Activity and levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in saliva of children and young adults with dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cytokines play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of dental caries. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out with the following three objectives: 1)To deepen and discuss through a comprehensive analysis of the literature the effects of dental caries on the activity and levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in saliva of children and young adults, 2)To compare the levels of this cytokines in saliva of the exposure group (moderate-severe dental caries) with the control group (caries-free or mild dental caries), and 3)To determine whether the levels of these cytokines could be used as a complementary clinical diagnostic tool to assess the severity of dental caries. METHODS: The protocol followed PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines and was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF): https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MF74V . A digital search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Schoolar databases from February 15th, 2012, to January 13th, 2024. The methodological validity of the selected studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to evaluate the association between dental caries/health, and the concentration of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. RESULTS: The search strategy provided a total of 126 articles, of which 15 investigations met the inclusion criteria. The total number of patients studied was 1,148, of which 743 represented the case/exposure group, and 405 represented the control group. The age of the patients ranged from 3 to 25 years. IL-6 was the most prevalent cytokine in the saliva of children and young adults with active dental caries. The meta-analysis revealed that there are significant differences between the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in saliva of children with active dental caries compared to their control groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that IL-6 and TNF-α levels may have potential as complementary biomarkers for assessing dental caries severity. However, further research is needed to validate these findings in larger and more diverse populations before clinical application.

IL-23/IL-17 axis levels in gingival crevicular fluid of subjects with periodontal disease: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The IL-23/IL-17 axis plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease. A systematic review was conducted to synthesize all research reporting on the levels of the IL-23/IL-17 axis in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from subjects with gingivits, and periodontitis, compared to healthy controls. METHODS: The protocol followed the PRISMA, and Cochrane guidelines, and was registered with the Open Science Framework (OSF): https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7495V . A search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Schoolar, and Cochrane from November 15th, 2005, to May 10th, 2023. The quality of the studies was assessed using the JBI tool for cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: The search strategy provided a total of 2,098 articles, of which 12 investigations met the inclusion criteria. The total number of patients studied was 537, of which 337 represented the case group (subjects with gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis), and 200 represented the control group (periodontally healthy subjects). The ages of the patients ranged from 20 to 50 years, with a mean (SD) of 36,6 ± 4,2, of which 47% were men, and 53% were women. 75% of the investigations collected GCF samples with absorbent paper strips, and analyzed cytokine IL-17 levels individually. In addition, qualitative analysis revealed that there are differences between IL-23/IL-17 axis levels in subjects with chronic periodontitis, gingivitis and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, IL-23/IL-17 axis levels could be used in the future as a diagnostic tool to distinguish between periodontal diseases.

Dental biomaterials redefined: molecular docking and dynamics-driven dental resin composite optimization.

BACKGROUND: Dental resin-based composites are widely recognized for their aesthetic appeal and adhesive properties, which make them integral to modern restorative dentistry. Despite their advantages, adhesion and biomechanical performance challenges persist, necessitating innovative strategies for improvement. This study addressed the challenges associated with adhesion and biomechanical properties in dental resin-based composites by employing molecular docking and dynamics simulation. METHODS: Molecular docking assesses the binding energies and provides valuable insights into the interactions between monomers, fillers, and coupling agents. This investigation prioritizes SiO2 and TRIS, considering their consistent influence. Molecular dynamics simulations, executed with the Forcite module and COMPASS II force field, extend the analysis to the mechanical properties of dental composite complexes. The simulations encompassed energy minimization, controlled NVT and NPT ensemble simulations, and equilibration stages. Notably, the molecular dynamics simulations spanned a duration of 50 ns. RESULTS: SiO2 and TRIS consistently emerged as influential components, showcasing their versatility in promoting solid interactions. A correlation matrix underscores the significant roles of van der Waals and desolvation energies in determining the overall binding energy. Molecular dynamics simulations provide in-depth insights into the mechanical properties of dental composite complexes. HEMA-SiO2-TRIS excelled in stiffness, BisGMA-SiO2-TRIS prevailed in terms of flexural strength, and EBPADMA-SiO2-TRIS offered a balanced combination of mechanical properties. CONCLUSION: These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing dental composites tailored to diverse clinical requirements. While EBPADMA-SiO2-TRIS demonstrates distinct strengths, this study emphasizes the need for further research. Future investigations should validate the computational findings experimentally and assess the material's response to dynamic environmental factors.

Dental Luting Cements: An Updated Comprehensive Review.

