Amplicon sequencing reveals the bacterial diversity in milk, dairy premises and Serra da Canastra artisanal cheeses produced by three different farms.

In this work, the amplicon sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene was employed to investigate the bacterial diversity in ingredients, processing environment, and ripened cheeses collected from three farms producing Serra da Canastra artisanal cheese. The data obtained indicated a remarkable variability in the bacteria consortia of the milk, whey, and environmental samples collected in farms 1, 2, and 3, despite their location in the same city. On the other hand, the starter culture and final product (ripened cheese) presented more constant and similar microbiota no matter the farm. The findings suggest that Streptococcus and Lactococcus have competitive advantages throughout Serra da Canastra cheese-making/ripening, which is crucial for their high relative abundance in the final products. An exploratory assessment based on sequencing data available in the literature showed that the Serra da Canastra cheeses sequences clustered with specific cheese varieties that are also made from raw milk but ripened for very different periods. The findings of this study highlight that despite the variability of milk and whey microbiota among the three farms, the starter culture ("pingo") has strong relevance in shaping the microbiota of the final product.

Endothelial AT1 and AT2 pathways in aortic responses to angiotensin II after stress and ethanol consumption in rats.

Stress and ethanol are important cardiovascular risk factors. Their vascular and blood pressure (BP) effects were evaluated alone and in combination. Adult male Wistar rats (8-10 per group) were separated into control, ethanol (ethanol 20% in drinking water for 6 weeks), stress (restraint 1 h/d 5 d/week for 6 weeks), and ethanol/stress (in combination) groups. Systolic BP was evaluated weekly. Concentration-response curves for contractile responses to angiotensin II in the absence and the presence of losartan (AT1-blocker), PD123-319 (AT2-blocker), L-NAME (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), or indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) were obtained in isolated intact and endothelium-denuded aortas. Effective concentration 50% (EC50) and maximum response (MR) were compared among groups using MANOVA/Tukey tests. Stress and stress plus ethanol increased BP. Ethanol and stress, alone and in combination, did not alter angiotensin responses of intact aortas. PD123-319 decreased MR to angiotensin II in intact aortas from the ethanol and ethanol/stress groups relative to control in the presence of PD123-319. Losartan increased MR to angiotensin II in intact aortas from the stress and ethanol/stress groups relative to control in the presence of losartan. None of the protocols altered angiotensin responses of denuded aortas. Neither indomethacin nor L-NAME altered angiotensin responses of intact aortas from the experimental groups. Thus ethanol and ethanol plus stress may alter endothelial signaling via AT1-receptors, without changing systemic BP. Stress and stress plus ethanol may alter endothelial signaling via AT2-receptors, and thereby increase BP. Knowledge of such vascular changes induced by stress and/or ethanol may contribute to understanding adverse cardiovascular effects of stress and ethanol consumption in humans.

Chilled Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fillets: Modeling Pseudomonas spp. and psychrotrophic bacteria growth and monitoring spoilage indicators by 1H NMR and GC-MS during storage.

This study aimed to assess the growth of Pseudomonas spp. and psychrotrophic bacteria in chilled Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), a native South American fish, stored under chilling conditions (0 to 10 °C) through the use of predictive models under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. Growth kinetic parameters, maximum growth rate (µmax, 1/h), lag time (tLag, h), and (Nmax, Log10 CFU/g) were estimated using the Baranyi and Roberts microbial growth model. Both kinetic parameters, growth rate and lag time, were significantly influenced by temperature (P < 0.05). The square root secondary model was used to describe the bacteria growth as a function of temperature. Secondary models, √µ = 0.016 (T + 10.13) and √µ =0.017 (T + 9.91) presented a linear correlation with R2 values >0.97 and were further validated under non-isothermal conditions. The model's performance was considered acceptable to predict the growth of Pseudomonas spp. and psychrotrophic bacteria in refrigerated Pacu fillets with bias and accuracy factors between 1.24 and 1.49 (fail-safe) and 1.45-1.49, respectively. Fish biomarkers and spoilage indicators were assessed during storage at 0, 4, and 10 °C. Volatile organic compounds, VOCs (1-hexanol, nonanal, octenol, and indicators 2-ethyl-1-hexanol) showed different behavior with storage time (P > 0.05). 1H NMR analysis confirmed increased enzymatic and microbial activity in Pacu fillets stored at 10 °C compared to 0 °C. The developed and validated models obtained in this study can be used as a tool for decision-making on the shelf-life and quality of refrigerated Pacu fillets stored under dynamic conditions from 0 to 10 °C.

Influence of treatment with quercetin on lipid parameters and oxidative stress of pregnant diabetic rats.

Among the numerous coadjuvant therapies that could influence the incidence and progression of diabetic complications, antioxidants and flavonoids are currently being tested in clinical trials. We investigated the effect of quercetin on biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced (60 mg/kg body mass, by intraperitoneal injection) diabetic rats. A total of 32 female Wistar rats were distributed among 4 groups as follows: control (G1); control treated with quercetin (G2); diabetic (G3); and diabetic treated with quercetin (G4). Quercetin administered to pregnant diabetic rats controlled dyslipidemia and improved lipid profiles in diabetes mellitus, regulated oxidative stress by reducing the generation of lipid hydroperoxides, and increased the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase.

