Management of Hypothyroidism in Internal Medicine: Patient Profile and Effects of an Educational Programme in the Cluster-Randomized FADOI TIAMO Study.

Background and aims: There is still limited knowledge regarding the clinical profile and appropriateness of treatment in patients with hypothyroidism hospitalized in Internal Medicine (IM) Departments in Italy. The aim of this study is to evaluate: 1) the characteristics of patients and possible deviations from national and international clinical practice recommendations (CPRs) in evidence-based guidelines (EBGs); 2) the improvement of patient management by means of a standardized educational programme (EP). Methods: A nationwide multicentre study, comprising two replications of a retrospective survey (phases 1 and 3) with an intervening EP (phase 2) in half of the centres and no EP in the other half, was conducted. The EP was based on outreach visits. Centres were assigned to the two arms of the study, labelled the training group (TG) and control group (CG) respectively, by cluster randomization. Four EBGs and 39 CPRs provided the basis on which 22 treatment management indicators were identified (7 referring to the time of hospital admission, 15 to post-admission). Results: The 21 participating centres recruited 587 hospitalized patients with hypothyroidism, 421 of which were females (71.7%, mean age 74.1 + 14.4 yrs): 318 in phase 1 and 269 in phase 3. The cause of hypothyroidism was unknown in 282 patients (48%). Evaluation at the time of admission identified satisfactory adherence to CPRs (>50%) for 63.6% of the indicators. In the phase 3, TG centres showed significant improvement vs CG in 4 of the 15 post-admission indicators, while 1 out of 15 was significantly worse. Conclusions: The EP based on outreach visits significantly improved some indicators in the management of patients with hypothyroidism, with specific reference to appropriateness of TSH dosage and levothyroxine (LT4) treatment modality. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05314790.

Evaluation of the threshold value for the modified early warning score (MEWS) in medical septic patients: a secondary analysis of an Italian multicentric prospective cohort (SNOOPII study).

BACKGROUND: Due to aging and resources limitation, septic patients are often admitted to medical wards (MWs). Early warning deterioration is a relevant issue in this setting. Unfortunately, a suitable prognostic score has not been identified, yet. AIM: To explore the ability of Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) to predict the in-hospital mortality in septic patients admitted to MWs. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a multicentric prospective study. METHODS: Consecutive septic patients with positive blood culture admitted to 31 Italian MWs were included. Baseline characteristics, clinics, isolates, rate of transfer to ICU, MEWS was collected on admission according to the study protocol. The accuracy of MEWS in predicting the in-hospital mortality was assessed with the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV), likelihood ratio (LR) were calculated for different MEWS cut-offs and age/comorbidities subgroups. RESULTS: In total 526 patients were included in this analysis. Median MEWS was (range 0-11). In-hospital mortality was 14.8% and transfer to ICU 1.3%. Mortality progressively increased according to MEWS (3% in MEWS 0 vs. 27% in MEWS >5; Chi square for trend P < 0.05). The AUC of MEWS in predicting in-hospital mortality was 0.596 (95% CI, 0.524, 0.669). MEWS did not appear to have an adequate sensitivity, sensibility, PPV, NPV and LR both in the whole population and in the pre-specified subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not seem to support the use of MEWS to predict the in-hospital mortality risk of sepsis in MWs.

Increased frequency of HCV and HBV infection in type 2 diabetic patients.

The aim of our study was to verify if the diabetic population can be considered at risk for HBV (B hepatitis virus) and/or HCV (C hepatitis virus) correlated viral hepatitis. We examined 1514 diabetic patients, 668 males and 846 females. In patients who had, on at least two occasions, pathological transaminase values (AST and/or ALT), the markers for HBV and HCV infection were determined. Of the 1514 patients studied, 295 (19.48%) had pathological values of ALT and /or AST. Among the hypertransaminase patients (295), 69 were not tested for the markers because they refused to give informed consent; of the remaining 226 patients, 54 were negative and 172 (76.6%) were positive for at least one of the hepatitis markers (HBV, HCV or both). Those who were anti-HCV positive were 115 (38.98%), of which 50 were also positive to hepatitis B (16.9%), while those positive only to the B markers were 57 (19.3%). If we compare the patients with positive markers (172) to the total number of diabetic patients studied (1514), we find that there is a hepatitis B and/or C prevalence of 11.36%, with no statistically significant difference between females (95/846, 11.23%) and males (77/668, 11.53%). The prevalence of only hepatitis C was 7.6%, while only hepatitis B was 7.1%. In conclusion, our study shows an increasing prevalence of hepatitis C and B, often associated, in type 2 diabetic patients that allows us to define them as a group at risk for viral hepatitis.