The cementation of indirect restoration is one of the most important steps in prosthetic and restorative dentistry. Cementation aims to bond the prosthetic restoration to the prepared enamel or enamel and dentine. Successful cementation protocols prevent biofilm formation at the margin between tooth and restoration and minimize mechanical and biological complications. With the advancements in dental cements, they have been modified to be versatile in terms of handling, curing, and bond strengths. This review presents updates on dental cements, focusing on the composition, properties, advantages, limitations, and indications of the various cements available. Currently, dental restorations are made from various biomaterials, and depending on each clinical case, an appropriate luting material will be selected. There is no luting material that can be universally used. Therefore, it is important to distinguish the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of luting materials in order to identify the best options for each case. Nowadays, the most commonly used dental cements are glass-ionomer and resin cement. The type, shade, thickness of resin cement and the shade of the ceramic, all together, have a tangible influence on the final restoration color. Surface treatments of the restoration increase the microtensile bond strength. Hence, the proper surface treatment protocol of both the substrate and restoration surfaces is needed before cementation. Additionally, the manufacturer's instructions for the thin cement-layer thickness are important for the long-term success of the restoration.

Characteristics of Periodontal Tissues in Prosthetic Treatment with Fixed Dental Prostheses.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of various types of fixed prostheses on periodontal tissues and explore the association of gingival biotype and gum recession in relation to prosthesis types. The study participants (N = 95) were divided into three groups based on the type of dental prosthesis: Group-I: cobalt-chrome (Co-Cr) ceramic prosthesis fabricated by the conventional method (n = 35); Group-II: consisted of patients with Co-Cr ceramic prostheses fabricated by a computer-aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technique (n = 30); and Group-III: zirconia-based prostheses fabricated by the CAD/CAM technique (n = 30). Following the use of prostheses, periodontal examinations were performed using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Modified Approximal Plaque Index (MAPI). In addition, the gingival biotype was examined using a probe transparency method. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 20 (IBM Company, Chicago, IL, USA), was used to analyze the results, and the significance level was set at p = 0.05. It showed the MAPI results after the use of prosthetic rehabilitation for 12 months of periodontitis in 87.9% ± 15.4 of patients in Group-I, in 80.6% ± 17.97 in those in Group-II, and in 62.5% ± 21.4 in those in Group-III (p < 0.01). The CPI index results indicated a high prevalence of periodontal disease in all groups. The number of people with healthy periodontium constituted 17.1% of patients in Group-I, 24.2% in Group-II, and 37.1% in Group-III. Our study concluded that prosthetic treatment with periodontal diseases showed better outcomes while using dental prostheses fabricated by the CAD/CAM technique compared to the conventionally fabricated dental prostheses. The thin gingival biotype is more often associated with gingival recession than the thick biotype.

Impact of 3D imaging techniques and virtual patients on the accuracy of planning and surgical placement of dental implants: A systematic review.

Aim: The integration of advanced technologies, including three-dimensional (3D) imaging modalities and virtual simulations, has significantly influenced contemporary approaches to preoperative planning in implant dentistry. Through a meticulous analysis of relevant studies, this review synthesizes findings related to accuracy outcomes in implant placement facilitated by 3D imaging in virtual patients. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across relevant databases to identify relevant studies published to date. The inclusion criteria were studies utilizing 3D imaging techniques, virtual patients, and those focusing on the accuracy of dental implant planning and surgical placement. The selected studies were critically appraised for their methodological quality. Results: After a rigorous analysis, 21 relevant articles were included out of 3021 articles. This study demonstrates the versatility and applicability of these technologies in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Integrating Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM), cone bean computed tomography (CBCT), and advanced 3D reconstruction methodologies showcases a trend toward enhanced precision in implant planning and placement. Notably, the evaluation parameters varied, encompassing distances, discrepancies, and deviations in the implant placement. The ongoing integration of systems such as dynamic navigation systems, augmented reality, and sophisticated software platforms shows a promising trajectory for the continued refinement of virtual reality applications in dental implantology, providing valuable insights for future research and clinical implementation. Moreover, using stereolithographic surgical guides, virtual planning with CBCT data, and 3D-printed templates consistently demonstrates enhanced precision in dental implant placement compared to traditional methods. Conclusion: The synthesis of the available evidence underscores the substantial positive impact of 3D imaging techniques and virtual patients on dental implant planning and surgical placement accuracy. Utilizing these technologies contributes to a more personalized and precise approach that enhances overall treatment outcomes. Future research directions and potential refinements to the application of these technologies in clinical practice should be discussed.

Text mining analysis of scientific literature on digital intraoral scanners in dentistry: Bibliometric analysis.

