug use and drug intake that are not in compliance with prescription guidelines.

A study of the pathogenesis of rosacea: how angiogenesis and mast cells may participate in a complex multifactorial process.

In the present study we evaluated, in involved and clinically uninvolved skin of Rosacea, microvessels density (MVD) and total vascular area (TVA) in addition to multiple morphologic characteristics of microvessels and also mast cells (MCs) number. We examined also the relationship between angiogenesis, MCs number and disease clinicopathological data. The study included 69 patients with Rosacea. A skin biopsy with a 4-mm punch was performed from clinically involved skin in each case. In nine randomly selected patients, facial biopsy specimens were obtained from both involved and clinically uninvolved skin. Histological sections, immunostained for factor VIII, were evaluated by image analysis for the quantification of MVD, TVA and several morphometric parameters related to the vessel size or shape. MCs detection in the dermis was carried out using the chloracetate esterase method (Fast Blue RR) in parafin sections. Serum antibodies against H.pylori were detected. Statistically important differences concerning the factors of angiogenesis between lesional and clinically non-lesional skin were demonstrated. A statistical important correlation was found also between high vascular density, PPR clinical type and the presence of ocular manifestations. MVD or TVA showed no correlation with the degree of solar elastosis or inflammation and with the Demodex density as well. However, high MVD values were found to correlate with granuloma formation in the dermis. MCs number were significantly greater in lesional compared to clinically non-lesional skin. Statistical significance was shown between MCs density and disease duration. However, no correlation between MCs number and blood vessel density was found. Angiogenesis seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis especially of the more severe clinical form of Rosacea. MCs seem to participate in evolution to disease chronicity by contributing to inflammation, angiogenesis and tissue fibrosis.

GC-MS/MS detects potential pregabalin abuse in susceptible subjects' hair.

Pregabalin, a GABA analogue, binds to the alpha 2 delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels. It is recognised as efficacious in pathologies such as epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and anxiety disorders. Since pregabalin prescriptions have increased worldwide, reports of its abuse have been accumulating, mainly in patients with opioid abuse disorders. The present study investigated potential pregabalin abuse by means of hair analysis, a matrix that provides valuable retrospective information. Half of the pool of 280 susceptible patients had been occasional drug users and were being monitored for driving licence renewals. The other 140 patients had a history of opiate dependency and were monitored to assess compliance with methadone therapy. In view of determining pregabalin in hair samples, it was extracted in methanol, successfully derivatised to give the ethyl chloroformate derivative, and finally pregabalin was analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery, intra- and inter-day precision, and accuracy of the quantification procedure were appraised. Pregabalin limits of detection and quantification were 30 pg/mg and 50 pg/mg, respectively. We found 10.7% of hair samples from methadone patients and 4.29% from occasional drug users were positive to pregabalin without medical prescription. The mean pregabalin concentration in hair was higher than in consumers with medical indications (1.45 ng/mg vs 0.74 ng/mg). These results suggest that pregabalin possesses a significant abuse potential particularly among individuals attending opiate dependence services and that pregabalin abuse is a serious emerging issue, which should be carefully monitored.

Association between microvessel density and histologic grade in renal cell carcinomas.

Angiogenesis seems to contribute to tumor growth and the development of metastases. There may be an association between the vascular density of individual tumors and their prognosis. In the present survey we studied 53 cases of renal cell carcinoma investigating possible relationship between histologic grade and microvessel density (MVD) measured by an image analysis system. According to our results MVD was significantly associated with the histologic grade, higher grades being accompanied with a higher MVD. Further studies are needed to investigate a possible connection of MVD with the prognostic role of grade in RCCs.

Successful colchicine administration in facial granulomas caused by cosmetic implants: report of a case.

Injectable cutaneous microimplants may occasionally cause either persistent local irritation or late skin reactions in the form of foreign body granulomas at the injected areas. Permanent elimination of the latter is not easily achieved. The skin of a female patient developed nodules along the treated sites on her face a few months following the last session of intracutaneous injections. Intralesional steroids offered temporary and incomplete clearance. Colchicine was administered orally for better results.

Norcocaine and cocaethylene distribution patterns in hair samples from light, moderate, and heavy cocaine users.

