An independent inter- and intra-observer agreement assessment of the Eno classification of sacroiliac joint degeneration.

BACKGROUND: Recently, a scoring system to grade sacroiliac joint (SIJ) degeneration using computed tomography (CT) scans was described. No independent evaluation has determined the inter- and intra-observer agreement using this scheme. PURPOSE: To perform an independent inter- and intra-observer agreement assessment using the Eno classification and determining gas in the SIJ. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 64 patients aged ≥60 years who were evaluated with abdominal and pelvic computed tomography scans. Six physicians (three orthopaedic spine surgeons and three musculoskeletal radiologists) assessed axial images to grade SIJ degeneration into grade 0 (normal), grade 1 (mild degeneration), grade 2 (significant degeneration), and grade 3 (ankylosis). We also evaluated the agreement assessing the presence of gas in the SIJ. After a four-week interval, all cases were presented in a random sequence for repeat assessment. We determined the agreement using the kappa (κ) or weighted kappa coefficient (wκ). RESULTS: The inter-observer agreement was moderate (wκ = 0.50 [0.44-0.56]), without differences among surgeons (wκ = 0.53 [0.45-0.61]) and radiologists (wκ = 0.49 [0.42-0.57]). The agreement evaluating the presence of gas was also moderate (κ = 0.45 [0.35-0.54]), but radiologists obtained better agreement (κ = 0.61 [0.48-0.72]) than surgeons (κ = 0.29 [0.18-0.39]). The intra-observer agreement using the classification was substantial (wκ = 0.79 [0.76-0.82]), without differences comparing surgeons (wκ = 0.75 [0.70-0.80]) and radiologists (wκ = 0.83 [0.79-0.87]). The intra-rater agreement evaluating gas was substantial (κ = 0.77 [0.72-0.82]), without differences between surgeons (κ = 0.71 [0.63-0.78]) and radiologists (κ = 0.84 [0.78-0.90]). CONCLUSION: Given the only moderate agreement obtained using the Eno classification, it does not seem adequate to be used in clinical practice or in research.

An inter- and intra-rater agreement assessment of a novel classification of pyogenic spinal infections.

PURPOSE: Pola et al. described a clinical-radiological classification of pyogenic spinal infections (PSI) based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features including vertebral destruction, soft tissue involvement, and epidural abscess, along with the neurological status. We performed an inter- and intra-observer agreement evaluation of this classification. METHODS: Complete MRI studies of 80 patients with PSI were selected and classified using the scheme described by Pola et al. by seven evaluators. After a four-week interval, all cases were presented to the same assessors in a random sequence for repeat assessment. We used the weighted kappa statistics (wκ) to establish the inter- and intra-observer agreement. RESULTS: The inter-observer agreement was substantial considering the main categories (wκ = 0.77; 0.71-0.82), but moderate considering the subtypes (wκ = 0.51; 0.45-0.58). The intra-observer agreement was substantial considering the main types (wκ = 0.65; 0.59-0.71), and moderate considering the subtypes (wκ = 0.58; 0.54-0.63). CONCLUSION: The agreement at the main type level indicates that this classification allows adequate communication and may be used in clinical practice; at the subtypes level, the agreement is only moderate.

Functional outcomes after patellar autologous osteochondral transplantation.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to assess clinical evaluation of patients who underwent autologous osteochondral transplantation of the patella. METHODS: This prospective study assessed outcomes of 20 patients who underwent patellar autologous osteochondral transplantation at four time-points: preoperatively, 3 days, 6 months, and 2 years after surgery. The following outcomes were assessed at each time-point: pain (VAS), gait, swelling, trophic status, muscle strength, patellar mobility, and range of motion. The Tegner scale was also applied for each time-point. RESULTS: All parameters improved, except for patellar mobility, which did not show any change. Pain score decreased from 7.1 (SD 2.3) to 2.4 (SD 2.6) at the 2-year assessment; limping decreased from 70 % before surgery to 15 % 2 years later; swelling scores decreased from an average of 1.8 (SD 0.8) 3 days after surgery to 0.5 (SD 0.7) at the 2-year assessment; muscle strength increased from 3.9 (SD 0.8) to 4.7 (SD 0.7) points at final follow-up; and the range of motion increased from 84 (SD 16.2) to 132 (SD 10.7) degrees 2 years later. Tegner score before surgery ranged from 0 to 5, and after 2 years, it ranged from 5 to 9. CONCLUSION: Autologous osteochondral transplantation for the treatment of patellar chondral lesion was associated with significant improvement in pain, gait, swelling, and range of motion 2 years after surgery, achieving scores similar to uninjured knees. Most of them were able to return to sports activity after 6 months (recreational level) and 2 years (competitive level). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Use of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of spondylolysis.

