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1.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 28(13): S34-S41, 2022 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36502419

RESUMEN

Existing acute febrile illness (AFI) surveillance systems can be leveraged to identify and characterize emerging pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborated with ministries of health and implementing partners in Belize, Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, and Peru to adapt AFI surveillance systems to generate COVID-19 response information. Staff at sentinel sites collected epidemiologic data from persons meeting AFI criteria and specimens for SARS-CoV-2 testing. A total of 5,501 patients with AFI were enrolled during March 2020-October 2021; >69% underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing. Percentage positivity for SARS-CoV-2 ranged from 4% (87/2,151, Kenya) to 19% (22/115, Ethiopia). We show SARS-CoV-2 testing was successfully integrated into AFI surveillance in 5 low- to middle-income countries to detect COVID-19 within AFI care-seeking populations. AFI surveillance systems can be used to build capacity to detect and respond to both emerging and endemic infectious disease threats.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Enfermedades Transmisibles , Estados Unidos , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2 , Prueba de COVID-19 , Fiebre/epidemiología
2.
J Infect Dis ; 216(suppl_4): S529-S538, 2017 09 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28934457

RESUMEN

Mutation and reassortment of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses at the animal-human interface remain a major concern for emergence of viruses with pandemic potential. To understand the relationship of H5N1 viruses circulating in poultry and those isolated from humans, comprehensive phylogenetic and molecular analyses of viruses collected from both hosts in Vietnam between 2003 and 2010 were performed. We examined the temporal and spatial distribution of human cases relative to H5N1 poultry outbreaks and characterized the genetic lineages and amino acid substitutions in each gene segment identified in humans relative to closely related viruses from avian hosts. Six hemagglutinin clades and 8 genotypes were identified in humans, all of which were initially identified in poultry. Several amino acid mutations throughout the genomes of viruses isolated from humans were identified, indicating the potential for poultry viruses infecting humans to rapidly acquire molecular markers associated with mammalian adaptation and antiviral resistance.


Asunto(s)
Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Aviar/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Farmacorresistencia Viral Múltiple , Genotipo , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Humanos , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Gripe Aviar/tratamiento farmacológico , Gripe Aviar/transmisión , Gripe Humana/tratamiento farmacológico , Pandemias , Filogenia , Aves de Corral/virología , ARN Viral/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Análisis Espacio-Temporal , Vietnam/epidemiología , Proteínas Virales/genética
3.
J Virol ; 88(23): 13897-909, 2014 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25210193

RESUMEN

Human infections with influenza A(H5N1) virus in Cambodia increased sharply during 2013. Molecular characterization of viruses detected in clinical specimens from human cases revealed the presence of mutations associated with the alteration of receptor-binding specificity (K189R, Q222L) and respiratory droplet transmission in ferrets (N220K with Q222L). Discovery of quasispecies at position 222 (Q/L), in addition to the absence of the mutations in poultry/environmental samples, suggested that the mutations occurred during human infection and did not transmit further.


Asunto(s)
Marcadores Genéticos , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/fisiología , Gripe Humana/virología , Acoplamiento Viral , Adolescente , Adulto , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Cambodia , Niño , Preescolar , Análisis por Conglomerados , Femenino , Genotipo , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/genética , Humanos , Lactante , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutación Missense , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN
4.
BMC Infect Dis ; 15: 501, 2015 Nov 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26546333

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Laboratory testing is a fundamental component of influenza surveillance for detecting novel strains with pandemic potential and informing biannual vaccine strain selection. The United States (U.S.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), under the auspices of its WHO Collaborating Center for Influenza, is one of the major public health agencies which provides support globally to build national capacity for influenza surveillance. Our main objective was to determine if laboratory assessments supported capacity building efforts for improved global influenza surveillance. METHODS: In 2010, 35 national influenza laboratories were assessed in 34 countries, using a standardized tool. Post-assessment, each laboratory received a report with a list of recommendations for improvement. Uptake of recommendations were reviewed 3.2 mean years after the initial assessments and categorized as complete, in-progress, no action or no update. This was a retrospective study; follow-up took place through routine project management rather than at a set time-point post-assessment. WHO data on National Influenza Centre (NIC) designation, External Quality Assessment Project (EQAP) participation and FluNet reporting was used to measure laboratory capacity longitudinally and independently of the assessments. All data was further stratified by World Bank country income category. RESULTS: At follow-up, 81% of 614 recommendations were either complete (350) or in-progress (145) for 32 laboratories (91% response rate). The number of countries reporting to FluNet and the number of specimens they reported annually increased between 2005, when they were first funded by CDC, and 2010, the assessment year (p < 0.01). Improvements were also seen in EQAP participation and NIC designation over time and more so for low and lower-middle income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Assessments using a standardized tool have been beneficial to improving laboratory-based influenza surveillance. Specific recommendations helped countries identify and prioritize areas for improvement. Data from assessments helped CDC focus its technical assistance by country and region. Low and lower-middle income countries made greater improvements in their laboratories compared with upper-middle income countries. Future research could include an analysis of annual funding and technical assistance by country. Our approach serves as an example for capacity building for other diseases.