Consumption, knowledge, and food safety practices of Brazilian seafood consumers.

The present work aimed to evaluate the frequency of seafood consumption by the Brazilian population, the safety practices during seafood handling and preservation as well as to evaluate the consumers' perception on the risks associated with these foods. A total of 962 respondents responded to a survey divided into three parts: demographic and socio-economic profiles, seafood consumption habits, safety practices, and risk perceptions regarding seafood. The survey revealed a low level of perception about seafood safety. The respondents (64-71%) demonstrated a lack of knowledge of the main pathogens associated with seafood disease outbreaks and presented difficulties in identifying consumption places that could result in higher microbiological risk. Besides, these respondents showed to be unaware of their responsibility towards seafood safety from purchasing through preparation. Respondents belonging to the generation of baby boomers, with the postgraduate level and females presented a better perception of microbiological risk and on the importance of safety practices. These respondents showed positive attitudes, such as knowledge of the proper thawing procedures of seafood, knowledge of the potential risks to get sick from the consumption of raw seafood, and were also able to recognize Vibrio and Listeria as seafood bacterial pathogens. The knowledge proves to be an adequate tool for perception and judgment of microbiological risk, making the consumer adopt safe practices. The instruction of seafood consumers about safe handling practices and perceptions is critical for the success of farm to fork preventive measures aiming to protect public health.

Natural products with preservative properties for enhancing the microbiological safety and extending the shelf-life of seafood: A review.

Seafood is highly perishable, presenting a rapid loss of its quality soon after capture. Temperature is the critical parameter that impacts on seafood shelf-life reduction, allowing the growth of foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. In recent years, the search by additional methods of preserving seafood has increased, able to ensure quality and safety. Several natural preservatives have highlighted and gained considerable attention from the scientific community, consumers, industry, and health sectors as a method with broad action antimicrobial and generally economical. Natural preservatives, from different sources, have been widely studied, such as chitosan from animal sources, essential oils, and plant extracts from a plant source, lactic acid bacteria, and bacteriocins from microbiological sources and organic acid from different sources, all with great potential for use in seafood systems. This review focuses on the natural preservatives studied in seafood matrices, their forms of application, concentrations usually employed, their mechanisms of action, factors that interfere in their use and the synergistic effect of the interactions among the natural preservatives, with a focus for maintenance of quality and ensure of food safety.

Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Commensal Escherichia coli in Feedlot Lambs in Southeastern Brazil.

Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a public health issue since it limits the choices to treat infections by Escherichia coli in humans and animals. In Brazil, the ovine meat market has grown in recent years, but studies about AR in sheep are still scarce. Thus, this study aims to investigate the presence of AR in E. coli isolated from lambs during feedlot. To this end, feces from 112 lambs with 2 months of age, after weaning, were collected on the first day of the animals in the feedlot (day 0), and on the last day before slaughtering (day 42). Isolates were selected in MacConkey agar supplemented with 4 mg/L of ceftiofur and identified by biochemical methods. Isolates were submitted to an antimicrobial susceptibility test by disc-diffusion and PCR to investigate genes for phylogenetic group, virulence determinants and resistance to the several antimicrobial classes tested. The genetic localization of the bla genes detected was elucidated by S1-PFGE followed by Southern blot-hybridizations. The isolates were typed by XbaI-PFGE and MLST methods. Seventy-eight E. coli were isolated from 8/112 (7.1%) animals on day 0, and from 55/112 (49.1%) animals on day 42. Since only fimH was present in almost all E. coli (97.4%) as a virulence gene, and also 88.5% belonged to phylogroups B1 or A, we consider that isolates represent intestinal commensal bacteria. The dendrogram separated the 78 non-virulent isolates in seven clusters, two of which comprised 50 E. coli belonging to ST/CC 1727/446 or ST 3994 recovered on day 42 commonly harboring the genotype bla CMY -2-aac(3)-IIa -tetA-sul1-sul2-floR-cmlA. Special attention should be given to the presence of bla CTX-M-15, a worldwide gene spread, and bla CTX-M-14, a hitherto undetected gene in Enterobacteriaceae from food-producing animals in Brazil. Importantly, E. coli lineages and plasmids carrying bla genes detected here have already been reported as sources of infection in humans either from animals, food, or the environment, which raises public health concerns. Hence, two types of commensal E. coli carrying important AR genes clearly prevailed during feedlot, but lambs are also reservoirs of bacteria carrying important AR genes such as bla CTX-M-14 and bla CTX-M-15, mostly related to antimicrobial treatment failure.

Prostanoids counterbalance the synergism between endothelin-1 and angiotensin II in mesenteric veins of trained rats.