BACKGROUND: In early studies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had low sensitivity and positive predictive value in the evaluation of the pars interarticularis pathology; however, more recent reports have suggested an expanded role for MRI. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MRI in the diagnosis of pars injuries and compare it to computed tomography (CT), which was used as the reference "gold standard" for the detection of fractures. METHODS: The radiographic and clinic data of 93 adolescents and young adults with a presumptive diagnosis of spondylolysis based upon history and clinic examination were reviewed. Only 26 patients who had MRI and CT images obtained within 30 days of each other were included. All images were reviewed by a fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist and fellowship-trained pediatric orthopaedist. RESULTS: Overall, 39 individual pars lesions (stress reaction or fracture) were identified. MRI was effective in identifying 36 pars lesions. MRI identified 11 lesions in 9 patients with negative CT. Seven of these lesions were stress reactions (grade 1), whereas 4 were frank fractures. Three pars injuries were noted on CT while the MRI was negative. CONCLUSIONS: MRI is an effective method (92% sensitivity) for detecting pars injuries. It can detect stress reactions when a fracture is not visible on CT scan, allowing early treatment of these prelysis lesions. The 92% sensitivity of MRI is comparable with that of other diagnostic modalities such as bone scan, with the advantage of no radiation exposure. MRI should be strongly considered as the advanced imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of patients with suspected spondylolysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-diagnostic study.

Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in children.

Although once considered an invariably fatal injury, improvements in diagnosis and management have made atlanto-occipital dislocation (AOD) a survivable injury. MRI is the preferred imaging modality; occasionally, flexion/extension/distraction fluoroscopy may be required to determine craniovertebral stability. Early surgical stabilization is recommended for all children with AOD. Early occipitocervical fusion using screws in combination with a rod or plate, or sublaminar wires with a contoured rod, coupled with autograft bone, provide immediate stabilization and a high fusion rate. Halo immobilization and traction are contraindicated in the management of AOD in children because of the risk of displacement of the injured occipitocervical joint. Postoperative hydrocephalus is frequent and should be suspected when neurologic decline occurs after fixation. Nearly half of children who survive AOD will have residual neurologic deficits.

The efficacy of rib-based distraction with VEPTR in the treatment of early-onset scoliosis in patients with arthrogryposis.

BACKGROUND: Although arthrogryposis multiplex congenital (AMC) is a rare condition, rapidly progressive scoliosis is common in children with AMC. Only a limited number of studies characterize the nature of these curves, and even fewer describe surgical outcomes. To determine efficacy or rib-based distraction in these patients, we reviewed the outcomes of the use of the Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib (VEPTR) device in what we believe is the first study to report this. METHODS: Search of the Chest Wall Spinal Deformity Study Group database identified 10 children with AMC and early-onset scoliosis who were treated with the VEPTR device at 6 different pediatric health centers. The 7 female and 3 male patients had their initial surgery at an average age of 5 years. Mean follow-up was 4.2 years. RESULTS: The most common curve was from T5 to L2. After initial VEPTR insertion, the scoliosis decreased from a mean of 67 to 43 degrees (37% correction) and kyphosis from 65 to 48 degrees (29% correction). The mean proximal junctional kyphosis after initial insertion was 33 degrees. At final follow-up, scoliosis and kyphosis were 55 degrees (17% correction) and 62 degrees (8% correction), respectively. Spinal growth during the treatment period showed a mean T1-S1 increase of 4.2 cm or approximately 1 cm/y. In the 62 procedures performed over the course of the study period, 6 complications occurred in 4 patients: 3 infections, 2 rib failures, and 1 implant failure. Six patients had proximal junctional kyphosis of ≥45 degrees at the last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In children with AMC, rib-based distraction using the VEPTR is an effective treatment method for controlling scoliosis and kyphosis and maintaining thoracic growth, but proximal junctional kyphosis remains a problem.

