The prevalence of supracondyloid process in the living: a radiographic study.

OBJECTIVE: The spur or the supracondyloid process of the humerus has been of special interest to anatomists, anthropologists and clinicians. Apart from the anthropological research by ancient authors and clinical studies carried out half a century ago, no study of this variation appear in the literature. The aim of the present work is to investigate this variation in the living subjects. METHODS: The present information was performed on direct radiograms of the elbow obtained from the volunteer individuals. This study was carried out over a 3-year period from 2005-2008. RESULTS: The spur was found in 9 cases among the 903 persons examined. Bilateral occurrence of the process was higher than that reported in the literature. The cases with the spur reported mild pain in the forearm over a long period. CONCLUSION: This study showed a higher occurrence of bilateral supracondyloid process than previously reported. It is also suggested that the cases reported as asymptomatic may not be fully free of the complaint of pain which might assist the clinician in their diagnosis.

Local differences in the position of the mental foramen.

The mental foramen has been reported to vary in position in different ethnic groups. Repeated failures during injections and operative procedures involving the mental foramen suggest the presence of local differences in a given population. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible local differences of the mental foramen in Eastern Anatolian individuals in the Turkish population. The present investigation is based on the examination of 70 adult mandibles. The study consisted of three measurements, to include the relations of the mental foramen to the following: 1) the lower teeth; 2) the body of mandible; 3) the mandibular symphysis and posterior border of the ramus of the mandible. The most common position of the foramen was in line with the longitudinal axis of the second premolar tooth (relation IV), at the midpoint of the mandibular body height and at 1/3.5 of the distance from the mandibular symphysis to the posterior border of the ramus. Local differences of the mental foramen may occur in a population. Prior to surgery knowledge of the most common location of the foramen peculiar to a local population may enable effective mental block anaesthesia to be provided.

Bilateral median nerve compression at the level of Struthers' ligament. Case report.

Struthers' ligament syndrome is a rare cause of median nerve entrapment. Bilateral compression of the median nerve is even more rare. It presents with pain, sensory disturbance, and/or motor function loss at the median nerve's dermatomal area. The authors present the case of a 21-year-old woman with bilateral median nerve compression caused by Struthers' ligament. She underwent surgical decompression of the nerve on both sides. To the authors' knowledge, this case is the first reported bilateral compression of the median nerve caused by Struthers' ligament. The presentation and symptomatology of Struthers' ligament syndrome must be differentiated from median nerve compression arising from other causes.

Anatomical characteristics of the tibial medullary canal and their implications for intramedullary fixation.

The use of intramedullary fixation methods in the tibia is limited by the anatomical characteristics of this bone. In this study, the shape and degree of axial lateral rotation of the medullary canal were determined in 45 human dry cadaver bones using X-ray and computed tomography examinations and direct measurement of rotation in inserted nails. Forty bones (88.8%) had slight and five bones (11.1%) had excessive anterior bowing along the tibial shaft. Six of the 45 bones (13.3%) had an extremely narrow medullary canal. Axial lateral rotation was demonstrated in the middle third of the medullary canal, being on average (+/- SD) 32.35 +/- 16.25 degrees (range 10-75 degrees). This study revealed that extreme narrowing of the medullary canal, axial lateral rotation of the medullary canal, and extreme anterior bowing of the tibial shaft are the anatomical characteristics most likely to cause difficulties when using intermedullary fixation in the tibia.

Sex differences in dog corpus callosum.

Human studies reported sex differences in size and shape of the corpus callosum. These observations have been contested. The purpose of the present study is to investigate possible sex differences in the corpus callosum of dogs. The entire brains including the medulla from 12 female and 9 male adult mongrel dogs were removed and weighed. Total and partial area measurements of the callosum were made from photographic tracings of its outline. The callosum was partitioned into 3 regions; anterior half, posterior half, posterior one-fifth. The total corpus callosum, anterior half, posterior half, and posterior fifth or splenium areas were measured. Sex differences were found. The anterior half, the posterior half, the posterior fifth, and the total callosum were significantly greater in absolute area in males than in females.

The relationship of callosal anatomy to paw preference in dogs.

Previous studies have described the paw preference and asymmetry in dog brains, based on experimental studies. The purpose of the present study is to investigate a possible association between callosal anatomy and paw preference in dogs. The midsagittal area of the dog corpus callosum was measured in its entirety and in six subdivisions in a sample of 21 brains obtained from 9 male and 12 female mongrel dogs which had paw preference testing. The present study showed significant paw differences in dog corpus callosum. A posterior segment of the callosum, the isthmus, was significantly larger in the right pawedness than the left.