Asunto(s)
Gripe Humana/microbiología , Laboratorios , Creación de Capacidad , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Humanos , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Laboratorios/organización & administración , Salud Pública , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos , Organización Mundial de la Salud
5.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 20(4): 671-4, 2014 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24656213

RESUMEN

After reports of unusually high mortality rates among ducks on farms in Java Island, Indonesia, in September 2012, influenza A(H5N1) viruses were detected and characterized. Sequence analyses revealed all genes clustered with contemporary clade 2.3.2.1 viruses, rather than enzootic clade 2.1.3 viruses, indicating the introduction of an exotic H5N1 clade into Indonesia.


Asunto(s)
Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Gripe Aviar/virología , Animales , Patos/virología , Indonesia , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/métodos
6.
J Virol ; 87(10): 5746-54, 2013 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23487452

RESUMEN

H7 subtype influenza A viruses, responsible for numerous outbreaks in land-based poultry in Europe and the Americas, have caused over 100 cases of confirmed or presumed human infection over the last decade. The emergence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N3 virus in poultry throughout the state of Jalisco, Mexico, resulting in two cases of human infection, prompted us to examine the virulence of this virus (A/Mexico/InDRE7218/2012 [MX/7218]) and related avian H7 subtype viruses in mouse and ferret models. Several high- and low-pathogenicity H7N3 and H7N9 viruses replicated efficiently in the respiratory tract of mice without prior adaptation following intranasal inoculation, but only MX/7218 virus caused lethal disease in this species. H7N3 and H7N9 viruses were also detected in the mouse eye following ocular inoculation. Virus from both H7N3 and H7N9 subtypes replicated efficiently in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of ferrets; however, only MX/7218 virus infection caused clinical signs and symptoms and was capable of transmission to naive ferrets in a direct-contact model. Similar to other highly pathogenic H7 viruses, MX/7218 replicated to high titers in human bronchial epithelial cells, yet it downregulated numerous genes related to NF-κB-mediated signaling transduction. These findings indicate that the recently isolated North American lineage H7 subtype virus associated with human conjunctivitis is capable of causing severe disease in mice and spreading to naive-contact ferrets, while concurrently retaining the ability to replicate within ocular tissue and allowing the eye to serve as a portal of entry.


Asunto(s)
Conjuntivitis/virología , Subtipo H7N3 del Virus de la Influenza A/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/virología , Tropismo Viral , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Células Epiteliales/virología , Femenino , Hurones , Humanos , Subtipo H7N3 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , México , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/transmisión , Sistema Respiratorio/virología
7.
Arch Virol ; 159(3): 509-18, 2014 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24081824

RESUMEN

We investigated unusual crow mortality in Bangladesh during January-February 2011 at two sites. Crows of two species, Corvus splendens and C. macrorhynchos, were found sick and dead during the outbreaks. In selected crow roosts, morbidity was ~1 % and mortality was ~4 % during the investigation. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1 was isolated from dead crows. All isolates were closely related to A/duck/India/02CA10/2011 (H5N1) with 99.8 % and A/crow/Bangladesh/11rs1984-15/2011 (H5N1) virus with 99 % nucleotide sequence identity in their HA genes. The phylogenetic cluster of Bangladesh viruses suggested a common ancestor with viruses found in poultry from India, Myanmar and Nepal. Histopathological changes and immunohistochemistry staining in brain, pancreas, liver, heart, kidney, bursa of Fabricius, rectum, and cloaca were consistent with influenza virus infection. Through our limited investigation in domesticated birds near the crow roosts, we did not identify any samples that tested positive for influenza virus A/H5N1. However, environmental samples collected from live-bird markets near an outbreak site during the month of the outbreaks tested very weakly positive for influenza virus A/H5N1 in clade 2.3.2.1-specific rRT-PCR. Continuation of surveillance in wild and domestic birds may identify evolution of new avian influenza virus and associated public-health risks.


Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Aviar/epidemiología , Gripe Aviar/virología , Animales , Bangladesh/epidemiología , Análisis por Conglomerados , Cuervos , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/genética , Epidemiología Molecular , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN
8.
Clin Infect Dis ; 57(12): 1703-12, 2013 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24065322

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Variant influenza virus infections are rare but may have pandemic potential if person-to-person transmission is efficient. We describe the epidemiology of a multistate outbreak of an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus (H3N2v) first identified in 2011. METHODS: We identified laboratory-confirmed cases of H3N2v and used a standard case report form to characterize illness and exposures. We considered illness to result from person-to-person H3N2v transmission if swine contact was not identified within 4 days prior to illness onset. RESULTS: From 9 July to 7 September 2012, we identified 306 cases of H3N2v in 10 states. The median age of all patients was 7 years. Commonly reported signs and symptoms included fever (98%), cough (85%), and fatigue (83%). Sixteen patients (5.2%) were hospitalized, and 1 fatal case was identified. The majority of those infected reported agricultural fair attendance (93%) and/or contact with swine (95%) prior to illness. We identified 15 cases of possible person-to-person transmission of H3N2v. Viruses recovered from patients were 93%-100% identical and similar to viruses recovered from previous cases of H3N2v. All H3N2v viruses examined were susceptible to oseltamivir and zanamivir and resistant to adamantane antiviral medications. CONCLUSIONS: In a large outbreak of variant influenza, the majority of infected persons reported exposures, suggesting that swine contact at an agricultural fair was a risk for H3N2v infection. We identified limited person-to-person H3N2v virus transmission, but found no evidence of efficient or sustained person-to-person transmission. Fair managers and attendees should be aware of the risk of swine-to-human transmission of influenza viruses in these settings.


Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/virología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Trazado de Contacto , Femenino , Hospitalización , Humanos , Lactante , Gripe Humana/transmisión , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto Joven
9.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 19(12): 1963-71, 2013 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24274711

RESUMEN

We assessed drug susceptibilities of 125 avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from poultry in Vietnam during 2009-2011. Of 25 clade 1.1 viruses, all possessed a marker of resistance to M2 blockers amantadine and rimantadine; 24 were inhibited by neuraminidase inhibitors. One clade 1.1 virus contained the R430W neuraminidase gene and reduced inhibition by oseltamivir, zanamivir, and laninamivir 12-, 73-, and 29-fold, respectively. Three of 30 clade 2.3.4 viruses contained a I223T mutation and showed 7-fold reduced inhibition by oseltamivir. One of 70 clade 2.3.2.1 viruses had the H275Y marker of oseltamivir resistance and exhibited highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir and peramivir; antiviral agents DAS181 and favipiravir inhibited H275Y mutant virus replication in MDCK-SIAT1 cells. Replicative fitness of the H275Y mutant virus was comparable to that of wildtype virus. These findings highlight the role of drug susceptibility monitoring of H5N1 subtype viruses circulating among birds to inform antiviral stockpiling decisions for pandemic preparedness.


Asunto(s)
Antivirales/farmacología , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Gripe Aviar/epidemiología , Gripe Aviar/virología , Animales , Línea Celular , Farmacorresistencia Viral , Hurones , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/genética , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Mutación , Neuraminidasa/genética , Neuraminidasa/metabolismo , Oseltamivir/farmacología , Filogenia , Aves de Corral/virología , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , Vietnam/epidemiología , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos
10.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 19(1): 43-50, 2013 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23260983

RESUMEN

We analyzed highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from humans infected in Egypt during 2007-2011. All analyzed viruses evolved from the lineage of subtype H5N1 viruses introduced into Egypt in 2006; we found minimal evidence of reassortment and no exotic introductions. The hemagglutinin genes of the viruses from 2011 formed a monophyletic group within clade 2.2.1 that also included human viruses from 2009 and 2010 and contemporary viruses from poultry; this finding is consistent with zoonotic transmission. Although molecular markers suggestive of decreased susceptibility to antiviral drugs were detected sporadically in the neuraminidase and matrix 2 proteins, functional neuraminidase inhibition assays did not identify resistant viruses. No other mutations suggesting a change in the threat to public health were detected in the viral proteomes. However, a comparison of representative subtype H5N1 viruses from 2011 with older subtype H5N1 viruses from Egypt revealed substantial antigenic drift.


