New Phenanthro[9,10-d]oxazole-Based Fluorophores with Hybridized Local and Charge-Transfer Characteristics for Highly Efficient Blue Non-Doped OLEDs with Negligible Efficiency Roll-Off.

It is vital to develop highly efficient non-doped blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with high color purity and low-efficiency roll-off for applications in display and lighting. Herein, two blue D-A fluorophores TPA-PO and TPA-DPO are designed and synthesized, in which phenanthro[9,10-d]oxazole (PO) acts as the acceptor and triphenylamine as the donor. TPA-PO and TPA-DPO display good thermal stability and efficient luminescence efficiency in neat film. Results based on photophysical property and theoretical calculation demonstrate that TPA-PO and TPA-DPO possess the hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) feature, which can utilize the triplet exciton to achieve highly efficient electroluminance (EL). The non-doped OLEDs with TPA-PO/TPA-DPO as pure emissive layer show the uniform EL emission peak at 468 nm, corresponding to CIE coordinates of (0.168, 0.187) and (0.167, 0.167), respectively. The TPA-DPO-based non-doped OLEDs provide the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.99 % and high exciton utility efficiency of 48.4 %~72.6 %. Moreover, the TPA-DPO-based device exhibits low-efficiency roll-off, still maintaining the EQE of 6.03 % at the high luminance of 5000 cd m-2. Those findings state clearly that PO is a promising building block of blue fluorophore with a potential HLCT feature to be applied in non-doped OLEDs.

Mesoscopic Kinetic Approach of Nonequilibrium Effects for Shock Waves.

A shock wave is a flow phenomenon that needs to be considered in the development of high-speed aircraft and engines. The traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method describes it from the perspective of macroscopic variables, such as the Mach number, pressure, density, and temperature. The thickness of the shock wave is close to the level of the molecular free path, and molecular motion has a strong influence on the shock wave. According to the analysis of the Chapman-Enskog approach, the nonequilibrium effect is the source term that causes the fluid system to deviate from the equilibrium state. The nonequilibrium effect can be used to obtain a description of the physical characteristics of shock waves that are different from the macroscopic variables. The basic idea of the nonequilibrium effect approach is to obtain the nonequilibrium moment of the molecular velocity distribution function by solving the Boltzmann-Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (Boltzmann BGK) equations or multiple relaxation times Boltzmann (MRT-Boltzmann) equations and to explore the nonequilibrium effect near the shock wave from the molecular motion level. This article introduces the theory and understanding of the nonequilibrium effect approach and reviews the research progress of nonequilibrium behavior in shock-related flow phenomena. The role of nonequilibrium moments played on the macroscopic governing equations of fluids is discussed, the physical meaning of nonequilibrium moments is given from the perspective of molecular motion, and the relationship between nonequilibrium moments and equilibrium moments is analyzed. Studies on the nonequilibrium effects of shock problems, such as the Riemann problem, shock reflection, shock wave/boundary layer interaction, and detonation wave, are introduced. It reveals the nonequilibrium behavior of the shock wave from the mesoscopic level, which is different from the traditional macro perspective and shows the application potential of the mesoscopic kinetic approach of the nonequilibrium effect in the shock problem.

Tafenoquine and its derivatives as inhibitors for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has severely affected human lives around the world as well as the global economy. Therefore, effective treatments against COVID-19 are urgently needed. Here, we screened a library containing Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds to identify drugs that could target the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), which is indispensable for viral protein maturation and regard as an important therapeutic target. We identified antimalarial drug tafenoquine (TFQ), which is approved for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and malaria prophylaxis, as a top candidate to inhibit Mpro protease activity. The crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro in complex with TFQ revealed that TFQ noncovalently bound to and reshaped the substrate-binding pocket of Mpro by altering the loop region (residues 139-144) near the catalytic Cys145, which could block the catalysis of its peptide substrates. We also found that TFQ inhibited human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Furthermore, one TFQ derivative, compound 7, showed a better therapeutic index than TFQ on TMPRSS2 and may therefore inhibit the infectibility of SARS-CoV-2, including that of several mutant variants. These results suggest new potential strategies to block infection of SARS-CoV-2 and rising variants.

