Clinical outcomes and safety of passive leg raising in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There are data suggesting that passive leg raising (PLR) improves hemodynamics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This trial aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of PLR during CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled trial with blinded assessment of the outcomes that assigned adults OHCA to be treated with PLR or in the flat position. The trial was conducted in the Camp de Tarragona region. The main end point was survival to hospital discharge with good neurological outcome defined as cerebral performance category (CPC 1-2). To study possible adverse effects, we assessed the presence of pulmonary complications on the first chest X-rays, brain edema on the computerized tomography (CT) in survivors and brain and lungs weights from autopsies in non-survivors. RESULTS: In total, 588 randomized cases were included, 301 were treated with PLR and 287 were controls. Overall, 67.8% were men and the median age was 72 (IQR 60-82) years. At hospital discharge, 3.3% in the PLR group and 3.5% in the control group were alive with CPC 1-2 (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.4-2.3, p = 0.91). No significant differences in survival at hospital admission were found in all patients (OR 1.0; 95% CI 0.7-1.6, p = 0.95) and among patients with an initial shockable rhythm (OR 1.7; 95% CI 0.8-3.4, p = 0.15). There were no differences in pulmonary complication rates in chest X-rays [7 (25.9%) vs 5 (17.9%), p = 0.47] and brain edema on CT [5 (29.4%) vs 10 (32.6%), p = 0.84]. There were no differences in lung weight [1223 mg (IQR 909-1500) vs 1239 mg (IQR 900-1507), p = 0.82] or brain weight [1352 mg (IQR 1227-1457) vs 1380 mg (IQR 1255-1470), p = 0.43] among the 106 autopsies performed. CONCLUSION: In this trial, PLR during CPR did not improve survival to hospital discharge with CPC 1-2. No evidence of adverse effects has been found. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01952197, registration date: September 27, 2013, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01952197 .

Medicolegal assessment of human trafficking victims. Descriptive study of a series of forensic cases in Catalonia (Spain). / Valoración médico-legal de las víctimas de trata de seres humanos. Estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos forenses en Cataluña (España).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Human trafficking or contemporary slavery is the recruitment and transfer of people by force or deception for sexual, labour or other types of exploitation. Although the violence, abuse and deprivation that trafficking entails are a threat to the health of its victims, in Spain the clinical or forensic data available in this regard is scarce. At the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Catalonia (IMLCFC), a unit specialized in the forensic assessment of these victims was created. The objective of this work was to describe a series of forensic cases of trafficking victims. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study of victims in judicial cases opened for an alleged crime of human trafficking registered in the IMLCFC until 06/30/2023. RESULTS: 57 different victims were registered. The majority were women (71.9%). The average age was 30.5 years (s.d. 10.31). All the victims were foreigners, mostly from Latin America (45.5%). The exploitation was mainly sexual (61.4%). There were some sociodemographic differences and in the conditions and consequences of trafficking between victims of sexual exploitation and the rest. Mental health problems were very common in all victims at the time of the assessment (87.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The consequences of trafficking on health, especially mental health, are notable and the forensic assessment of victims is valuable in judicial proceedings. It is necessary to deepen our knowledge of the phenomenon in our environment.

Study of risk factors for injuries due to cardiopulmonary resuscitation with special focus on the role of the heart: A machine learning analysis of a prospective registry with multiple sources of information (ReCaPTa Study).

Background: The study of thoracic injuries and biomechanics during CPR requires detailed studies that are very scarce. The role of the heart in CPR biomechanics has not been determined. This study aimed to determine the risk factors importance for serious ribcage damage due to CPR. Methods: Data were collected from a prospective registry of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest between April 2014 and April 2017. This study included consecutive out-of-hospital CPR attempts undergoing an autopsy study focused on CPR injuries. Cardiac mass ratio was defined as the ratio of real to expected heart mass. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to select clinically relevant variables and subsequently classification tree models were built. The Gini index was used to determine the importance of the associated serious ribcage damage factors. The LUCAS® chest compressions device forces and the cardiac mass were analyzed by linear regression. Results: Two hundred CPR attempts were included (133 manual CPR and 67 mechanical CPR). The mean age of the sample was 60.4 ± 13.5, and 56 (28%) were women. In all, 65.0% of the patients presented serious ribcage damage. From the classification tree build with the clinically relevant variables, age (0.44), cardiac mass ratio (0.26), CPR time (0.22), and mechanical CPR (0.07), in that order, were the most influential factors on serious ribcage damage. The chest compression forces were greater in subjects with higher cardiac mass. Conclusions: The heart plays a key role in CPR biomechanics being cardiac mass ratio the second most important risk factor for CPR injuries.