Asunto(s)
Antígenos Virales/inmunología , Pollos/virología , Genes Virales , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/patogenicidad , Gripe Humana/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Animales , Egipto/epidemiología , Pruebas de Enzimas , Evolución Molecular , Flujo Genético , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/clasificación , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/genética , Humanos , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Neuraminidasa/genética , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología
11.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 19(9): 1531-4, 2013.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23965808

RESUMEN

We identified 2 poultry workers with conjunctivitis caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N3) viruses in Jalisco, Mexico. Genomic and antigenic analyses of 1 isolate indicated relatedness to poultry and wild bird subtype H7N3 viruses from North America. This isolate had a multibasic cleavage site that might have been derived from recombination with host rRNA.


Asunto(s)
Subtipo H7N3 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Gripe Aviar/epidemiología , Gripe Aviar/transmisión , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/transmisión , Adulto , Secuencias de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Brotes de Enfermedades , Femenino , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/química , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/genética , Humanos , Subtipo H7N3 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Filogenia , Aves de Corral , Alineación de Secuencia
12.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 17(4): e0011248, 2023 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37093863

RESUMEN

Maternal infections during pregnancy can potentially cause birth defects and severe adverse effects in infants. From 2017 to 2018, we investigated the seroprevalence of five antibodies among 436 mother-infant pairs enrolled in a pregnancy cohort study in Coatepeque, Guatemala. Upon enrollment (< 20 weeks gestational age) and shortly after delivery, we measured the prevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), rubella, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in mothers and newborns and used rapid tests to detect HIV and syphilis (Treponema pallidum) in mothers. The mean cohort age was 24.5 years. Maternal T. gondii IgM and IgG seropositivity was 1.9% and 69.7%, respectively. No women were positive for HIV, syphilis, or rubella IgM. Maternal rubella IgG seropositivity was 80.8% and significantly increased with age. Maternal CMV IgM and IgG seropositivity were 2.3% and 99.5%, respectively. Of the 323 women tested at both timepoints, IgM reactivation occurred in one woman for T. gondii infection and in eight for CMV. No newborn was seropositive for CMV IgM or rubella IgM. One newborn was seropositive for T. gondii IgM. Congenital T. gondii and CMV infections are important public health issues for pregnant women, newborns, and healthcare providers in Coatepeque and Guatemala.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Citomegalovirus , Infecciones por VIH , Enfermedades del Recién Nacido , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán) , Sífilis , Toxoplasma , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Mujeres Embarazadas , Sífilis/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Estudios de Cohortes , Incidencia , Guatemala/epidemiología , Inmunoglobulina G , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/epidemiología , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Inmunoglobulina M , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios
13.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 18(5): 834-7, 2012 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22516540

RESUMEN

During July-December 2011, a variant virus, influenza A(H3N2)v, caused 12 human cases of influenza. The virus contained genes originating from swine, avian, and human viruses, including the M gene from influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Influenza A(H3N2)v viruses were antigenically distinct from seasonal influenza viruses and similar to proposed vaccine virus A/Minnesota/11/2010.


Asunto(s)
Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Gripe Humana/virología , Virus Reordenados/genética , Animales , Brotes de Enfermedades , Humanos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Filogenia , Virus Reordenados/clasificación , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Proteínas de la Matriz Viral/genética
14.
N Engl J Med ; 360(25): 2616-25, 2009 Jun 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19423871

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) viruses--containing genes from avian, human, and swine influenza viruses--emerged and became enzootic among pig herds in North America during the late 1990s. METHODS: We report the clinical features of the first 11 sporadic cases of infection of humans with triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) viruses reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, occurring from December 2005 through February 2009, until just before the current epidemic of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) among humans. These data were obtained from routine national influenza surveillance reports and from joint case investigations by public and animal health agencies. RESULTS: The median age of the 11 patients was 10 years (range, 16 months to 48 years), and 4 had underlying health conditions. Nine of the patients had had exposure to pigs, five through direct contact and four through visits to a location where pigs were present but without contact. In another patient, human-to-human transmission was suspected. The range of the incubation period, from the last known exposure to the onset of symptoms, was 3 to 9 days. Among the 10 patients with known clinical symptoms, symptoms included fever (in 90%), cough (in 100%), headache (in 60%), and diarrhea (in 30%). Complete blood counts were available for four patients, revealing leukopenia in two, lymphopenia in one, and thrombocytopenia in another. Four patients were hospitalized, two of whom underwent invasive mechanical ventilation. Four patients received oseltamivir, and all 11 recovered from their illness. CONCLUSIONS: From December 2005 until just before the current human epidemic of swine-origin influenza viruses, there was sporadic infection with triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) viruses in persons with exposure to pigs in the United States. Although all the patients recovered, severe illness of the lower respiratory tract and unusual influenza signs such as diarrhea were observed in some patients, including those who had been previously healthy.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Gripe Humana/virología , Virus Reordenados/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Animales , Aves , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas , Niño , Preescolar , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/virología , Femenino , Genotipo , Hemaglutininas/genética , Humanos , Lactante , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/transmisión , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/transmisión , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/virología , Filogenia , Vigilancia de la Población , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Sus scrofa , Estados Unidos/epidemiología
15.
One Health ; 15: 100442, 2022 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36249991