Research on Omnidirectional Stereo Measurement Using Convex Mirrors and Vertical Disparity.

We propose an omnidirectional measurement method without blind spots by using a convex mirror, which in principle does not cause chromatic aberration, and by using vertical disparity by installing cameras at the top and bottom of the image. In recent years, there has been significant research in the fields of autonomous cars and robots. In these fields, three-dimensional measurements of the surrounding environment have become indispensable. Depth sensing with cameras is one of the most important sensors for recognizing the surrounding environment. Previous studies have attempted to measure a wide range of areas using fisheye and full spherical panoramic cameras. However, these approaches have limitations such as blind spots and the need for multiple cameras to measure all directions. Therefore, this paper describes a stereo camera system that uses a device capable of taking an omnidirectional image with a single shot, enabling omnidirectional measurement with only two cameras. This achievement was challenging to attain with conventional stereo cameras. The results of experiments confirmed an improvement in accuracy of up to 37.4% compared to previous studies. In addition, the system succeeded in generating depth image that can recognize distances in all directions in a single frame, demonstrating the possibility of omnidirectional measurement with two cameras.

Hexagonal metal oxide monolayers derived from the metal-gas interface.

Two-dimensional (2D) crystals are promising materials for developing future nano-enabled technologies1-6. The cleavage of weak, interlayer van der Waals bonds in layered bulk crystals enables the production of high-quality 2D, atomically thin monolayers7-10. Nonetheless, as earth-abundant compounds, metal oxides are rarely accessible as pure and fully stoichiometric monolayers owing to their ion-stabilized 'lamellar' bulk structure11-14. Here, we report the discovery of a layered planar hexagonal phase of oxides from elements across the transition metals, post-transition metals, lanthanides and metalloids, derived from strictly controlled oxidation at the metal-gas interface. The highly crystalline monolayers, without the support of ionic dopants or vacancies, can easily be mechanically exfoliated by stamping them onto substrates. Monolayer and few-layered hexagonal TiO2 are characterized as examples, showing p-type semiconducting properties with hole mobilities of up to 950 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature. The strategy can be readily extended to a variety of elements, possibly expanding the exploration of metal oxides in the 2D quantum regime.

A Nomogram for Predicting Acute Respiratory Failure After Cervical Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Based on Admission Clinical Findings.

OBJECTIVES: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is a common medical complication in patients with cervical traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). To identify independent predictors for ARF onset in patients who underwent cervical TSCI without premorbid respiratory diseases and to apply appropriate medical supports based on accurate prediction, a nomogram relating admission clinical information was developed for predicting ARF during acute care period. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical profiles of patients who suffered cervical TSCI and were emergently admitted to Qingdao Municipal Hospital from 2014 to 2020 as the training cohort. Univariate analysis was performed using admission clinical variables to estimate associated factors and a nomogram for predicting ARF occurrence was generated based on the independent predictors from multivariate logistic regression analysis. This nomogram was assessed by concordance index for discrimination and calibration curve with internal-validated bootstrap strategy. Receiver operating characteristic curve was conducted to compare the predictive accuracy between the nomogram and the traditional gold standard, which combines neuroimaging and neurological measurements by using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). An additional 56-patient cohort from another medical center was retrospectively reviewed as the test cohort for external validation of the nomogram. RESULTS: 162 patients were eligible for this study and were included in the training cohort, among which 25 individuals developed ARF and were recorded to endure more complications. Despite the aggressive treatments and prolonged intensive care unit cares, 14 patients insulted with ARF died. Injury level, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade, admission hemoglobin (Hb), platelet to lymphocyte ratio, and neutrophil percentage to albumin ratio (NPAR) were independently associated with ARF onset. The concordance index of the nomogram incorporating these predictors was 0.933 in the training cohort and 0.955 in the test cohort, although both calibrations were good. The AUC of the nomogram was equal to concordance index, which presented better predictive accuracy compared with previous measurements using neuroimaging and AIS grade (AUC 0.933 versus 0.821, Delong's test p < 0.001). Similar significant results were also found in the test cohort (AUC 0.955 versus 0.765, Delong's test p = 0.034). In addition, this nomogram was translated to a Web-based calculator that could generate individual probability for ARF in a visualized form. CONCLUSIONS: The nomogram incorporating the injury level, AIS grade, admission Hb, platelet to lymphocyte ratio, and NPAR is a promising model to predict ARF in patients with cervical TSCI who are absent from previous respiratory dysfunction. This nomogram can be offered to clinicians to stratify patients, strengthen evidence-based decision-making, and apply appropriate individualized treatment in the field of acute clinical care.