Exercise-induced adaptations of the modulating mechanisms that influence the angiotensin (Ang II) responses assume different features depending on the venous bed. In femoral veins, exercise mobilizes vasodilator prostanoids to cooperate with NO in order to maintain reduced Ang II responses. On the other hand, exercise's influence on the Ang II responses in veins that drain blood from the mesenteric region has been poorly described. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the effects of a single bout of exercise, as well as exercise training, on the Ang II responses in mesenteric veins. The present study also aimed to investigate the involvement of prostanoids, NO and ET-1 in eventual exercise-induced modifications in these veins. To this end, mesenteric veins taken from resting-sedentary, exercised-sedentary, resting-trained and exercised-trained animals were studied in organ baths. In addition, the mRNA expression of prepro-endothelin-1 (ppET-1), as well as that of the ETA and ETB receptors, were quantified by real-time PCR in these veins. The results show that, either in absence or in presence of L-NAME, the Ang II responses were not different between groups. In the presence of indomethacin, higher Ang II responses were observed in the resting-trained animals than in the resting-sedentary animals. This difference, however, disappeared when L-NAME, BQ-123 or BQ-788 were added during incubation. In addition, no differences in ppET-1, ETA or ETB mRNA expression were observed between groups. Furthermore, in the presence of PD123,319, the Ang II responses in the exercised-sedentary animals were higher than those in the resting-sedentary animals. In conclusion, exercise training mobilizes endothelin-1 (ET-1) to reinforce the Ang II-induced responses mainly through ETA activation. On the other hand, vasodilator prostanoids are mobilized to act in parallel with NO in order to counterbalance the Ang II responses that have been potentiated by ET-1 in these trained animals.

Cuidado na doença de Parkinson: padrões de resposta do cuidador familiar de idosos1 / Caring for Parkinson's disease: response patterns of caregivers who are relatives of older adults

Resumo Este estudo objetiva conhecer os padrões de resposta de transição dos cuidadores familiares e a influência destes na realização de cuidados ao idoso com doença de Parkinson. Para isso, trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo e qualitativo, realizado com 20 familiares cuidadores de idosos com doença de Parkinson. Os resultados revelaram que, no percurso da saída da transição, os familiares cuidadores apresentam a integração da rotina de cuidados na vida pessoal, a aceitação do estado de saúde de seu familiar por meio da visão positiva da doença, utilizam estratégias para adquirir habilidades relacionadas ao cuidado do idoso com doença de Parkinson e reconhecem em si a identidade de familiar cuidador. São necessárias intervenções para identificar as preocupações específicas dos familiares para fortalecer e facilitar o processo de transição ao exercício do papel de cuidador, frente às diversas mudanças na rotina que a doença de Parkinson suscita.

Abstract This study analyzes the transition response patterns of family caregivers and their influence on the provision of care to older adults with Parkinson's disease. It is an exploratory, descriptive and qualitative study carried out with 20 family caregivers of older adults with Parkinson's disease. The results revealed that on the way out of the transition, family caregivers present the integration of the care routine in their personal lives and acceptthe health status of their family members through a positive view of the disease, using strategies to acquire skills related to the care of older adults suffering from Parkinson's disease, acknowledging the role of a family caregiver. Interventions are needed to identify the specific concerns of family members in order to strengthen and ease the process of transition to exercising the role of caregiver, given the various changes in routine that Parkinson's disease raises.

Idosos com doença de Parkinson: avaliação do comprometimento e da capacidade funcional / Ancianos con enfermedad de parkinson: evaluación del estadio y de la capacidad funcional / Elderly individuals with parkinson's disease: an assessment of impairment and functional ability

Objetivo: avaliar a capacidade funcional e o grau de comprometimento dessa capacidade causado pela doença de Parkinson em idosos. Método: pesquisa quantitativa, de corte transversal, com análise descritiva e exploratória. Uma amostra com 50 idosos com doença de Parkinson foi recrutada em uma associação de Parkinson no Sul do Brasil. Foram utilizadas as Escalas de Hoehn e Yahr e a Medida de Independência Funcional e investigadas as características demográficas e clínicas. Resultados: apresentaram comprometimento leve 50% dos idosos; 32%, comprometimento moderado; e 18%, comprometimento grave pela doença de Parkinson. Referente ao grau de independência, 58% apresentou independência completa ou modificada; 32%, dependência modificada em até 25% das tarefas; e 10% da amostra apresentou dependência modificada em até 50% das tarefas. Conclusão: a avaliação da capacidade funcional e do grau de comprometimento causado pela doença de Parkinson em idosos mostrou que o maior grau de comprometimento causado pela doença resultava em capacidade funcional mais prejudicada. (AU)

Objective: to assess the functional ability and degree of impairment caused by Parkinson's disease among elderly individuals. Method: quantitative cross-sectional study with descriptive and exploratory analysis. A sample of 50 elderly individuals with Parkinson's disease was recruited from an association in the south of Brazil. The Hoehn and Yahr Scale and Functional Independence Measure were adopted in this study and the demographic and clinical characteristics were also verified. Results: 50% of the individuals presented mild disability; 32% moderate disability; and 18% presented severe disability caused by Parkinson's disease. In regard to degree of independence, 58% presented complete or modified independence; 32% presented modified dependence in up to 25% of tasks; and 10% of the sample presented modified dependence in up to 50% of tasks. Conclusion: the assessment of functional ability and degree of impairment caused by Parkinson's disease among elderly individuals reveals that greater impairment caused by the disease resulted in greater functional disability. (AU)

Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad funcional y el grado de evolución, de esa capacidad, causado por la enfermedad de Parkinson, en ancianos. Método: investigación cuantitativa, de corte transversal, con análisis descriptivo y exploratorio. Una muestra con 50 ancianos con enfermedad de Parkinson fue reclutada en una asociación de Parkinson, en el Sur de Brasil. Fueron utilizadas las Escalas de Hoehn e Yahr y la Medida de Independencia Funcional; también, fueron investigadas las características demográficas y clínicas. Resultados: debido a la enfermedad de Parkinson: 50% de los ancianos presentaron estadio leve; 32%, estadio moderado; y, 18% estadio grave. En relación al grado de independencia, 58% presentó independencia completa o modificada; 32% dependencia modificada en hasta 25% de las tareas; y, 10% de la muestra presentó dependencia modificada en hasta 50% de las tareas. Conclusión: la evaluación de la capacidad funcional y del grado de evolución causado por la enfermedad de Parkinson, en ancianos, mostró que el mayor grado de evolución causado por la enfermedad resultaba en una capacidad funcional más perjudicada.(AU)

Stress alone or associated with ethanol induces prostanoid release in rat aorta via alpha2-Adrenoceptor.

BACKGROUND: Stress and ethanol are both, independently, important cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cardiovascular risk of ethanol consumption and stress exposure, isolated and in association, in male adult rats. METHODS: Rats were separated into 4 groups: Control, ethanol (20% in drinking water for 6 weeks), stress (immobilization 1h day/5 days a week for 6 weeks) and stress/ethanol. Concentration-responses curves to noradrenaline - in the absence and presence of yohimbine, L-NAME or indomethacin - or to phenylephrine were determined in thoracic aortas with and without endothelium. EC50 and maximum response (n=8-12) were compared using two-way ANOVA/Bonferroni method. RESULTS: Either stress or stress in association with ethanol consumption increased the noradrenaline maximum responses in intact aortas. This hyper-reactivity was eliminated by endothelium removal or by the presence of either indomethacin or yohimbine, but was not altered by the presence of L-NAME. Meanwhile, ethanol consumption did not alter the reactivity to noradrenaline. The phenylephrine responses in aortas both with and without endothelium also remained unaffected regardless of protocol. CONCLUSION: Chronic stress increased rat aortic responses to noradrenaline. This effect is dependent upon the vascular endothelium and involves the release of vasoconstrictor prostanoids via stimulation of endothelial alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Moreover, chronic ethanol consumption appeared to neither influence noradrenaline responses in rat thoracic aorta, nor did it modify the increase of such responses observed as a consequence of stress exposure.

Idosos com doença de Parkinson: perfil e condições de saúde / Elderly with parkinson's disease: profile and health conditions

Objetivos: identificar o perfil sociodemográfico de idosos com doença de Parkinson, e conhecer e avaliar as condições de saúde destes em relação ao estágio da doença, cognição e risco de quedas. Metodologia: estudo quantitativo, de corte transversal. Participaram 50 idosos com doença de Parkinson. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se questionário sociodemográfico/clínico e instrumentos Escala de incapacidade de Hoehn e Yahr, Mini Exame do Estado Mental e Escala de Risco de Quedas. Resultados: entre os níveis de incapacidade provocados pela doença, 50% dos idosos apresentou comprometimento leve, 32% comprometimento moderado e 18% comprometimento grave. 34% dos idosos apresentaram déficit cognitivo. Todos os participantes com incapacidade grave apresentaram risco de quedas, e os com incapacidade leve obtiveram risco de quedas em 76%. Conclusão: conhecer as condições de saúde dos idosos com doença de Parkinson pode contribuir no desenvolvimento de uma assistência multiprofissional de qualidade. (AU)

Objectives: To identify the sociodemographic profile of elderly people with Parkinson's disease, and to know and evaluate their health conditions in relation to disease stage, cognition and risk of falls. Methodology: quantitative, cross-sectional study. Fifty elderly with Parkinson's disease participated. For data collection we used a sociodemographic / clinical questionnaire and instruments Hoehn and Yahr Disability Scale, Mini Mental State Examination and Fall Risk Scale. Results: Among the levels of disability caused by the disease, 50% of the elderly presented mild impairment, 32% moderate impairment and 18% severe impairment. 34% of the elderly had cognitive deficit. All participants with severe disability had a risk of falls, and those with mild disability had a risk of falls in 76%. Conclusion: knowing the health conditions of the elderly with Parkinson's disease can contribute to the development of quality multidisciplinary care. (AU)

Objetivos: identificar el perfil sociodemográfico de las personas mayores con enfermedad de Parkinson y conocer y evaluar sus condiciones de salud en relación con la etapa de la enfermedad, la cognición y el riesgo de caídas. Metodología: estudio cuantitativo, transversal. Participaron cincuenta ancianos con enfermedad de Parkinson. Para la recopilación de datos, utilizamos un cuestionario sociodemográfico / clínico e instrumentos Escala de discapacidad de Hoehn y Yahr, Mini examen del estado mental y Escala de riesgo de caída. Resultados: Entre los niveles de discapacidad causados por la enfermedad, el 50% de los ancianos presentaban deterioro leve, 32% de deterioro moderado y 18% de deterioro grave. El 34% de los ancianos tenían déficit cognitivo. Todos los participantes con discapacidad severa tenían un riesgo de caídas, y aquellos con discapacidad leve tenían un riesgo de caídas en el 76%. Conclusión: conocer las condiciones de salud de los ancianos con enfermedad de Parkinson puede contribuir al desarrollo de una atención multidisciplinaria de calidad. (AU)