RESUMEN

Background: The Global Laboratory Leadership Programme (GLLP) has biosafety and biosecurity as one of its core competencies and advocates for a One Health approach involving all relevant sectors across the human-animal-environment interface to empower national laboratory systems and strengthen health security. Decentralization of SARS-CoV-2 testing in Liberia coupled with an increase in the number of COVID-19 infections among laboratory professionals raised biosafety concerns. In response, a set of trainings on laboratory biosafety was launched for lab personnel across the country under the framework of the GLLP. The goal was to deliver a comprehensive package for laboratory biosafety in the context of SARS-CoV-2 through active learning. Methods: Three one-day workshops were conducted between September and October 2020, training personnel from human, animal and environmental laboratories through a One Health approach. Concepts critical to laboratory biosafety were delivered in an interactive engagement format to ensure effective learning and retention of concepts. Pre- and post-training assessments were performed, and a paired t-test was used to assess knowledge gain. Results: Of the 67 participants, 64 were from the human health sector, one from veterinary sector and two from environmental health sector. The average pre-test score was 41%. The main gaps identified were failure to acknowledge surgical antisepsis as a form of hand hygiene and recognition of PPE as the best risk control measure. The average post-test score was 75.5%. The mean difference of pre-test and post-test scores was statistically significant (p-value <0.001). Participants indicated satisfaction with the workshop content, mode of delivery and trainers' proficiency. Conclusions: The workshops were impactful as evidenced by significant improvement (34.5%) in the post-test scores and positive participant feedback. Repeated refresher trainings are vital to addressing the gaps, ensuring compliance, and promoting biosafety culture. GLLP's approach to cultivating multisectoral national laboratory leaders ready to take responsibility and ownership for capacity building provides a sustainable solution for attaining strong national laboratory systems better prepared for health emergencies and pandemics like COVID-19.

16.
Avian Dis ; 54(1 Suppl): 307-12, 2010 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20521651

RESUMEN

High pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 has become an endemic poultry disease in several Asian countries, including Vietnam. Recently, dade 7 H5N1 viruses of the Eurasian lineage were isolated from chickens seized at ports of entry in Lang Son Province, Vietnam. Extensive nucleotide and amino acid divergence across the hemagglutinin (HA) protein gene of these isolates in comparison to previously described clade 7 viruses was identified. Clade 7 viruses are antigenically distinct from contemporary strains of H5N1 known to circulate in Vietnamese poultry (clade 1 and clade 2.3.4). Subsequent surveillance of sick poultry in live poultry markets in Hai Duong Province identified additional clade 7 isolates with HA genes very similar to the group B virus cluster detected previously at the Lang Son Province border. Antigenic analysis of the isolates from the live bird markets revealed significant cross-reactivity only between those clade 7 viruses belonging to the same subgroups. To meet pandemic response preparedness objectives, we have developed a reassortant virus from A/chicken/Vietnam/NCVD-016/2008, which could be used as a new prepandemic vaccine candidate for veterinary or human vaccination, should the need arise. Findings from these studies indicate that viruses with clade 7 HA have continued to evolve in Southeast Asian poultry, leading to significant antigenic drift relative to other H5N1 viruses currently circulating in Vietnam.