Age Estimation of Faces in Videos Using Head Pose Estimation and Convolutional Neural Networks.

Age estimation from human faces is an important yet challenging task in computer vision because of the large differences between physical age and apparent age. Due to the differences including races, genders, and other factors, the performance of a learning method for this task strongly depends on the training data. Although many inspiring works have focused on the age estimation of a single human face through deep learning, the existing methods still have lower performance when dealing with faces in videos because of the differences in head pose between frames, which can lead to greatly different results. In this paper, a combined system of age estimation and head pose estimation is proposed to improve the performance of age estimation from faces in videos. We use deep regression forests (DRFs) to estimate the age of facial images, while a multiloss convolutional neural network is also utilized to estimate the head pose. Accordingly, we estimate the age of faces only for head poses within a set degree threshold to enable value refinement. First, we divided the images in the Cross-Age Celebrity Dataset (CACD) and the Asian Face Age Dataset (AFAD) according to the estimated head pose degrees and generated separate age estimates for images with different poses. The experimental results showed that the accuracy of age estimation from frontal facial images was better than that for faces at different angles, thus demonstrating the effect of head pose on age estimation. Further experiments were conducted on several videos to estimate the age of the same person with his or her face at different angles, and the results show that our proposed combined system can provide more precise and reliable age estimates than a system without head pose estimation.

Aggregation-Enhanced Photoluminescence and Photoacoustics of Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters in Lipid Nanodiscs (NANO2).

The authors designed a structurally stable nano-in-nano (NANO2) system highly capable of bioimaging via an aggregation-enhanced NIR excited emission and photoacoustic response achieved based on atomically precise gold nanoclusters protected by linear thiolated ligands [Au25(SC n H2n+1)18, n = 4-16] encapsulated in discoidal phospholipid bicelles through a one-pot synthesis. The detailed morphological characterization of NANO2 is conducted using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, small/wide angle X-ray scattering with the support of molecular dynamics simulations, providing information on the location of Au nanoclusters in NANO2. The photoluminescence observed for NANO2 is 20-60 times more intense than that of the free Au nanoclusters, with both excitation and emission wavelengths in the near-infrared range, and the photoacoustic signal is more than tripled. The authors attribute this newly discovered aggregation-enhanced photoluminescence and photoacoustic signals to the restriction of intramolecular motion of the clusters' ligands. With the advantages of biocompatibility and high cellular uptake, NANO2 is potentially applicable for both in vitro and in vivo imaging, as the authors demonstrate with NIR excited emission from in vitro A549 human lung and the KB human cervical cancer cells.

Cyclopentadienone Derivative Dimers as Tunable Photoswitches.

A series of photoswitchable cyclopentadienone derivative dimers bearing bromo, thienyl, 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 3-pyridinyl, 4-nitrophenyl and cyano groups was designed and facilely synthesized. Photoswitching properties such as the photoconversions in the photostationary state (PSS), the thermal kinetics and thermal half-lives of photoisomers were systematically investigated. These photoswitches show high fatigue resistance and large photoconversions in the PSS. This work proves that the photoswitching properties of photoswitches based on cyclopentadienone dimers can be tuned by substitution groups and also pave the way to functionalize the cyclopentadienone derivative dimer-based photoswitch, which is important for its future applications.