Bacterial identification in herniated intervertebral discs: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Reports of Cutibacterium acnes isolated in cultures of intervertebral disc samples suggest it as possibly responsible for inflammatory conditions causing Modic changes on spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PURPOSE: Our objective was to investigate the prevalence of C. acnes in samples of intervertebral disc of patients with lumbar disc herniation; to investigate prognostic factors and the relationship of Modic changes with infection 1 year after microdiscectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE: In this single-center study, patients consecutively operated on for disc herniation had samples of the disc, multifidus muscle and ligamentum flavum (as an indication of contamination) extracted for culture. OUTCOME MEASURES: Age, sex, alcohol and tobacco consumption, body mass index; function, pain, and Modic chances in MRI before surgery and MRI 1 year later; rate of disc, muscle and ligament infection (primary outcome); diabetes and corticoid use (confoundings). METHODS: The protruded disc, muscle and ligament samples were sent for culture analysis in up to 30 minutes. A subsample of 17 patients underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) molecular analysis too. We performed descriptive analysis and comparison of groups of patients with and without infection or contamination using Student's t, Mann-Whitney, chi-square, or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate, and pre- and postsurgical comparisons with the Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: From January 2018 to September 2019, 112 patients underwent open lumbar microdiscectomy, 67 (59.8%) men. Cultures showed 7 (6.3%) positive cases in the disc (2 with C. acnes), 3 (2.7%) in the ligament, and 12 (10, 7%) in muscle. No evidence of a difference in Modic alterations pre- or postoperatively was found between patients with and without positive culture 1 year after surgery. No association was found between culture positivity and functional or pain differences either. NGS results were all negative for C. acnes. CONCLUSIONS: We identified infective bacterial presence in the herniated disc in less than 2% of patients with disc herniation. C. acnes was not identified in any disc microbiome analysis. No significant association was observed between positivity for tissue infection and any clinical prognostic factor.

Navigating the Indeterminate Zone: Surgeons' Decision-Making Factors in Treating Vertebral Metastases with Spinal Instability Scores of 7-12.

BACKGROUND: The Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) classification system is a validated and the most widely accepted instrument for defining instability in vertebral metastasis (VM), in which lesions scoring between 7 and 12 are defined as indeterminate and the treatment is controversial. This study aimed to determine which variables more frequently are considered by spine surgeons for choosing between the conservative and the surgical treatment of VMs among patients with an indeterminate SINS. METHODS: A single-round online survey was conducted with 10 spine surgeons with expertise in the management of VMs from our AO Spine Region. In this survey, each surgeon independently reviewed demographic and cancer-related variables of 36 real-life cases of patients with vertebral metastases scored between 7 and 12 in the SINS. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant SINS and non-SINS variables influencing the decision-making on surgical treatment. RESULTS: The most commonly variables considered important were the SINS element "mechanical pain", rated important for 44.4% of the cases, "lesion type" for 36.1%, and "degree of vertebral collapse" and the non-SINS factor "tumor histology" rated for 13.9% of cases. By far the factor most commonly rated unimportant was "posterior element compromise" (in 72.2% of cases). CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons relied on mechanical pain and type of metastatic lesion for treatment choices. Vertebral collapse, spinal malalignment, and mobility were less influential. Spinal mobility was a predictor of surgical versus non-surgical treatment. The only variables not identified either by surgeons themselves or as a predictor of surgery selection was the presence/degree of posterolateral/posterior element involvement.

Orthopedic postoperative infection profile and antibiotic sensitivity of 2038 patients across 24 countries - Call for region and institution specific surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis.