Anatomic variations of the paranasal sinuses: CT examination for endoscopic sinus surgery.

Chronic rhinosinusitis endoscopic surgery requires an accurate evaluation of diseases and paranasal sinus anatomic variations. This study aims to show the main anatomical variations in the ostiomeatal complex and paranasal sinuses which are usually depicted by computed tomography (CT). CT scans obtained 2 mm thickness in axial and coronal plane from a series of 200 patients with chronic sinusitis were examined to determine the prevalence of anatomic variants. Anatomical variations determined were supraorbital recess in 6%, concha bullosa in 30%, sphenomaxillary plate in 17%, infra-orbital ethmoid cells (Haller's cells) in 6%, spheno-ethmoid cells (Onodi's cells) in 12%, pneumatization of the anterior clinoid process in 6%, carotid artery bulging into the sphenoid sinus in 8%, pneumatization of the uncinate process in 2%, paradoxical curvature of the middle turbinate in 3% and septal deviation in 36%. Level difference between the ethmoid roof and nasal vault was an average of 8 mm in right side and 9.5 mm in left side. Awareness of these different variations will help the rhinologic surgeon in his orientation during endoscopic surgical procedures.

A morphological study in broiler chick hearts.

The normally developing cardiovascular system of the chicken resembles that of the human. The purpose of the present study is to investigate some macroscopic and microscopic similarities between the chick and the human heart. For this study 20 adult and 10 newborn Broiler chickens were used. The heart and great vessels were routinely fixed in 10% formaldehyde in a phosphate buffer. Five adult and five newborn chicks hearts were embedded in paraffin. All section were examined by light microscopy. The atrioventricular valve of 15 adult chick hearts were examined macroscopically. While some structures previously reported were determined, two different properties of the mural leaf which are chordae tendineae in its posterolateral region anchoring at the right ventricle and its widening from the anterior to posterior commissure was also observed.

[Symptomatic triangular bone. A case report]. / Os triangulaire pathologique. A propos d'un cas.

Os triangulare is an accessory bone found in the triangular cartilage of the wrist just distal to the end of the ulna and is generally asymptomatic. A case report of symptomatic Os triangulare is reported. Treatment associated immobilization and anti-inflammatory medication.

[Total bilateral carpal coalition with carpometacarpal fusion: one case]. / Synostose bilatérale complète des os du carpe avec synostose carpo-métacarpienne.

Carpal coalition may involve more than two carpal bones which is more common when coalition occurs as part of a syndrome of congenital malformations. We describe an unusual case of congenital complete entire carpal coalition with massive carpometacarpal coalition except the first carpometacarpal joint and abnormal distal radioulnar joint bilaterally. In addition, radiocarpal joint surfaces were slightly irregular but compatible. There were abnormal distal radioulnar joints and ulnar styloids articulated with the ulnar side of the lunate of the both wrists.

Foramen jugulare: a local investigation and a review of the literature.

The jugular foramen varies in size and shape. Because of the variations and the surrounding structures, successful surgery is difficult in this region. For this reason, numerous studies have investigate the detailed anatomy of the foramen. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the possible local variations of the foramen jugulare. In this work, Eastern Anatolian skulls were examined in order to investigate the local variety. Extracranial opening of the foramen was only measured in diameters as maximum anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral diameter (ML) of both right and left foramen. The height of the jugular fossa was taken as the dome height (DH). The results were in mm (right-left) as: AP (12.2-10.9); ML (13.7-12.3); DH (14-13.7). The present study suggested that local differences of the jugular foramen in relative size and shape might occur. These differences are probably peculiar to the region or probably the result of some particular clinical situation.

Variations of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles: surgical significance.

To investigate variations of the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis muscles, an anatomic study was performed on 15 cadaver forearms. Some variations were observed as reported in previous studies. An unusual insertion of the abductor pollicis longus muscle and the extensor pollicis brevis muscle also was encountered during the dissection. Both tendons of these muscles were found to have inserted into the inferior side of the base of the first metcarpal bone together, instead of dorsal side. Our study suggested that the extensor pollicis brevis muscle and the abductor pollicis longus muscle differentiate from a common muscle.