DL0410 ameliorates cognitive disorder in SAMP8 mice by promoting mitochondrial dynamics and the NMDAR-CREB-BDNF pathway.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a worldwide problem and there are no effective drugs for AD treatment. Previous studies show that DL0410 is a multi-target, anti-AD agent. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of DL0410 and its action mechanism in SAMP8 mice. DL0410 (1-10 mg·kg-1·d-1) was orally administered to 8-month-old SAMP mice (SAMP8) for 8 weeks. We showed that DL0410 administration effectively ameliorated the cognitive deficits in the Morris water maze test, novel object recognition test, and nest building test. We revealed that DL0410 dose-dependently increased the expression levels of the mitochondrial proteins (PGC-1α, Mitofusin 2, OPA1, and Drp1), and subsequently ameliorated the processes of mitochondrial biosynthesis, fusion, and fission in the cortex and hippocampus of SAMP8 mice. Furthermore, DL0410 administration promoted the expression of synaptic proteins (synaptophysin and PSD95) in the brain of SAMP8 mice, and upregulated the protein phosphorylation in NMDAR-CAMKII/CAMKIV-CREB pathway responsible for the synaptic plasticity. DL0410 administration dose-dependently increased the expression of BDNF and TrkB, and the neurotrophic effect was mediated via the ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT-GSK-3ß pathways. DL0410 administration upregulated Bcl-2, increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and the level of caspase 3 and PARP-1, alleviating neuronal apoptosis. We proposed that the NMDAR-CREB-BDNF pathway might establish a positive feedback loop between synaptic plasticity and neurotrophy, with CREB at the center. In summary, DL0410 promotes synaptic function and neuronal survival, thus ameliorating cognitive deficits in SAMP8 mice via improved mitochondrial dynamics and increased activity of the NMDAR-CREB-BDNF pathway. DL0410 is a promising candidate to treat aging-related AD, and deserves more research and development in future.

Aerial floating 3D display device with lenticular-type naked-eye 3D display and a crossed-mirror array.

The depth feeling of a naked-eye 3D display is determined by the combination of the display and the lenticular lens, and because the parallax of the displayed image cannot be made stronger, providing a more stereoscopic effect is difficult. In this study, we propose a system that provides a clearer stereoscopic effect by enabling the naked-eye 3D display to be observed as an aerial stereoscopic image without the framework of the display. By comparing it with the conventional aerial display method, we demonstrate that it is possible to maintain the same level of resolution as the method without a crossed-mirror array and that natural stereoscopic view is possible.

Multiplex immunohistochemistry indicates biomarkers in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and the second in females, whose survival ratio and indicating biomarkers are limited. The rapid development of multiple immunofluorescences gives rise to widespread applications of this new advanced technology called multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC), which makes it possible to detect several fluorescent proteins on the same tumor tissue microarray (TMA) within the same time and spatial organization. By taking advantage of this mIHC technology, we detected three tumor-associated antigens (TAA) including the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), the cluster of differentiation 133 (CD133), the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and one immune-associated macrophage marker, the cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) in cancer tissues versus para-carcinomatous normal tissues derived from a cohort of 84 CRC patients. All four markers were upregulated in cancer tissue compared with normal tissues. And the expressions of CD133, HER2, PD-L1, and CD68 were correlated with pathological grade, T stage, tumor size, metastasis, respectively. Accordingly, CD133 and PD-L1 could be applied as potential diagnostic biomarkers for CRC at an early stage, while the enrichment of HER2 might act as an advanced indicator in aggressive cancer status of CRC; whereas, CD68 could be potentially considered as an advanced diagnostic indicator in CRC patients, as well as a metastatic promoter in CRC-related TME. The differential expression of these four proteins, as well as their clinicopathological correlation, indicates that these four proteins could be utilized as specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in CRC patients.

[Research advance in multi-component pharmacokinetics of Chinese herbal extracts in recent five years].

The multi-component pharmacokinetic study of Chinese herbal extracts elaborates the in vivo processes,including absorption,distribution,metabolism,and excretion,of multiple bioactive components,which is of significance in revealing pharmacodynamic material basis of Chinese herbal medicine. In recent years,with the innovation in ideas,and development of techniques and methods on traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) research,the pharmacokinetic studies of Chinese herbal extracts were extensively performed,and notable progress has been made. This paper reviewed the advancement of multi-component pharmacokinetics of Chinese herbal extracts in recent five years from analysis technology of biological sample,the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Chinese herbal medicine with complex system,and the impacts of processing and pathological state on pharmacokinetics of Chinese herbal extracts,aiming to provide a reference for quality control,product development and rational medication of Chinese herbal extracts.

[Advance on pharmacokinetics study of traditional Chinese medicine injections in recent ten years].