Cost savings associated with 10 years of road safety policies in Catalonia, Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the road safety policies introduced between 2000 and 2010 in Catalonia, Spain, which aimed primarily to reduce deaths from road traffic collisions by 50% by 2010, were associated with economic benefits to society. METHODS: A cost analysis was performed from a societal perspective with a 10-year time horizon. It considered the costs of: hospital admissions; ambulance transport; autopsies; specialized health care; police, firefighter and roadside assistance; adapting to disability; and productivity lost due to institutionalization, death or sick leave of the injured or their caregivers; as well as material and administrative costs. Data were obtained from a Catalan hospital registry, the Catalan Traffic Service information system, insurance companies and other sources. All costs were calculated in euros (€) at 2011 values. FINDINGS: A substantial reduction in deaths from road traffic collisions was observed between 2000 and 2010. Between 2001 and 2010, with the implementation of new road safety policies, there were 26 063 fewer road traffic collisions with victims than expected, 2909 fewer deaths (57%) and 25 444 fewer hospitalizations. The estimated total cost savings were around €18 000 million. Of these, around 97% resulted from reductions in lost productivity. Of the remaining cost savings, 63% were associated with specialized health care, 15% with adapting to disability and 8.1% with hospital care. CONCLUSION: The road safety policies implemented in Catalonia in recent years were associated with a reduction in the number of deaths and injuries from traffic collisions and with substantial economic benefits to society.

Résumé OBJECTIF: Déterminer si les politiques de sécurité routière introduites entre 2000 et 2010 en Catalogne, Espagne, qui visaient principalement à réduire de 50% les décès causés par des collisions routières avant 2010, ont été associées à des avantages économiques pour la société. MÉTHODES: Une analyse des coûts a été réalisée dans une perspective sociétale sur un horizon temporel de 10 ans. Elle a pris en compte les coûts suivants: les admissions à l'hôpital, les transports en ambulance, les autopsies, les soins de santé spécialisés, la police, les pompiers et les dépannages routiers, l'adaptation au handicap et la productivité perdue en raison du placement des personnes dans des établissements spécialisés, les décès ou les congés des blessés ou de leurs aidants, ainsi que les coûts matériels et les frais administratifs. Les données provenaient du registre d'un hôpital catalan, du système d´information du Service catalan de la circulation, des compagnies d'assurance et d'autres sources. Tous les coûts ont été calculés en euros (€), selon les valeurs de l'année 2011. RÉSULTATS: Une diminution substantielle des décès causés par collision routière a été observée entre 2000 et 2010. Entre 2001 et 2010, grâce à la mise en œuvre de nouvelles politiques de sécurité routière, on a recensé une diminution de 26 063 collisions routières avec victimes, une diminution de 2909 décès (57%) et une diminution de 25 444 hospitalisations. Le total des économies estimé sur les coûts était d'environ 18 000 millions d'euros. En ce qui concerne ce chiffre, environ 97% résultaient de la réduction des coûts liés à la perte de productivité. Parmi les économies restantes, 63% étaient associées aux soins de santé spécialisés, 15% à l'adaptation au handicap et 8,1% aux soins hospitaliers. CONCLUSION: Les politiques de sécurité routière mises en place en Catalogne ces dernières années ont été associées à une réduction du nombre de décès et de blessures causés par des collisions routières et à des avantages économiques substantiels pour la société.

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar si las políticas de seguridad vial introducidas entre los años 2000 y 2010 en Cataluña, España, cuyo propósito principal era la reducción de los fallecimientos causados por accidentes de tráfico en un 50% hasta el 2010, estuvieron asociadas a un beneficio económico para la sociedad. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un análisis de costes desde una perspectiva social y un horizonte temporal de 10 años. Se tomaron en consideración los costes de las hospitalizaciones, el transporte en ambulancia, las autopsias, la atención sanitaria especializada, la policía, bomberos y asistencia en carretera, la adaptación a la discapacidad y la pérdida de productividad debido a la institucionalización, las bajas por enfermedad o fallecimiento de los heridos o sus cuidadores, así como los costes materiales y administrativos. Los datos se obtuvieron del registro de un hospital catalán, el sistema de información del servicio catalán de tráfico, compañías aseguradoras y otras fuentes. Todos los costes se calcularon en euros (€) según los valores del 2011. RESULTADOS: Entre los años 2000 y 2010 se observó una reducción importante de los fallecimientos causados por accidentes de tráfico. Entre el 2001 y el 2010, con la puesta en práctica de las nuevas políticas de seguridad vial, se produjeron 26 063 colisiones con víctimas menos de las esperadas, 2909 fallecimientos menos (57%), así como 25 444 hospitalizaciones menos. El ahorro total estimado fue de aproximadamente 18 000 millones de euros. De éstos, un 97% se derivó de la reducción de la pérdida de productividad, y del ahorro restante, el 63% estuvo asociado con la atención sanitaria especializada, el 15% con la adaptación a la discapacidad y el 8,1% con la atención hospitalaria. CONCLUSIÓN: Las políticas de seguridad vial puestas en marcha en Cataluña en los últimos años estuvieron asociadas a una reducción en el número de fallecidos y heridos por accidentes de tráfico, así como con beneficios económicos importantes para la sociedad.