Adaptação dos Familiares Cuidadores de Idosos com Doença de Parkinson: Processo de Transição / Adaptation of Elderly Relatives with Parkinson's Disease: Transition Process

Resumo Descreveu-se e interpretou-se a repercussão da transição para o exercício do papel de cuidador em familiares de idosos com doença de Parkinson, à luz da teoria das Transições. O método exploratório de abordagem qualitativa foi empregado com 20 familiares cuidadores de idosos com doença de Parkinson. Emergiram como temas: tendo consciência e reconhecimento da doença de Parkinson na família; envolvendo-se com o processo de cuidar; tornando-se um familiar cuidador; percebendo as mudanças e diferenças significativas no estilo de vida; acontecimentos e pontos críticos envolvidos na adaptação ao papel. Constatou-se que a transição de familiares para o papel de cuidador inicia-se com a conscientização dos primeiros sintomas e do diagnóstico, envolvendo mudanças e caracterizando-se pelas ações de cuidar.

Abstract We described and interpreted the transition to the role of caregiver of elderly relatives with Parkinson's disease in the light of the Transitions Theory. We used an exploratory method of qualitative approach, and conducted the study with twenty caregivers of elderly relatives with Parkinson's disease. The themes found were as follows: awareness and recognition of Parkinson's disease in the family; engaging with the process of care; becoming a family caregiver; realizing the significant changes and differences in lifestyle; events and major issues resulting from adaption to the role. We found that the transition from relative to the role of family caregiver begins with awareness of the first symptoms and with the diagnosis and involves changes by way of special care.

A fase inicial do processo da vivência com a doença de Parkinson / The initial phase of the living process with Parkinson's disease / La fase inicial del proceso de la vivencia con la enfermedad de Parkinson

Objetivos: Conhecer a vivência da pessoa com doença de Parkinson desde o surgimento dos sinais e sintomas até a confirmação do diagnóstico. Métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando o referencial metodológico da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Participaram da entrevista em profundidade 30 pessoas com doença de Parkinson, cadastradas na Associação Parkinson Santa Catarina, e, posteriormente, cinco pessoas com a doença validaram os resultados. A coleta ocorreu entre setembro de 2013 e abril de 2014. Resultados: Emergiram três categorias: Percebendo que algo está mudando em suas capacidades, Percorrendo os consultórios médicos, e Lidando com o impacto da doença. Conclusão: Foi possível conhecer a vivência das pessoas com a doença em sua fase inicial, mostrando aspectos importantes na compreensão deste processo, e a partir de tal entendimento refletir sobre práticas de cuidados a esse grupo específico, incorporando assistência qualificada a esses usuários dos serviços de saúde (AU).

Objectives: To know the experience of the person with Parkinson's disease from the appearance of the signs and symptoms to the confirmation of the diagnosis. Methods: Qualitative research, using the methodological framework of Data Based Theory. Participants of the in-depth interview were 30 people with Parkinson's disease, enrolled in the Santa Catarina Parkinson's Association, and later five people with the disease validated the results. The collection took place from September 2013 to April 2014. Results: There emerged three categories: Realizing that something is changing in their capacities, Going to physician offices, and Dealing with the impact of the disease. Conclusion: It was possible to know the experience of people with the disease in its initial phase, showing important aspects in the understanding of this process, and from that understanding reflect on care practices to this specific group, incorporating qualified assistance to these users of the services Cheers (AU).

Objetivos: Conocer la vivencia de la persona con enfermedad de Parkinson desde el surgimiento de los signos y síntomas hasta la confirmación del diagnóstico. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa, utilizando el referencial metodológico de la Teoría Fundamentada en los Datos. En la entrevista en profundidad, 30 personas con enfermedad de Parkinson, registradas en la Asociación Parkinson Santa Catarina, y posteriormente cinco personas con la enfermedad validaron los resultados. La recolección ocurrió entre septiembre de 2013 y abril de 2014. Resultados: emergieron tres categorías: Percibiendo que algo está cambiando en sus capacidades, Recorrer los consultorios médicos, y Lidiando con el impacto de la enfermedad. Conclusión: Fue posible conocer la vivencia de las personas con la enfermedad en su fase inicial, mostrando aspectos importantes en la comprensión de este proceso, ya partir de tal entendimiento reflexionar sobre prácticas de cuidados a ese grupo específico, incorporando asistencia calificada a esos usuarios de los servicios de salud salud (AU).

Exercise reduces angiotensin II responses in rat femoral veins.