Purpose: Improper utilization of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis frequently leads to increased risks of morbidity and mortality.This study aims to understand the common causative organism of postoperative orthopedic infection and document the surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis protocol across various institutions in to order to strengthen surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis practice and provide higher-quality surgical care. Methods: This multicentric multinational retrospective study, includes 24 countries from five different regions (Asia Pacific, South Eastern Africa, Western Africa, Latin America, and Middle East). Patients who developed orthopedic surgical site infection between January 2021 and December 2022 were included. Demographic details, bacterial profile of surgical site infection, and antibiotic sensitivity pattern were documented. Results: 2038 patients from 24 countries were included. Among them 69.7 % were male patients and 64.1 % were between 20 and 60 years. 70.3 % patients underwent trauma surgery and instrumentation was used in 93.5 %. Ceftriaxone was the most common preferred in 53.4 %. Early SSI was seen in 55.2 % and deep SSI in 59.7 %. Western Africa (76 %) and Asia-Pacific (52.8 %) reported a higher number of gram-negative infections whereas gram-positive organisms were predominant in other regions. Most common gram positive organism was Staphylococcus aureus (35 %) and gram-negative was Klebsiella (17.2 %). Majority of the organisms showed variable sensitivity to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Conclusion: Our study strongly proves that every institution has to analyse their surgical site infection microbiological profile and antibiotic sensitivity of the organisms and plan their surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis accordingly. This will help to decrease the rate of surgical site infection, prevent the emergence of multidrug resistance and reduce the economic burden of treatment.

Associated injuries in children and adolescents with spinal trauma.

BACKGROUND: Over half of children and adolescents with spinal trauma have associated injuries, most commonly involving the appendicular skeleton, head and neck, and thorax. The incidence and characteristics of these associated injuries have been well described, but to our knowledge there has been no evaluation of the relationship between the injury characteristics and the patient age. METHODS: Data were obtained from the trauma registries of the local pediatric and adult level 1 trauma centers, and patients aged 0 to 19 years with spinal trauma were identified. For analysis, patients were divided into 3 age groups: 0 to 3, 4 to 12, and 13 to 19 years. Associated injuries were divided into 5 groups: head, thoracic, abdominal, appendicular skeletal fracture, and neurological. RESULTS: Overall, 25 patients had isolated dislocations and 307 patients had 366 spinal fractures or fracture-dislocations: 36% cervical, 31% thoracic, and 51% lumbar. Most (84%) of the injuries occurred in the 13- to 19-year-old group. Sixty-two percent of patients had associated injuries, most commonly thoracic injuries (pulmonary contusion, pneumothorax, rib fracture); 45% had multilevel spinal fractures, 39% of which were noncontiguous. Nearly three fourths of the noncontiguous fractures occurred in a different spinal region; cervical fracture with concomitant thoracic fracture was the most frequent pattern. CONCLUSIONS: This large series of consecutive patients highlights several important concepts concerning pediatric spinal fractures, including age-related patterns of injury, frequent associated injuries, and a high rate of multiple spinal injuries, especially noncontiguous injuries. It also emphasizes the importance of careful full-body examination and imaging of the entire spine in children and adolescents with a known spinal injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-case series.

An independent inter- and intra-observer agreement assessment of the AOSpine upper cervical injury classification system.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The complex anatomy of the upper cervical spine resulted in numerous separate classification systems of upper cervical spine trauma. The AOSpine upper cervical classification system (UCCS) was recently described; however, an independent agreement assessment has not been performed. PURPOSE: To perform an independent evaluation of the AOSpine UCCS. STUDY DESIGN: Agreement study. PATIENT SAMPLE: Eighty-four patients with upper cervical spine injuries. OUTCOME MEASURES: Inter-observer agreement; intra-observer agreement. METHODS: Complete imaging studies of 84 patients with upper cervical spine injuries, including all morphological types of injuries defined by the AOSpine UCCS were selected and classified by six evaluators (from three different countries). The 84 cases were presented to the same raters randomly after a 4-week interval for repeat evaluation. The Kappa coefficient (κ) was used to determine inter- and intra-observer agreement. RESULTS: The interobserver agreement was almost perfect when considering the fracture site (I, II or III), with κ=0.82 (0.78-0.83), but the agreement according to the site and type level was moderate, κ=0.57 (0.55-0.65). The intra-observer agreement was almost perfect considering the injury, with κ=0.83 (0.78-0.86), while according to site and type was substantial, κ=0.69 (0.67-0.71). CONCLUSIONS: We observed only a moderate inter-observer agreement using this classification. We believe our results can be explained because this classification attempted to organize many different injury types into a single scheme.

Unplanned Readmission Following Early Postoperative Complications After Fusion Surgery in Adult Spine Deformity: A Multicentric Study.

