Detailed tracking of antigen and antibody levels during coronavirus disease 2019 treatment in an immunosuppressed patient with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis.

A 67-year-old woman with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis was not vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and was on multiple immunosuppressive drugs. She was hospitalized because of interstitial shadowing in the lungs and diagnosed with persistent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite treatment with a recombinant monoclonal antibody and antivirals, her symptoms persisted and she lacked a specific antibody response. She tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 antigen after the second antiviral treatment, and a subsequent chest radiograph showed improvement. However, the antibody levels did not change. This case highlights the importance of careful monitoring of the SARS-CoV-2 antigen and antibody levels during COVID-19 treatment in patients with immunosuppression.

Exploratory Studies of Effective Inhibitors against the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease by Halogen Incorporation and Amide Bond Replacement.

In the development of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) drugs, its main protease (Mpro), which is an essential enzyme for viral replication, is a promising target. To date, the Mpro inhibitors, nirmatrelvir and ensitrelvir, have been clinically developed by Pfizer Inc. and Shionogi & Co., Ltd., respectively, as orally administrable drugs to treat coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). We have also developed several potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro that include compounds 4, 5, TKB245 (6), and TKB248 (7), which possesses a 4-fluorobenzothiazole ketone moiety as a reactive warhead. In compounds 5 and TKB248 (7) we have also found that replacement of the P1-P2 amide of compounds 4 and TKB245 (6) with the corresponding thioamide improved their pharmacokinetics (PK) profile in mice. Here, we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors with replacement of a digestible amide bond by surrogates (9-11, 33, and 34) and introduction of fluorine atoms in a metabolically reactive methyl group on the indole moiety (8). As the results, these compounds showed comparable or less potency compared to the corresponding parent compounds, YH-53/5h (2) and 4. These results should provide useful information for further development of Mpro inhibitors.

Development of Methods for Convergent Synthesis of Chloroalkene Dipeptide Isosteres and Its Application.

Improved methods of convergent synthesis for peptidomimetic utilizing a chloroalkene dipeptide isostere (CADI) are reported. In this synthesis, Fmoc- or Boc-protected carboxylic acids can be produced from N- and C-terminal analogues corresponding to each amino acid starting material via an Evans syn aldol reaction, followed by a [3.3] sigmatropic rearrangement utilizing the Ichikawa allylcyanate rearrangement reaction. With this strategy, an Fmoc-protected CADI can be directly applied for solid-phase peptide synthesis. Using this approach, we have also identified the CADI-containing cyclo[-Lys-Leu-Val-Phe-Phe-] peptidomimetic, which is a superior inhibitor of amyloid-ß aggregation than the parent peptide.

Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors Containing 4-Fluorobenzothiazole-2-carbonyl Moieties.

The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is an attractive target for the development of drugs to treat COVID-19. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of highly potent SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors including TKB245 (5)/TKB248 (6). Since we have previously developed Mpro inhibitors (3) and (4), several hybrid molecules of these previous compounds combined with nirmatrelvir (1) were designed and synthesized. Compounds such as TKB245 (5) and TKB248 (6), containing a 4-fluorobenzothiazole moiety at the P1' site, are highly effective in the blockade of SARS-CoV-2 replication in VeroE6 cells. Replacement of the P1-P2 amide with the thioamide surrogate in TKB248 (6) improved its PK profile in mice compared to that of TKB245 (5). A new diversity-oriented synthetic route to TKB245 (5) derivatives was also developed. The results of the SAR studies suggest that TKB245 (5) and TKB248 (6) are useful lead compounds for the further development of Mpro inhibitors.

Potent and biostable inhibitors of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2.

Potent and biostable inhibitors of the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 were designed and synthesized based on an active hit compound 5h (2). Our strategy was based not only on the introduction of fluorine atoms into the inhibitor molecule for an increase of binding affinity for the pocket of Mpro and cell membrane permeability but also on the replacement of the digestible amide bond by a surrogate structure to increase the biostability of the compounds. Compound 3 is highly potent and blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro without a viral breakthrough. The derivatives, which contain a thioamide surrogate in the P2-P1 amide bond of these compounds (2 and 3), showed remarkably preferable pharmacokinetics in mice compared with the corresponding parent compounds. These data show that compounds 3 and its biostable derivative 4 are potential drugs for treating COVID-19 and that replacement of the digestible amide bond by its thioamide surrogate structure is an effective method.