The control of blood flow during exercise involves different mechanisms, one of which is the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, which contributes to exercise-induced blood flow redistribution. Moreover, although angiotensin II (Ang II) is considered a potent venoconstrictor agonist, little is known about its effects on the venous bed during exercise. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the Ang II responses in the femoral vein taken from sedentary and trained rats at rest or subjected to a single bout of exercise immediately before organ bath experiments. Isolated preparations of femoral veins taken from resting-sedentary, exercised-sedentary, resting-trained and exercised-trained animals were studied in an organ bath. In parallel, the mRNA expression of prepro-endothelin-1 (ppET-1), as well as the ETA and ETB receptors, was quantified by real-time PCR in this tissue. The results show that, in the presence of L-NAME, Ang II responses in resting-sedentary animals were higher compared to the other groups. However, this difference disappeared after co-treatment with indomethacin, BQ-123 or BQ-788. Moreover, exercise reduced ppET-1 mRNA expression. These reductions in mRNA expression were more evident in resting-trained animals. In conclusion, either acute or repeated exercise adapts the rat femoral veins, thereby reducing the Ang II responses. This adaptation is masked by the action of locally produced nitric oxide and involves, at least partially, the ETB- mediated release of vasodilator prostanoids. Reductions in endothelin-1 production may also be involved in these exercise-induced modifications of Ang II responses in the femoral vein.

O impacto da aposentadoria nas pessoas com doença de Parkinson em idade ativa / The retirement impact in people with Parkinson disease during active age

Estudo com objetivo de compreender o impacto da aposentadoria nas pessoas com doença de Parkinson em idade ativa. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, que utilizou como Referencial Metodológico a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Foram entrevistados 30 indivíduos com doença de Parkinson, dos quais seis se aposentaram em idade ativa. Os dados foram coletados de setembro de 2013 a abril de 2014 e analisados por meio das técnicas de codificação aberta, axial e seletiva. Da análise emergiram quatro categorias: aposentadoria e a identidade na doença de Parkinson; a incompatibilidade entre o desejo e a capacidade para o trabalho; desligando-se e encarando a realidade; o inesperado da aposentadoria. Os resultados indicaram que a pessoa enfrenta dificuldades no processo de aposentadoria por invalidez, sendo identificadas necessidades de acompanhamento emocional e preparação para esse momento de transição de forma a estimular um viver produtivo, mesmo com a doença de Parkinson.

Our objective was to comprehend the retirement impact in individuals with Parkinson disease during active age. We conducted a qualitative study using as Methodological Reference the Theory Grounded on Data. We interviewed 30 people with Parkinson disease, from those six were retired during active age. The data collection was in September 2013 to April 2014 and analyzed throughopen coding, axial and selective techniques. From the analysis, four categories emerged: retirement and identity in Parkinson disease; the incompatibility between the desire and the capacity to work; disconnecting and facing reality; the unexpected from retirement. The results indicated that people face difficulties in the disability retirement process, and we identified the need for emotional accompaniment and preparation for this transition moment in a way to stimulate a productive living, even with Parkinson disease.

Vascular alterations in high-fat diet-obese rats: role of endothelial L-arginine/NO pathway.

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms underlying vascular abnormalities in obesity remain to be completely clarified. OBJECTIVE: L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway was evaluated on vascular response of high-fat diet-obese rats, focusing on endothelial and smooth muscle cells. METHODS: 30-day-old rats were divided in two groups: control (C) and obese (OB, high-fat diet for 30 weeks). After 30 weeks, body weight, adiposity index, blood pressure, and metabolic and endocrine profiles of the animals were recorded. Curves to noradrenaline were obtained in absence and presence of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME, 3x10-4M) on intact and denuded thoracic aorta from C and OB rats. RESULTS: Body weight, adiposity index, leptin and insulin levels were increased in OB, while blood pressure was unchanged. Obesity also produced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Reactivity to noradrenaline of intact aorta was similar in C and OB rats. L-NAME presence produced a similar increase in maximal responses, but a higher leftward shift of noradrenaline responses in intact aorta from C than in OB rats [EC50 (x10-7M): C = 1.84 (0.83-4.07), O = 2.49 (1.41-4.38); L-NAME presence C = 0.02 (0.01-0.04)*, O = 0.21 (0.11-0.40)**p < 0.05 vs respective control, p < 0.05 vs control plus L-NAME, n = 6-7]. None of the protocols altered the reactivity to noradrenaline of denuded aortas. CONCLUSION: High-fat diet-induced obesity promotes metabolic and vascular alterations. The vascular alteration involved an endothelial L-arginine/NO pathway improvement was probably correlated to diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia. The greater resistance to L-NAME effects in aorta of obese rats raises concerns about the lower cardiovascular vulnerability of obese individuals in the presence of associated pathologies that impair NO-system activity.