Asunto(s)
Pollos , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Aviar/epidemiología , Animales , Antígenos Virales , Comercio , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/patogenicidad , Vacunas contra la Influenza/inmunología , Gripe Aviar/virología , Filogenia , Virus Reordenados , Vietnam/epidemiología , Virulencia
17.
Avian Dis ; 54(1 Suppl): 329-34, 2010 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20521654

RESUMEN

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H5N1) has diverged antigenically and genetically since its initial detection in Asia in 1997. Viruses belonging to clade 2.2 in particular have been reported in numerous countries with the majority occurring in Egypt. Previous reports identified antigenic similarities between viruses belonging to clade 2.2. However, poultry and human viruses isolated in northern Egypt during 2007 and 2008 were found to be antigenically distinct from other clade 2.2 viruses from this country. Genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin revealed a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid divergence. The antigenic changes in Egyptian viruses isolated during 2007-08 necessitated that two of these strains be considered as potential H5N1 pre-pandemic vaccine candidates.


Asunto(s)
Variación Antigénica , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Gripe Aviar/virología , Gripe Humana/virología , Aves de Corral , Animales , Egipto/epidemiología , Hurones , Humanos , Gripe Aviar/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Filogenia
18.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother ; 53(3): 1039-47, 2009 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19124660

RESUMEN

Resistance of influenza viruses to antiviral drugs can emerge following medication or may result from natural variation. Two classes of anti-influenza virus drugs targeting either the M2 protein (amantadine and rimantadine) or neuraminidase (NA; oseltamivir and zanamivir) are currently licensed. These drugs are expected to be important in controlling the early stages of a potential pandemic. In the present study, we describe how a pyrosequencing method can be used to rapidly detect established molecular markers of resistance to M2 blockers and NA inhibitors in influenza A (H5N1) viruses. The residues L26, V27, A30, S31, and G34 in the M2 protein were targeted for pyrosequencing. The NA residues for pyrosequencing analysis included the established markers of drug resistance (H274 and N294), as well as residues of less certain relevance (V116, I117, Q136, K150, and I222). A single pair of pyro-reverse transcription (RT)-PCR primers was designed to allow amplification of an approximately 600-nucleotide-long amplicon of the NA genes of H5N1 viruses from various clades/subclades associated with infections in humans. The sensitivity of the assay was demonstrated by the successful pyrosequencing of RNA extracted from samples of serially diluted (10(-5) to 10(-7)) virus stocks with initial concentrations ranging from 10(5) to 10(8) PFU/ml. The markers of resistance were detected in samples with threshold cycle values ranging from 32 to 37, as determined by real-time RT-PCR. The pyrosequencing approach may provide a valuable tool for rapid detection of markers of drug resistance in H5N1 viruses and facilitate the elucidation of the role of such changes in natural and acquired drug resistance.


Asunto(s)
Farmacorresistencia Viral/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN/métodos , Amantadina/farmacología , Animales , Antivirales/farmacología , Aves , Farmacorresistencia Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/metabolismo , Gripe Aviar/tratamiento farmacológico , Gripe Aviar/virología , Gripe Humana/tratamiento farmacológico , Gripe Humana/virología , Neuraminidasa/farmacología , Oseltamivir/farmacología , ARN Viral/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/métodos , Rimantadina/farmacología , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Zanamivir/farmacología
19.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 14(9): 1470-2, 2008 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18760023

RESUMEN

Zoonotic infections with swine influenza A viruses are reported sporadically. Triple reassortant swine influenza viruses have been isolated from pigs in the United States since 1998. We report a human case of upper respiratory illness associated with swine influenza A (H1N1) triple reassortant virus infection that occurred during 2005 following exposure to freshly killed pigs.


Asunto(s)
Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Gripe Humana/virología , Virus Reordenados , Adolescente , Humanos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Masculino , Wisconsin
20.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 14(7): 1024-30, 2008 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18598620

RESUMEN

School closure is a proposed strategy for reducing influenza transmission during a pandemic. Few studies have assessed how families respond to closures, or whether other interactions during closure could reduce this strategy's effect. Questionnaires were administered to 220 households (438 adults and 355 children) with school-age children in a North Carolina county during an influenza B virus outbreak that resulted in school closure. Closure was considered appropriate by 201 (91%) households. No adults missed work to solely provide childcare, and only 22 (10%) households required special childcare arrangements; 2 households incurred additional costs. Eighty-nine percent of children visited at least 1 public location during the closure despite county recommendations to avoid large gatherings. Although behavior and attitudes might differ during a pandemic, these results suggest short-term closure did not cause substantial hardship for parents. Pandemic planning guidance should address the potential for transmission in public areas during school closure.


Asunto(s)
Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Virus de la Influenza B , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Opinión Pública , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Entrevistas como Asunto , Masculino , North Carolina/epidemiología , Instituciones Académicas
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