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) injections boast a definite efficacy and have been widely used in clinic. However, the problems in medication safety have been attracted increasing attention. Pharmacokinetics is of significance to guiding TCM injection administration regimen design and improving safety and effectiveness in clinical use. In recent years, with the improvement of ideas, technology and methods of TCM studies, the pharmacokinetic studies of TCM injections have been broadly performed, with a notable progress. This paper reviewed the advance in pharmacokinetics studies of TCM injections in recent ten years, which mainly focused on pre-clinical concentration-time course, distribution, metabolism and excretion in vivo based on analysis techniques, pharmacokinetic interactions of constitutes, impact of pathological state, pharmacokinetic interactions between TCM injection and chemical drugs, and clinical pharmacokinetics studies of TCM injections, in the expectation of providing reference for studies on quality control, product development and rational clinical use of TCM injections.

Wafer-Sized Ultrathin Gallium and Indium Nitride Nanosheets through the Ammonolysis of Liquid Metal Derived Oxides.

We report the synthesis of centimeter sized ultrathin GaN and InN. The synthesis relies on the ammonolysis of liquid metal derived two-dimensional (2D) oxide sheets that were squeeze-transferred onto desired substrates. Wurtzite GaN nanosheets featured typical thicknesses of 1.3 nm, an optical bandgap of 3.5 eV and a carrier mobility of 21.5 cm2 V-1 s-1, while the InN featured a thickness of 2.0 nm. The deposited nanosheets were highly crystalline, grew along the (001) direction and featured a thickness of only three unit cells. The method provides a scalable approach for the integration of 2D morphologies of industrially important semiconductors into emerging electronics and optical devices.

An Ultrasensitive Silicon Photonic Ion Sensor Enabled by 2D Plasmonic Molybdenum Oxide.

Silicon photonics has demonstrated great potential in ultrasensitive biochemical sensing. However, it is challenging for such sensors to detect small ions which are also of great importance in many biochemical processes. A silicon photonic ion sensor enabled by an ionic dopant-driven plasmonic material is introduced here. The sensor consists of a microring resonator (MRR) coupled with a 2D restacked layer of near-infrared plasmonic molybdenum oxide. When the 2D plasmonic layer interacts with ions from the environment, a strong change in the refractive index results in a shift in the MRR resonance wavelength and simultaneously the alteration of plasmonic absorption leads to the modulation of MRR transmission power, hence generating dual sensing outputs which is unique to other optical ion sensors. Proof-of-concept via a pH sensing model is demonstrated, showing up to 7 orders improvement in sensitivity per unit area across the range from 1 to 13 compared to those of other optical pH sensors. This platform offers the unique potential for ultrasensitive and robust measurement of changes in ionic environment, generating new modalities for on-chip chemical sensors in the micro/nanoscale.

Differences between generalized Q-sampling imaging and diffusion tensor imaging in visualization of crossing neural fibers in the brain.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to discuss the advantages of GQI reconstruction in the imaging of nerve fibers at crossing regions. Compared with DTI, the paper also discussed the advantages of GQI in imaging principles. METHODS: 3-T MRI data from five normal participants were reconstructed using GQI and DTI. After adjusting the parameters, we compared the differences in reconstructed nerve fibers at the crossing regions between the two methods. To complete this study, we chose four obvious examples (the optic nerve, the Superior cerebellar peduncles, the intersection of the pyramidal tract, the corpus callosum and the arcuate fibers and the intersection of the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the anterior part of arcuate fasciculus) to illustrate. RESULTS: By reconstructing nerve fibers in three regions, we can find that crossing-area images of nerve fibers significantly differed between DTI and GQI reconstruction. Although crossing fibers could be clearly and completely visualized after GQI reconstruction, they showed artifacts, incompleteness, deletions, and fractures after DTI reconstruction. After GQI reconstruction, we can find that there were two or more nerve fibers in each voxel. However, only one nerve fiber was present in each voxel after DTI reconstruction. CONCLUSION: The imaging of crossing fibers is more complete, consistent, and accurate when they are reconstructed by GQI than when they are reconstructed by DTI.

Treatment and outcomes of tumor-induced osteomalacia associated with phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors: retrospective review of 12 patients.