Estresse Isolado ou Associado ao Etanol Libera Prostanóides em Aorta de Ratos via ?2-Adrenoceptores / Stress Alone or associated with Ethanol Induces Prostanoid Release in Rat Aorta via ?2-Adrenoceptor

Fundamento: Estresse e etanol são ambos, independentemente, importantes fatores de risco cardiovascular. Objetivo: avaliar o risco cardiovascular do consumo de etanol e exposição ao estresse, isolados e em associação, em ratos machos adultos. Métodos: Os ratos foram separados em quatro grupos: controle, etanol (20% na água de beber durante seis semanas), estresse (imobilização 1h dia/5 dias por semana/ 6 semanas) e estresse/etanol. As curvas de concentração-resposta à noradrenalina - na ausência e na presença de ioimbina, L-NAME ou indometacina - ou fenilefrina foram determinadas em aortas torácicas com e sem endotélio. EC50 e resposta máxima (n = 8-12) foram comparadas através de ANOVA de dois fatores (two-way) / método de Bonferroni. Resultados: Estresse ou estresse em associação com o consumo de etanol aumentaram as respostas máximas de noradrenalina em aortas intactas. Essa hiper-reatividade foi eliminada pela remoção do endotélio, ou pela presença da indometacina ou ioimbina, mas não foi alterada pela presença de L-NAME. Enquanto isso, o consumo de etanol não alterou a reatividade à noradrenalina. As respostas da fenilefrina em aortas com e sem endotélio também permaneceram inalteradas independentemente do protocolo. Conclusão: O estresse crônico aumentou as respostas aórticas dos ratos à noradrenalina. Esse efeito é dependente do endotélio vascular e envolve a liberação de prostanóides vasoconstritores através da estimulação de α-2 adrenoceptores endoteliais. Além disso, o consumo crônico de etanol pareceu não influenciar as respostas de noradrenalina em aorta de rato, nem modificar o aumento de tais respostas observadas em consequência da exposição ao estresse. .

Background: Stress and ethanol are both, independently, important cardiovascular risk factors. Objective: To evaluate the cardiovascular risk of ethanol consumption and stress exposure, isolated and in association, in male adult rats. Methods: Rats were separated into 4 groups: Control, ethanol (20% in drinking water for 6 weeks), stress (immobilization 1h day/5 days a week for 6 weeks) and stress/ethanol. Concentration-responses curves to noradrenaline - in the absence and presence of yohimbine, L-NAME or indomethacin - or to phenylephrine were determined in thoracic aortas with and without endothelium. EC50 and maximum response (n=8-12) were compared using two-way ANOVA/Bonferroni method. Results: Either stress or stress in association with ethanol consumption increased the noradrenaline maximum responses in intact aortas. This hyper-reactivity was eliminated by endothelium removal or by the presence of either indomethacin or yohimbine, but was not altered by the presence of L-NAME. Meanwhile, ethanol consumption did not alter the reactivity to noradrenaline. The phenylephrine responses in aortas both with and without endothelium also remained unaffected regardless of protocol. Conclusion: Chronic stress increased rat aortic responses to noradrenaline. This effect is dependent upon the vascular endothelium and involves the release of vasoconstrictor prostanoids via stimulation of endothelial alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Moreover, chronic ethanol consumption appeared to neither influence noradrenaline responses in rat thoracic aorta, nor did it modify the increase of such responses observed as a consequence of stress exposure. .

Alterações vasculares em ratos obesos por dieta rica em gordura: papel da Via L-arginina/NO Endotelial / Vascular alterations in high-fat diet-obese rats: role of Endothelial L-arginine/NO Pathway / Alteraciones vasculares en ratones obesos por dieta rica en grasa: papel de la vía L-arginina/NO endotelial

FUNDAMENTO: Mecanismos subjacentes a anormalidades vasculares na obesidade ainda não estão completamente esclarecidos. OBJETIVO: Foi avaliada a via do óxido nítrico/L-arginina na resposta vascular de ratos obesos por dieta rica em gordura, enfocando as células endoteliais e do músculo liso. MÉTODOS: Ratos com 30 dias de vida foram divididos em 2 grupos: controle (C) e obeso (OB, ratos sob dieta rica em gordura por 30 semanas). Após 30 semanas, foram registrados o peso corporal, índice de adiposidade, pressão arterial e perfis metabólicos e endócrinos dos animais. Foram obtidas curvas para noradrelanina na ausência e presença de inibidor de óxido nítrico sintase (L-NAME, 3x10-4M) em aorta torácica intacta e com desnudamento em ratos C e OB. RESULTADOS: As medidas de peso corporal, índice de adiposidade, leptina e insulina aumentaram nos ratos OB, enquanto a pressão arterial permaneceu inalterada. A obesidade também produziu tolerância à glicose e resistência à insulina. A reatividade à noradrenalina da aorta intacta foi similar em ratos C e OB. A presença de L-NAME produziu um aumento similar nas respostas máximas, mas um desvio maior à esquerda das respostas nas aortas intactas dos ratos C em relação aos ratos OB [EC50 (x10-7M): C = 1,84 (0,83-4,07), O = 2,49 (1,41-4,38); presença de L-NAME C = 0,02 (0,01-0,04)*, O = 0,21 (0,11-0,40)*†,*p < 0,05 vs controle respectivo,†p < 0,05 vs controle mais L-NAME, n = 6-7]. Nenhum dos protocolos alterou a reatividade à noradrenalina de aortas com desnudamento. CONCLUSÃO: A obesidade induzida por dieta rica em gordura promove alterações metabólicas e vasculares. A alteração vascular envolveu uma melhora da via endotelial L-arginina/NO provavelmente relacionada à hiperinsulinemia e hiperleptinemia induzidas por dieta. A maior resistência aos efeitos do L-NAME na aorta de ratos obesos diz respeito a menor vulnerabilidade de indivíduos obesos na presença de patologias associadas que causam danos à atividade do sistema NO.