Even though hair analysis often seems to be the best choice for retrospective monitoring of cocaine intake, differentiating between incorporated cocaine and external contamination is widely debated. In this study we report results obtained in 90 hair samples from addicts. All samples were analyzed for cocaine, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, cocaethylene, and tropococaine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques coupled with direct immersion solid-phase micro-extraction. Cocaine concentrations were stratified into three classes of usage: light (0.5-3 ng/mg), moderate (3.1-10 ng/mg) and heavy (10.1-40 ng/mg). The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration cut-off criteria for establishing active cocaine use were applied to the results. For all samples criteria were cocaine levels above 0.5 ng/mg (ranging from 1.63 to 39.29 ng/mg, mean 9.49 ng/mg), benzoylecgonine concentrations ≥ 0.05 ng/mg (ranging from 0.19 to 5.77 ng/mg, mean 1.40), and benzoylecgonine to cocaine % ratio ≥5% (from 6.43 to 26.09%). Norcocaine was present in 58.9% of samples (concentration range: 0.22-3.14 ng/mg) and was strongly predictive only of heavy cocaine use (sensitivity 100% for cocaine concentrations above 9.58 ng/mg). Twenty hair samples from moderate and heavy users tested positive for cocaethylene (concentration range: 0.22-1.98 ng/mg, mean 0.73 ng/mg). This study on hair samples with no chance of false positive cases highlights the very limited applications of testing minor cocaine metabolites for definitive proof of active cocaine consumption. © 2015 The Authors. Drug Testing and Analysis Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Monitoring people at risk of drinking by a rapid urinary ethyl glucuronide test.

Alcohol and illicit drug abuse are major public health problems worldwide. Since alcohol is the predominant substance of choice in polydrug abusers, monitoring its use, along with urinary drug screening in patients in rehabilitation programs, appeared to be crucial in identifying patients at risk of alcohol disorders leading to impaired quality of life. Ethyl ß-D-6-glucuronide, a non-oxidative, non-volatile, stable and minor direct ethanol metabolite, has a 6h to 4 day window of detection in urine after the last alcohol intake. Each of the 119 subjects (85 males, 34 females) registered with the Public Health Service for Drug Dependence Treatment provided a urine sample for ethylglucoronide (EtG) determination in an immunochemical test with a 500 ng/ml cutoff. All results were evaluated with confirmation criteria of a fully validated gas chromatography/mass spectrometry assay. The diagnostic performance of the EtG immunochemical test was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve analysis. The immunochemical test specificity was 100% for EtG urinary values above 500 ng/ml. No false positive results were found. With levels below 500 ng/ml, 12% of the samples were classified as negative. The average consumption of the incorrectly classified subjects was 171 ng/ml, with a misclassification error of 6.5% to 18.5%. High agreement between EtG as determined in an immunochemical test and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, suggests that the rapid EtG test is a reliable, cost-effective alcohol monitoring assay for patient management in many non-forensic settings, such as drug rehabilitation programs.

Human herpesvirus-8 seropositivity and clinical correlations in HIV-1-positive and highly exposed, persistently HIV-seronegative individuals in Greece.

The prevalence of anti-human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) antibodies was retrospectively assessed in a cohort of 248 consecutive HIV-1-positive patients followed up in an academic unit in Greece during a 14-year period and in 46 highly exposed, persistently HIV-seronegative (HEPS) individuals. The impact of the initial anti-HHV-8 status on tumorgenesis and mortality was studied. The first available serum sample from the department's pool was tested. Demographics and data regarding history of sexually transmitted diseases, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) and hepatitis C (HCV) status were collected. Patients who developed either HHV-8-related or non-HHV-8-related neoplasms during long-term follow-up were also identified. Forty-eight percent of the HIV-1-positive patients and 56% of the HEPS subjects were found anti-HHV-8-positive. No difference was observed regarding the development of HHV-8-related or non-HHV-8-related neoplasia and mortality on grounds of initial anti- HHV-8 status. Mortality was positively associated with the presence of HBsAg. HCV infection showed a trend to be more common in anti-HHV-8-positive patients. In summary, the seroprevalence of HHV-8 among HIV-1-positive patients is higher than the one reported in the Western world. The initial anti-HHV-8 status is not a prognostic factor in HIV-1-positive individuals. The high seroprevalence in HEPS individuals possibly reflects their risk-prone lifestyle. HbsAg-positive status is a long-term negative prognostic factor in HIV infection.

ICAM-1 and beta(3) integrin immunoexpression in malignant melanoma cells: can they be used as additional predictors?