Frequency of coronary heart disease and related risk factors in a diabetic and nondiabetic population: a comparative study.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and some related risk factors since as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity and visceral distribution of adipose tissue on 733 type 2 diabetic patients in ambulatory care compared to 3500 nondiabetic subjects, matched for age and sex. The frequency of CHD, hyperlipidemias, hypertension, obesity and visceral distribution of adipose tissue was significantly higher in diabetic than in nondiabetic subjects. The risk for CHD was greater in diabetic vs nondiabetic women (4.22) as compared to diabetic vs nondiabetic men (2.6). CHD was mostly associated (over 50% of cases) with hypertension, hyperlipidemia and visceral distribution of adipose tissue. Both cholesterol and triglyceride values, such as CHD frequency, were higher in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control with respect to those with acceptable glycemic, especially in women.

Effects of the treatment with acarbose in elderly overweight type 2 diabetic patients in poor glycemic control with oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of acarbose, an inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase, on glycemic control in elderly overweight type 2 diabetic patients poorly controlled by oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) or insulin. Our study included 22 overweight patients, 60-75-years-old, treated with OHA and/or insulin who, after a period of 4 weeks of controlled diet, showed a poor metabolic control. They were divided into two groups: Group I (nine patients) on OHA treatment; Group II (13 patients) undergoing treatment with insulin alone or in combination with OHA. Acarbose was administered to all the patients (100 mg three times a day at meal times) for 6 months in addition to their previous treatment. The addition of acarbose caused a significant reduction in both groups with regard to fasting glycemia (after 3 and 6 months, respectively, 20.7 and 21.9%, P<0.04 in Group I; 19.1 and 21.8%, P<0.04 in Group II), and postprandial glycemia (after 3 and 6 months, respectively, 41.6 and 42.5%, P<0.0001 in Group I; 35.6 and 38%, P<0.0006 in Group II). There was also a significant reduction in the values of HBA(1c) in Group I after 6 months of treatment (24.3%, P<0.05) and in Group II after 3 and 6 months (respectively 13.4%, P<0.02 and 20.6%, P<0.01). Three months after treatment with acarbose ended, fasting and postprandial glycemia and HBA(1c) values returned to original baseline values. In conclusion, the addition of acarbose to the OHA in elderly overweight type 2 diabetic patients poorly controlled by OHA or insulin regimes improved metabolic control.

Genetic, andrological and clinical characteristics of patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens.

The possibility of retrieving spermatozoa from the epididymis allows patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD) to father a child by means of assisted reproduction techniques. This has, however, increased the chance of transmitting a mutated allele of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene which increases the risk of generating offspring with cystic fibrosis (CF). Because of the increased heterogeneity of the CFTR locus, the study of a discrete number of mutations, as usually carried out in a diagnostic work-up, is unable to ascertain the presence of a mutation in a relatively high proportion of the patients screened. In an attempt to increase the chance of detecting the presence of CFTR gene abnormalities, 37 patients with CBAVD and one patient with congenital unilateral agenesis of the vas deferens (CUAVD) underwent an enlarged diagnostic protocol, which included screening for the most expected mutations of the CFTR gene in our population, evaluation of the five thymidine (5T) allelic variant, sweat test, respiratory function tests, evaluation of steatocrit, and an accurate evaluation of the history of the patient to search for symptoms commonly found in patients with CF. A single CFTR gene mutation was found in 18 patients (48.6%) with CBAVD and in the patient with CUAVD. The most frequent mutation observed was the Delta F508. Eleven patients (45.8%) had the 5T variant and in five of them it was not associated with any detectable mutation of the CFTR gene. Two female partners were found to be carriers of a mutation, whereas 5 (18.5%) had the 5T variant. As many as 71% of CBVAD patients had the simultaneous presence of at least two signs and/or symptoms suggestive of CF, albeit they were of mild intensity and the patients felt fit and healthy. In conclusion, these results suggested that some patients with CBAVD without CFTR gene mutation or 5T variant, even when their sweat test is negative, may show clinical suspicion of carrying a CFTR gene mutation and therefore are at risk of generating children affected by CF if the partner carries a mutation as well. The screening for mutations and a careful clinical examination may contribute to better identification of patients with CFTR-related CBAVD.