BACKGROUND: Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by severe hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. Nonspecific symptoms make the diagnosis elusive. In addition, locating the responsible tumor(s) is challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical management and outcomes of TIO. METHODS: The clinical features, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and outcomes of 12 patients were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: The cohort comprised six men and six women (mean age 45.5 ± 9.9 years, range 23-61 years). The mean duration of disease was 3.7 ± 2.6 years. All patients manifested progressive bone pain, muscle weakness, and/or difficulty walking. Serum phosphorus concentrations were low in all patients (mean 0.42 ± 0.12 mmol/L). Technetium-99m octreotide scintigraphy was performed in 11 patients and showed lesions in the right distal femur, left femoral head, and right tibial plateau, respectively, in three patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was negative for lesions in one patient. Two patients underwent biopsies that showed negative histopathology. Two patients, at 2 years and 8 months, respectively, after having negative technetium-99m octreotide studies, underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CT), which revealed lesions in the sacrum and soft tissue of the left palm, respectively. One tumor was detected by CT and MRI. Overall, lesion sites were the head (two patients, 16.7%), thoracic and lumbar region (two, 16.7%), pelvis (three, 25%), lower limbs (four, 33.3%), and upper limbs (one, 8.3%). All patients underwent surgery, and histopathology showed phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors in each. Postoperatively, serum phosphorus concentrations normalized within 2-7 days in 11 patients. With follow-ups of 1-41 months, surgery was effective in 10 patients. One patient developed local recurrence and another had metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Locating tumors responsible for tumor-induced osteomalacia is often challenging. Although complete tumor resection confers a good prognosis in most patients, surveillance for recurrence and metastasis is necessary. Before surgery or when surgery is not indicated, oral phosphate can alleviate symptoms and metabolic imbalance.

Effects of Structural Changes in Subchondral Bone on Articular Cartilage in a Beagle Dog Model.

OBJECTIVE: Using MR T2-mapping and histopathologic score for articular cartilage to evaluate the effect of structural changes in subchondral bone on articular cartilage. METHODS: Twenty-four male Beagle dogs were randomly divided into a subchondral bone defect group (n = 12) and a bone cement group (n = 12). Models of subchondral bone defectin the medial tibial plateau and subchondral bone filled with bone cement were constructed. In all dogs, the left knee joint was used as the experimental sideand the right knee as the sham side. The T2 value for articular cartilage at the medial tibial plateau was measured at postoperative weeks 4, 8, 16, and 24. The articular cartilage specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and evaluated using the Mankin score. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in Mankin score between the bone defect group and the cement group at postoperative weeks 16 and 24. There was a statistically significant difference in the T2 values between the bone defect group and its sham group (P < 0.05) from week 8, and between the cement group and its sham group (P < 0.05) from week 16. There was significant difference in T2 values between the two experimental groups at postoperative week 24 (P < 0.01). The T2 value for articular cartilage was positively correlated with the Mankin score (ρ = 0.758, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Structural changes in subchondral bone can lead to degeneration of the adjacent articular cartilage. Defects in subchondral bone cause more severe degeneration of cartilage than subchondral bone filled with cement. The T2 value for articular cartilage increases with the extent of degeneration. MR T2-mapping images and the T2 value for articular cartilage can indicate earlycartilage degeneration.

[Application progress of proteomic in pharmacological study of Chinese medicinal formulae].

Chinese medicinal formulae are the important means of clinical treatment in traditional Chinese medicine. It is urgent to use modern advanced scientific and technological means to reveal the complicated mechanism of Chinese medicinal formulae because they have the function characteristics of multiple components, multiple targets and integrated regulation. The systematic and comprehensive research model of proteomic is in line with the function characteristics of Chinese medicinal formulae, and proteomic has been widely used in the study of pharmacological mechanism of Chinese medicinal formulae. The recent applications of proteomic in pharmacological study of Chinese medicinal formulae in anti-cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, anti-liver disease, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases were reviewed in this paper, and then the future development direction of proteomic in pharmacological study of Chinese medicinal formulae was put forward. This review is to provide the ideas and method for proteomic research on function mechanism of Chinese medicinal formulae.