Objective: This study aimed to provide valuable insights into the current research status and gaps in digital intraoral scanner literature in dentistry. Methodology: Scopus Search Query TITLE-ABS-KEY (intraoral AND scanners AND (dentistry OR digital AND dentistry)). The search query used in Scopus for the bibliometric analysis was "TITLE-ABS-KEY (intraoral AND scanners AND (dentistry OR digital AND dentistry))." This query indicates that the analysis focused on documents in which the title, abstract, or keywords contained the terms "intraoral," "scanners," and either "dentistry" or "digital dentistry." Results: The analysis covers a timespan from 1998 to 2023 and includes 331 documents sourced from 136 publications. The annual growth rate of research in this field is reported to be 15.9%, indicating a steady increase over time. Among the top sources, the "Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry" and the "Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry" have the highest number of articles, indicating their significance in the field. Some notable authors and their corresponding statistics include WÖSTMANN B, with 15 articles and a fractionalized value of 3.16, and SCHLENZ MA, with 14 articles and a fractionalized value of 2.91. The United States has the highest number of articles, indicating a significant presence in research publications. Germany closely follows this, demonstrating a notable contribution to the scientific community. Conclusions: This bibliometric analysis of intraoral scanners used in dentistry provided valuable insights into the current state of research and scholarly publications in this field. This analysis sheds light on the trends, patterns, and advancements in the use of these scanners in dental practice.

The impact of virtual reality simulation on dental education: A systematic review of learning outcomes and student engagement.

PURPOSE: Virtual reality (VR) simulations have been increasingly employed to train dental students prior to clinical practice. According to the literature, blended learning designs in the form of VR simulations can be utilized by both dental students and instructors to provide quality education. They can also save time and improve motor skills before students enter clinical stages. Therefore, this study was designed to review the importance of available VR simulators and their impact on student learning and outcomes. METHOD: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were followed to review the literature systematically, and different databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched (up to December 2023) for relevant articles using keywords: "virtual reality," "virtual reality simulators," "virtual reality simulation," and "dental education." The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess the study quality. RESULTS: After a comprehensive literature search, 1477 research articles were identified, of which 16 were included in the present study. In terms of students' learning outcomes, engagement, and optimal approach, a significant improvement was observed compared to conventional training methods, specifically in their knowledge, performance, confidence, and psychomotor skills. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that VR simulators enhance the overall learning abilities of dental students and should be regarded as an integral component of the current curriculum. However, it is important to recognize that VR simulators cannot fully substitute traditional training methods; rather, they can effectively complement them.

The thuEFGKAB operon of rhizobia and agrobacterium tumefaciens codes for transport of trehalose, maltitol, and isomers of sucrose and their assimilation through the formation of their 3-keto derivatives.

The thu operon (thuEFGKAB) in Sinorhizobium meliloti codes for transport and utilization functions of the disaccharide trehalose. Sequenced genomes of members of the Rhizobiaceae reveal that some rhizobia and Agrobacterium possess the entire thu operon in similar organizations and that Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 lacks the transport (thuEFGK) genes. In this study, we show that this operon is dedicated to the transport and assimilation of maltitol and isomers of sucrose (leucrose, palatinose, and trehalulose) in addition to trehalulose, not only in S. meliloti but also in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. By using genetic complementation, we show that the thuAB genes of S. meliloti, M. loti, and A. tumefaciens are functionally equivalent. Further, we provide both genetic and biochemical evidence to show that these bacteria assimilate these disaccharides by converting them to their respective 3-keto derivatives and that the thuAB genes code for this ketodisaccharide-forming enzyme(s). Formation of 3-ketotrehalose in real time in live S. meliloti is shown through Raman spectroscopy. The presence of an additional ketodisaccharide-forming pathway(s) in A. tumefaciens is also indicated. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify the genes that code for the conversion of disaccharides to their 3-ketodisaccharide derivatives in any organism.

Monitoring trehalose uptake and conversion by single bacteria using laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy.

Having the ability to monitor metabolic activity at the scale of single bacterial cells noninvasively would enable us to follow changes in the distribution of activity in bacterial systems which is of major importance for topics such as integration of metabolism and development, metabolic engineering, microbial activity and drug resistance, cell-cell interactions, and quorum sensing. Here, we used laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy to monitor the in vivo real-time uptake and conversion of trehalose by single bacterial cells. This approach can be used for the quantitative determination of sugar uptake by a single bacterium and its metabolic response to the sugar application with time. We show that uptake of trehalose can be quantified in single living bacterial cells held in place by an optical trap while simultaneously collecting Raman spectra upon application of sugar to the medium. This technique yields real-time chemical information in a label-free manner, thus eliminating the limitations of toxicity of the isotopic probes common in studying transport processes. It can substitute the laborious and time-consuming analytical evaluation. Although the single-cell Raman spectroscopy method demonstrated here is focused on the study of trehalose uptake by Sinorhizobium meliloti, the demonstrated approach is applicable to many different organisms and carbohydrates in general.