The prevalence of supracondyloid process in the living: a radiographic study / Prevalencia del proceso supracondileo en los vivos: un estudio radiográfico

OBJECTIVE: The spur or the supracondyloid process of the humerus has been of special interest to anatomists, anthropologists and clinicians. Apart from the anthropological research by ancient authors and clinical studies carried out half a century ago, no study of this variation appear in the literature. The aim of the present work is to investigate this variation in the living subjects. METHODS: The present information was performed on direct radiograms of the elbow obtained from the volunteer individuals. This study was carried out over a 3-year period from 2005-2008. RESULTS: The spur was found in 9 cases among the 903 persons examined. Bilateral occurrence of the process was higher than that reported in the literature. The cases with the spur reported mild pain in the forearm over a long period. CONCLUSION: This study showed a higher occurrence of bilateral supracondyloid process than previously reported. It is also suggested that the cases reported as asymptomatic may not be fully free of the complaint of pain which might assist the clinician in their diagnosis.

OBJETIVO: El espolón o proceso supracondileo del húmero ha sido de interés especial para anatomistas, antropólogos y médicos. Aparte de la investigación antropológica por autores en la antigüedad, y los estudios clínicos llevados a cabo tan sólo hace medio siglo, no hay un estudio de esta variación en la literatura. El objetivo del trabajo presente es investigar esta variación en los sujetos vivos. MÉTODOS: La información presente procede directamente de radiogramas del codo hechos a individuos voluntarios. Este estudio se llevó a cabo por un periodo de 3 años, desde el 2005 al 2008. RESULTADOS: Se encontró el espolón en 9 casos entre las 903 personas examinadas. La ocurrencia bilateral del proceso fue más alta que la reportada en la literatura. Los casos con espolón reportaron un dolor ligero en el antebrazo por un periodo largo. CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio mostró una ocurrencia más alta del proceso supracondileo bilateral que la reportada anteriormente en la literatura. También sugiere que los casos reportados como asintomáticos pueden no estar totalmente libres de quejas de dolor, las cuales podrían ayudar al médico en su diagnóstico.

Mathematical relations between the lengths of the metacarpal bones and phalanges: surgical significance.

The mathematical relationship between the lengths of the metacarpals and phalanges is important in hand surgery because of its role in determining the lengthening of the tubular bone size or the length of a prosthesis. The purpose of the present study is to perform the measurements on the hand radiographs, and to determine possible mathematical relations between the lengths of the metacarpals and phalanges. The lengths and widths of metacarpals and phalanges were measured in millimeters on hand roentgenograms of 100 normal voluntary subjects (50 men, 50 women) and the results were evaluated with a descriptive analysis test. The relations between the lengths of the metacarpals and phalanges were mathematically investigated on several sets of data. Unchangeable proportions between the metacarpals and phalanges lengths were found and formulated. Because any defects or faults of the hand, especially shortness, can corrected with current improved surgical techniques, a knowledge of the morphometric relations between the lengths of metacarpals and phalanges may be useful for such surgical interventions.

Heights of the lumbar intervertebral discs related to age in Turkish individuals.

The present study investigated the changes in the heights and anteroposterior diameters of human intervertebral discs by means of measurements from radiographs, to determine age changes of lumbar intervertebral discs in Turkish people. Measurements of anterior and posterior disc heights and disc depths were made for 200 clinic subjects of different age groups from lateral radiographs. The height of the intervertebral disc increases with aging only in males and the disc depth in both sexes. Our findings generally corroborate previous studies. It is suggested that the different findings from the present study might be peculiar to the society.

A rare insertion site for abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles.

During an investigation performed on cadaver forearms in the anatomy department, an unusual insertion of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) muscle together with the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) muscle was encountered unilaterally in a 40-year-old male cadaver forearm. APL originated from the posterior ulnar surface distal to the anconeus, the adjoining interosseous membrane and middle third of the posterior radial surface. It lay distal to the supinator muscle and close to the EPB, while the EPB arose from the posterior radial surface and from the adjacent interosseous membrane. These muscles were inserted to the palmar side of the base of the first metacarpal bone together. To our knowledge, this variation has not been cited in recent medical literature.

New drainage technique in the ureteropelvic junction obstructions. Side-to-side ureterocalicostomy (or ureterocaliceal by-pass) preserving renal pelvis and ureteropelvic junction.

We present a new ureterocalicostomy technique in a patient with intrarenal pelvis together with renal artery compression on the pelvis and ureteropelvic junction (UPJ). The patient had grade 4 hydronephrosis in the left kidney and angulation at the ureteropelvic junction. We performed side-to-side ureterocalicostomy between the ureter and lower calyx of the kidney.