STUDY DESIGN: Multicentric retrospective study, Level of evidence III. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this multicentric study was to analyze the prevalence and risk factors of early postoperative complications in adult spinal deformity patients treated with fusion. Additionally, we studied the impact of complications on unplanned readmission and hospital length of stay. METHODS: Eight spine centers from 6 countries in Latin America were involved in this study. Patients with adult spinal deformity treated with fusion surgery from 2017 to 2019 were included. Baseline and surgical characteristics such as age, sex, comorbidities, smoking, number of levels fused, number of surgical approaches were analyzed. Postoperative complications at 30 days were recorded according to Clavien-Dindo and Glassman classifications. RESULTS: 172 patients (120 females/52 males, mean age 59.4 ± 17.6) were included in our study. 78 patients suffered complications (45%) at 30 days, 43% of these complications were considered major. Unplanned readmission was observed in 35 patients (20,3%). Risk factors for complications were: Smoking, previous comorbidities, number of levels fused, two or more surgical approaches and excessive bleeding. Hospital length of stay in patients without and with complications was of 7.8 ± 13.7 and 17 ± 31.1 days, respectively (P 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of early postoperative complications in adult spinal deformity patients treated with fusion was of 45% in our study with 20% of unplanned readmissions at 30 days. Presence of complications significantly increased hospital length of stay.

Quality assessment of systematic reviews of surgical treatment of cervical spine degenerative diseases: an overview.

OBJECTIVE: To gather all systematic reviews of surgical treatment of degenerative cervical diseases and assess their quality, conclusions and outcomes. METHODS: A literature search for systematic reviews of surgical treatment of degenerative cervical diseases was conducted. Studies should have at least one surgical procedure as an intervention. Included studies were assessed for quality through Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) and Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) questionnaires. Quality of studies was rated accordingly to their final score as very poor (<30%), poor (30%-50%), fair (50%-70%), good (70%-90%), and excellent (>90%). If an article reported a conclusion addressing its primary objective with supportive statistical evidence for it, they were deemed to have an evidence-based conclusion. RESULTS: A total of 65 systematic reviews were included. According to AMSTAR and PRISMA, 1.5% to 6.2% of studies were rated as excellent, while good studies counted for 21.5% to 47.7%. According to AMSTAR, most studies were of fair quality (46.2%), and 6.2% of very poor quality. Mean PRISMA score was 70.2%, meaning studies of good quality. For both tools, performing a meta-analysis significantly increased studies scores and quality. Cervical spondylosis studies reached highest scores among diseases analyzed. Authors stated conclusions for interventions compared in 70.7% of studies, and only two of them were not supported by statistical evidence. CONCLUSION: Systematic reviews of surgical treatment of cervical degenerative diseases present "fair" to "good" quality in their majority, and most of the reported conclusions are supported by statistical evidence. Including a meta-analysis significantly increases the quality of a systematic review.

Inter- and intra-observer agreement using the new AOSpine sacral fracture classification, with a comparison between spine and pelvic trauma surgeons.