A dPCR Method for Quantitative Authentication of Wild Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) versus Cultivated American Cranberry (V. macrocarpon).

Berries of the genus Vaccinium are highly valued health-beneficial superfoods, which are commonly subjected to adulteration and mixed with each other, or with other common berry species. A quantitative DNA-based method utilizing a chip-based digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) technique was developed for identifying and quantifying wild lingonberry (V. vitis-idaea) and cultivated American cranberry (V. macrocarpon). The dPCR method with species-specific primers for mini-barcoding was designed based on the indel regions found in the trnI-CAU-trnL-CAA locus in the chloroplast genome. The designed primers were able to amplify only target species, enabling to distinguish the two closely related species with good sensitivity. Our results illustrated the ability of the method to identify lingonberry and American cranberry DNA using PCR without the need for probes or further sequencing. The dPCR method could also quantify the DNA copy number in mixed samples. Based on this study, the method provides a basis for a simple, fast, and sensitive quantitative authentication analysis of lingonberry and American cranberry by dPCR. Moreover, it can also provide a platform for authentication analyses of other plant species as well by utilizing the indel regions of chloroplast genomes.

Distribution of Biodiversity of Wild Beet Species (Genus Beta L.) in Armenia under Ongoing Climate Change Conditions.

The reported annual temperature increase and significant precipitation drop in Armenia impact the country's ecosystems and biodiversity. The present study surveyed the geographical distribution of the local wild beet species under the ongoing climate change conditions. We showed that B. lomatogona, B. corolliflora and B. macrorhiza are sensitive to climate change and were affected to various degrees, depending on their location. The most affected species was B. lomatogona, which is at the verge of extinction. Migration for ca. 90 and 200-300 m up the mountain belt was recorded for B. lomatogona and B. macrorhiza, respectively. B. corolliflora was found at 100-150 m lower altitudes than in the 1980s. A general reduction in the beet's population size in the native habitats was observed, with an increased number of plants within the populations, recorded for B. corolliflora and B. macrorhiza. A new natural hybrid Beta x intermedium Aloyan between B. corolliflora and B. macrorhiza was described and confirmed using chloroplast DNA trnL-trnF intergenic spacer (LF) and partially sequenced alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) of nuclear DNA. An overview of the wild beets reported in Armenia with the taxonomic background, morphological features, and distribution is provided. Conservation measures for preservation of these genetic resources are presented.

Tooth root resorption: A review.

Tooth root resorption is multifactorial, leading to progressive destruction and eventual loss of tooth root dentin and cement. There are internal and external types of root resorption, each having its variety. The etiology and pathogenesis of tooth root resorption are poorly understood, and the most significant etiological factors are trauma, pulpal infection, tooth bleaching, and orthodontic treatment. Tooth root resorption is primarily asymptomatic; thus, it is revealed accidentally by radiographic examination. Progressive clinical manifestations are pain, tooth discoloration, tooth mobility, and other conditions. Awareness of the causes and risk factors allowing tooth root resorption, and regular radiographic examination, in case of necessity, make it possible to reveal resorption at an early stage and to prevent its further development. Thus, the aim of this study is to present etiopathogenesis, a clinical course, and diagnostic peculiarities of internal and external types of tooth root resorption, enabling practicing dentists to timely diagnose root resorption and take appropriate measures to avoid further complications. Within the limitation of this review, even though the etiopathogenesis of tooth root resorption is yet not fully understood, it is suggested that the etiological factors fall into two groups (endogenic and exogenic) to enhance further understanding of the possible causes and mechanisms of root resorption and allow practitioners to monitor high-risk patients and make timely diagnoses. Moreover, radiographic examination and CBCT are indispensable for the diagnosis of root resorption.

Occurrence of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) as a Rare Oral Manifestation in a Patient with Gilbert's Syndrome.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is an ulcerative disease of the oral cavity and can occur in isolation or as a manifestation of many systemic diseases. It is a quite common entity and may hence often be overlooked as an isolated lesion. Gilbert's syndrome is a genetic disorder where a deficiency of an enzyme associated with the conjugation of bilirubin results in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The disease is generally asymptomatic and is aggravated by certain trigger factors. No associated oral manifestations are known. In this case report, we discuss the concomitant presence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in a patient of Gilbert's syndrome. The presence of such recurrent stomatitis may represent as an oral manifestation of Gilbert's syndrome. Early identification of these entities may improve the overall quality of life of the patient.