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms underlying vascular abnormalities in obesity remain to be completely clarified. OBJECTIVE: L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway was evaluated on vascular response of high-fat diet-obese rats, focusing on endothelial and smooth muscle cells. METHODS: 30-day-old rats were divided in two groups: control (C) and obese (OB, high-fat diet for 30 weeks). After 30 weeks, body weight, adiposity index, blood pressure, and metabolic and endocrine profiles of the animals were recorded. Curves to noradrenaline were obtained in absence and presence of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME, 3x10-4M) on intact and denuded thoracic aorta from C and OB rats. RESULTS: Body weight, adiposity index, leptin and insulin levels were increased in OB, while blood pressure was unchanged. Obesity also produced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Reactivity to noradrenaline of intact aorta was similar in C and OB rats. L-NAME presence produced a similar increase in maximal responses, but a higher leftward shift of noradrenaline responses in intact aorta from C than in OB rats [EC50 (x10-7M): C = 1.84 (0.83-4.07), O = 2.49 (1.41-4.38); L-NAME presence C = 0.02 (0.01-0.04)*, O = 0.21 (0.11-0.40)*†,*p < 0.05 vs respective control, †p < 0.05 vs control plus L-NAME, n = 6-7]. None of the protocols altered the reactivity to noradrenaline of denuded aortas. CONCLUSION: High-fat diet-induced obesity promotes metabolic and vascular alterations. The vascular alteration involved an endothelial L-arginine/NO pathway improvement was probably correlated to diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia. The greater resistance to L-NAME effects in aorta of obese rats raises concerns about the lower cardiovascular vulnerability of obese individuals in the presence of associated pathologies that impair NO-system activity.

FUNDAMENTO: Los mecanismos subyacentes a las anormalidades vasculares en la obesidad todavía no están completamente aclarados. OBJETIVO: Se evaluó la vía del óxido nítrico/L-arginina en la respuesta vascular de ratones obesos por dieta rica en grasa, concentrándonos en las células endoteliales y en el músculo liso. MÉTODOS: Ratones con 30 días de vida que fueron divididos en 2 grupos: control (C) y obeso (OB, ratones bajo dieta rica en grasa durante 30 semanas). Después de 30 semanas, fueron registrados el peso corporal, el índice de adiposidad, la presión arterial y los perfiles metabólicos y endocrinos de los animales. Fueron obtenidas las curvas para noradrelanina en ausencia y en presencia del inhibidor de óxido nítrico sintasa (L-NAME, 3x10-4M), en la aorta torácica intacta y con denudación de los ratones C y OB. RESULTADOS: Las medidas de peso corporal, índice de adiposidad, leptina e insulina aumentaron en los ratones OB, mientras que la presión arterial permaneció inalterada. La obesidad también produjo una tolerancia a la glucosa y una resistencia a la insulina. La reactividad a la noradrenalina de la aorta intacta fue similar en los ratones C y OB. La presencia de L-NAME generó un aumento similar en las respuestas máximas, pero una desviación mayor a la izquierda de las respuestas en las aortas intactas de los ratones C con relación a los ratones OB [EC50 (x10-7M): C = 1,84 (0,83-4,07), O = 2,49 (1,41-4,38); presencia de L-NAME C = 0,02 (0,01-0,04)*, O = 0,21 (0,11-0,40)*†,*p < 0,05 vs control respectivo, †p < 0,05 vs control más L-NAME, n = 6-7]. Ninguno de los protocolos alteró la reactividad a la noradrenalina de las aortas con denudación. CONCLUSIÓN: La obesidad inducida por dieta rica en grasa genera alteraciones metabólicas y vasculares. La alteración vascular conllevó a una mejoría de la vía endotelial L-arginina/NO tal vez relacionada con la hiperinsulinemia e hiperleptinemia inducidas por dieta. La mayor resistencia a los efectos del L-NAME en la aorta de ratones obesos, se refiere a una menor vulnerabilidad de individuos obesos en presencia de patologías asociadas que causan daños a la actividad del sistema NO.

Redes sociais de pessoas com problemas respiratórios crônicos em um município do sul do Brasil / Social nets of people with chronic respiratory problema in a city in southern Brazil

O estudo está fundamentado na pesquisa qualitativa e teve como propósito expandir o conhecimento das redes de apoio social formadas pelas pessoas com doença respiratória crônica. Fizeram parte do estudo oito pessoas com problemas respiratórios crônicos e quatro pessoas indicadas como integrantes da rede de apoio. Foram identificadas duas categorias: a constituição da rede e os apoios recebidos. O principal apoio que os integrantes do estudo receberam foi de família, vizinhos, profissionais da saúde e dirigentes de igrejas. Concluiu-se que a rede de apoio social de pessoas com doença respiratória crônica é ainda bastante restrita, estando principalmente centrada na família. O estudo contribuiu para o avanço na tecitura das redes de apoio às pessoas com doenças respiratórias crônicas, evidenciando a necessidade de serem estabelecidas inter-relações, não apenas pessoais, mas também sociais.