BACKGROUND: Sacral fractures treatment frequently involves both spine and pelvic trauma surgeons; therefore, a consistent communication among surgical specialists is required. We independently assessed the new AOSpine sacral fracture classification's agreement from the perspective of spine and pelvic trauma surgeons. METHODS: Complete computerized tomography (CT) scans of 80 patients with sacral fractures were selected and classified using the new AOSpine sacral classification system by six spine surgeons and three pelvic trauma surgeons. After four weeks, the 80 cases were presented and reassessed by the same raters in a new random sequence. The Kappa coefficient (κ) was used to measure the inter-and intra-observer agreement. RESULTS: The inter-observer agreement considering the fracture severity types (A, B, or C) was substantial for spine surgeons (κ= 0.68 [0.63 - 0.72]) and pelvic trauma surgeons (κ= 0.74 (0.64 - 0.84). Regarding the subtypes, both groups achieved moderate agreement with κ= 0.52 (0.49 - 0.54) for spine surgeons and κ= 0.51 (0.45 - 0.57) for pelvic trauma surgeons. The intra-observer agreement considering the fracture types was substantial for spine surgeons (κ= 0.74 [0.63 - 0.75]) and almost perfect for pelvic trauma surgeons (κ= 0.84 [0.74 - 0.93]). Concerning the subtypes, both groups achieved substantial agreement with, κ= 0.61 (0.56 - 0.67) for spine surgeons and κ= 0.68 (0.62 - 0.74) for pelvic trauma surgeons. CONCLUSION: This classification allows an adequate communication for spine surgeons and pelvic trauma surgeons at the fracture severity type, but the agreement is only moderate at the subtype level. Future prospective studies are required to evaluate whether this classification allows for treatment recommendations and establishing prognosis in patients with sacral fractures.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) to determine microbiome of herniated intervertebral disc.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: There is apparent causality between chronic infection of the intervertebral disc and its degenerative process. Although disc is considered a sterile tissue, collected samples of uninfected patients sent to culture testing resulted positive. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the microbiome of the intervertebral disc by using and validating the next-generation sequencing (NGS) molecular test, controlled with tissue culture and clinical presentation of patients. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Prospective study of consecutive patients in a hospital. PATIENT SAMPLE: Patients with lumbar disc herniation undergoing open microdiscectomy aging 18 to 65 years. OUTCOME MEASURES: NGS, tissue culture METHODS: Subjects undergoing open decompression surgery for lumbar disc herniation were consecutively included and clinically followed for one year. Three samples of the excised herniated disc fragment were sent to tissue culture and another sample of the disc was sent to NGS test for microbiome analysis. Control samples of the ligamentum flavum and deep muscle were collected and sent to culture. RESULTS: A total of 17 patients were included. All patients presented negative cultures of the removed disc samples, as well as negative cultures of muscle and yellow ligament. None of the patients evolved to clinical infection one year after surgery, nor presented significant alteration of laboratory markers. NGS mapped a mean of 14,645 (range 6,540 to 27,176) DNA sequences for each disc sample of each patient. There were a total of 45 different bacteria genera remnants with different amount of DNA sequences detected. There was a mean of 8 (range 3-17) different bacterial elements in each sample of intervertebral disc. Three bacteria were present in all disc samples (Herbaspirillum, Ralstonia, and Burkolderia). Although there were a considerable mean number of bacterial sequences mapped in each disc sample, the amount of sequences related to bacteria was low. Cutibacterium acnes elements was not found in any disc microbiome analysis. CONCLUSIONS: NGS has been proven to adequately determine bacterial DNA presence within the intervertebral disc. C. acnes was not isolated in culture neither in microbiome analysis of patients with lumbar disc herniation. We cannot confirm disc sterility since, even if it does not cause infection, there is bacterial or remnant DNA in herniated discs.

Independent Reliability Analysis of a New Classification for Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis.

STUDY DESIGN: Diagnostic study, level of evidence III. OBJECTIVE: Pyogenic spondylodiscitis can cause deformity, neurological compromise, disability, and death. Recently, a new classification of spondylodiscitis based on magnetic resonance imaging was published. The objective of this study is to perform an independent reliability analysis of this new classification. METHODS: We selected 35 cases from our database of different spine centers in Latin America and from the literature; 8 observers evaluated the classification and graded the scenarios according to the methodological grading of the classification developed by Pola et al. Cases were sent to the observers in a random sequence after 3 weeks to assess intraobserver reliability. The interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities were performed with Fleiss and Cohen statistics, respectively. RESULTS: The overall Fleiss κ value for interobserver agreement was substantial, with 0.67 (95% CI = 0.43-0.91) in the first reading and 0.67 (95% CI = 0.45-0.89) in second reading for the main types of classification. The Cohen κ value for intraobserver agreement was also substantial, with 0.68 (95% CI = 0.45-0.92). The interobserver agreement analysis for the subtypes of this classification was overall substantial, with 0.60 (95% CI = 0.37-0.83) in the first reading and 0.61 (95% CI = 0.41-0.81) in the second reading. The overall intraobserver agreement for subtypes of the classification was also substantial, with 0.63 (95% CI = 0.34-0.93). CONCLUSION: The new classification developed by Pola et al showed substantial interobserver and intraobserver agreements. More studies are required to validate the usefulness of this classification especially in clinical practice.