Malignant melanoma usually progresses from the intraepidermal microenvironment through a distinct radial growth phase, in which malignant potential cannot always be accurately evaluated, to invasion of the dermis (vertical growth phase) and metastasis. During these stages malignant cells interact with each other and with the extracellular matrix. This interaction is mediated by cell surface adhesion molecules such as the beta(3) integrin subunit and ICAM-1. Our aim was to investigate whether the expression of these two molecules is associated with the various histopathologic prognosticators commonly evaluated in malignant melanoma. Using a standard three-step immunoperoxidase technique we evaluated the above molecules' expression in a documented series of 66 cutaneous malignant melanomas. Forty-five were superficial spreading melanomas, including 18 in mixed growth phase. Positive immunoreaction was estimated by image analysis. ICAM-1 immunopositivity status was significantly more frequent among malignant melanomas of the nodular type (p=0.0001), and was associated with the vertical growth phase, Breslow thickness of >0.77 mm, and with evident lymphocytic infiltration. beta(3) integrin immunopositivity showed similar results in certain respects; it was more frequently detected in superficial spreading melanomas in which vertical growth had developed (p=0.002) and in cases with regression. There appears to be an association of these molecules with histopathologic features that predict increased tumorigenicity of malignant melanocytes.

Protective effect of a novel antioxidant non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (compound IA) on intestinal viability after acute mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion.

Reactive oxygen species play an important role in the basic pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury. We investigated whether the administration of a novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound with antioxidant properties, the compound [5-(2-amino-ethylamino)-1-phenyl-2-pentanone] (compound IA), has a beneficial effect on the repair process of the intestinal mucosa after transient mesenteric ischemia in a randomized blind trial. Six groups of rats were subjected to a model of 60 min of intestinal ischemia that was produced by occluding the superior mesenteric artery. At the end of ischemia, compound IA was administered intravenously and the clamp was removed allowing reperfusion. At 60 min after reperfusion, animals were sacrificed and a 10 cm section of terminal ileum was resected. The outcome was evaluated by histopathologic assessment, measurement of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the extent of lipid peroxidation measuring the small intestine tissue malondialdehyde. After 1 h of reperfusion, the mucosal damage was less in IA-treated rats compared with the control group. Moreover, the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in intestinal mucosa was significantly lower in IA group. Compound IA resulted in a statistically significant reduction of the concentration of small intestine tissue malondialdehyde, compared to those of controls. Administration of compound IA decreased the mucosal damage in rats that were subjected to 60 min of ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. The mechanism of compound IA action is considered to be mediated via its potent antioxidant, free radical scavenging activities and inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocytes infiltration.

Effect of U-74389G (21-lazaroid) on intestinal recovery after acute mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion in rats.

Although it has been demonstrated that lazaroids can protect various organs from ischemia reperfusion injury, results obtained in the small intestine have been conflicting. On the other hand, it is not known whether inhibition of lipid peroxidation prevents intestinal ishemia-reperfusion injury. We investigated whether the administration of the aminolazaroid U-74389G had a beneficial effect on the repair process of the intestinal mucosa after transient mesenteric ischemia in a randomized-blind trial. Six groups of rats were subjected to a model of 60 min of intestinal ischemia that was produced by occluding the superior mesenteric artery. At the end of ischemia, U-74389G was administered intravenously and the clamp was removed to allow reperfusion. At 60 min after reperfusion animals were sacrificed and a 10-cm section of terminal ileum was resected. Its efficacy was evaluated by histopathological assessment, measurement of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the extent of lipid peroxidation by measuring the small intestine tissue malondialdehyde. After 1 h of reperfusion, mucosal damage in both U-74389G-treated rats and control group rats was similar. However, the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the intestinal mucosa was lower in the U-74389G group. Of particular interest was that U-74389G resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the concentration of small intestine tissue malondialdehyde, compared to the controls. When administered in an imitated clinical setting, U-74389G did not prevent intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury, however it protected the rat small intestine from oxidative damage by inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

GC-MS and GC-MS/MS in PCI mode determination of mescaline in peyote tea and in biological matrices.

Peyote, a cactus containing the hallucinogen mescaline, is used to induce altered states of consciousness in religious ceremonies or for recreational purpose. This study reports a case of an underage boy suspected of mescaline abuse. For this purpose, we analyzed a dark green liquid sample found in the bedroom of the boy whose urine and hair samples were collected shortly after the drink was found. A method by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in positive chemical ionization mode was developed and validated in terms of linearity, specificity, accuracy, and sensitivity for mescaline determination at the low concentrations present in hair. GC-MS analysis of the liquid identified mescaline, while urine was negative; GC-MS/MS segmental hair analysis identified mescaline in the proximal segment (root to 2 cm), while the distal segments were negative. Although peyote was uncommonly encountered, its use was confirmed by segmental hair analysis that can provide long-term information about drugs use.