Correlation between previous sedentary lifestyle and CrossFit-related injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate CrossFit-related injuries with previous sedentary lifestyle, and to investigate other factors potentially associated with higher rates of injury among practitioners. METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional study involving CrossFit practitioners who received a digital questionnaire inquiring into CrossFit-related injuries, previous sedentary life, training intensity and experience, site of injury and general demographics. RESULTS: This sample included 121 CrossFit practitioners, 34.7% of participants were sedentary prior to starting CrossFit practice, from these, 45.2% reported CrossFit-related injuries, compared to 30.4% from previously active practitioners (p=0.104). The shoulder/elbow (60.5%), lumbar spine (30.3%) and wrist/hand (16.3%) were the most common sites of injury among participants reporting CrossFit-related injuries (35.5%). Participants performing intense weight training were more prone to injuries than those practicing light or moderate weight training (p=0.043). On average, participants with a history of injury spent significantly more time training than those with no history of injury (68.4 and 61.7 minutes, respectively; p=0.044). CONCLUSION: The incidence of CrossFit-related injuries did not differ significantly between previously sedentary and physically active participants. Intense weight training was associated with a higher incidence of injuries. The overall injury rate was 35.5%, similar to that found in previous studies, and the most common site of injury was shoulder/elbow.

Candida parapsilosis Infection after Lumbosacral Arthrodesis with a PEEK TLIF Interbody Fusion Device: Case Report.

Spondylodiscitis is an uncommon but serious complication after spine surgeries, and its main etiologic agent is Staphylococcus aureus . Fungal infections are rare and mostly caused by Candida albicans . We report the clinical case of a 69-year-old male patient who underwent a L2-S1 arthrodesis for degenerative scoliosis correction. He presented an infection 2.5 months after the procedure, a spondylodiscitis at L5-S1 levels, caused by Candida parapsilosis . The treatment consisted of surgical material removal, tricortical iliac graft placement in an anterior approach (L5-S1), lumbopelvic fixation (from T10 to the pelvis) in a posterior approach, and drug treatment with anidulafungin and fluconazole. This last medication was administered for 12 months, with good clinical outcomes.

Posttraumatic Arachnoid Cyst in the Thoracic Spine with Medullary Compression: Case Report.

Arachnoid cysts are rare; they can occur at all levels of the dural sac, and can have a congenital, traumatic, iatrogenic or inflammatory origin. In the present article, we report a patient presenting a compressive thoracic myelopathy due to an unusual intradural arachnoid cyst with posttraumatic manifestation and its resolution, in addition to a literature review on the subject. These cysts mainly occur at the thoracic spine, followed by the lumbar, lumbosacral and thoracolumbar spines. Traumatic cysts are caused by an injury to the inner dural layer. These lesions produce neurological deficits through a mass effect on the spinal cord. Concomitant compressive myelopathy is even rarer. In case of myelopathy, cyst resection or drainage is the treatment of choice, and it must be performed immediately. Although rare, arachnoid cysts can be a complication of spine fractures; as such, orthopedists and neurosurgeons, who commonly see these injuries, must be prepared for this unusual situation.

An independent inter- and intraobserver agreement assessment of the AOSpine sacral fracture classification system.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The AOSpine sacral classification scheme was recently described. It demonstrated substantial interobserver and excellent intraobserver agreement in the study describing it; however, an independent assessment has not been performed. PURPOSE: To perform an independent inter- and intraobserver agreement evaluation of the AOSpine sacral fracture classification system. STUDY DESIGN: Agreement study. METHODS: Complete computerized tomography (CT) scans, including axial images, with coronal and sagittal reconstructions of 80 patients with sacral fractures were selected and classified using the morphologic grading of the AOSpine sacral classification system by six evaluators (from three different countries). Neurological modifiers and case-specific modifiers were not assessed. After a four-week interval, the 80 cases were presented to the same raters in a random sequence for repeat assessment. We used the Kappa coefficient (κ) to establish the inter- and intraobserver agreement. RESULTS: The interobserver agreement was substantial when considering the fracture severity types (A, B, or C), with κ=0.68 (0.63-0.72), but moderate when considering the subtypes: κ=0.52 (0.49-0.54). The intraobserver agreement was substantial considering the fracture types, with κ=0.69 (0.63-0.75), and considering subtypes, κ=0.61 (0.56-0.67). CONCLUSION: The sacral classification system allows adequate interobserver agreement at the type level, but only moderate at the subtypes level. Future prospective studies should evaluate whether this classification system allows surgeons to decide the best treatment and to establish prognosis in patients with sacral fractures.