Drivers under the influence of drugs of abuse: quantification of cocaine and impaired driving.

In recent years, the interest in oral fluid as a biological matrix has significantly increased, particularly for detecting driving under the influence of drugs. In this study, the concentration of cocaine and its relationship with clinical symptoms in drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs was evaluated. A total of 154 samples of oral fluid, which tested positive for cocaine in previous immunoassay screening, Cozart Drug Detector System, were confirmed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. In Catalonia, during 2007-2010, there were 1791 samples positive for cocaine among a total of 3468 samples taken from drivers who tested positive for any drug of abuse. The evaluation of clinical symptoms was through a questionnaire that was filled in by the police officers who collected the samples. The mean concentration of cocaine was 4.11 mg/l and median concentration was 0.38 mg/l (range 0.01-345.64 mg/l). Clinical impairment symptoms such as motor coordination, walking, speech, mood and state of pupils were not significant. The testing of oral fluids presents fewer ethical problems than blood or urine.

Molecular autopsy: Twenty years of post-mortem diagnosis in sudden cardiac death.

In the forensic medicine field, molecular autopsy is the post-mortem genetic analysis performed to attempt to unravel the cause of decease in cases remaining unexplained after a comprehensive forensic autopsy. This negative autopsy, classified as negative or non-conclusive, usually occurs in young population. In these cases, in which the cause of death is unascertained after a thorough autopsy, an underlying inherited arrhythmogenic syndrome is the main suspected cause of death. Next-generation sequencing allows a rapid and cost-effectives genetic analysis, identifying a rare variant classified as potentially pathogenic in up to 25% of sudden death cases in young population. The first symptom of an inherited arrhythmogenic disease may be a malignant arrhythmia, and even sudden death. Early identification of a pathogenic genetic alteration associated with an inherited arrhythmogenic syndrome may help to adopt preventive personalized measures to reduce risk of malignant arrhythmias and sudden death in the victim's relatives, at risk despite being asymptomatic. The current main challenge is a proper genetic interpretation of variants identified and useful clinical translation. The implications of this personalized translational medicine are multifaceted, requiring the dedication of a specialized team, including forensic scientists, pathologists, cardiologists, pediatric cardiologists, and geneticists.

Chest wall mechanics during mechanical chest compression and its relationship to CPR-related injuries and survival.

Aim: To determine compression force variation (CFV) during mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and its relationship with CPR-related injuries and survival. Methods: Adult non-traumatic OHCA patients who had been treated with mechanical CPR were evaluated for CPR-related injuries using chest X-rays, thoracic computed tomography or autopsy. The CFV exerted by the LUCAS 2 device was calculated as the difference between the maximum and the minimum force values and was categorised into three different groups (high positive CFV ≥ 95 newton (N), high negative CFV ≤ -95 N, and low variation for intermediate CFV). The CFV was correlated with the CPR injuries findings and survival data. Results: Fifty-two patients were included. The median (IQR) age was 57 (49-66) years, and 13 (25%) cases survived until hospital admission. High positive CFV was found in 21 (40.4%) patients, high negative CFV in 9 (17.3%) and a low CFV in 22 (42.3%). The median (IQR) number of rib fractures was higher in the high positive and negative CFV groups compared with the low CFV group [7(1-9) and 9 (4-11) vs 0 (0-6) (p = 0.021)]. More bilateral fracture cases were found in the high positive and negative CFV groups [16 (76.2%) and 6 (66.7%) vs 6 (27.3%) (p = 0.004)]. In the younger half of the sample more patients survived until hospital admission in the low CFV group compared with the high CFV groups [5 (41.7%) vs 1 (7.1%) (p = 0.037)]. Conclusions: High CFV was associated with ribcage injuries. In the younger patients low CFV was associated with survival until hospital admission.

Decreasing temporal trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in adipose tissue from residents near a hazardous waste incinerator.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are very toxic chemicals which are emitted in waste incineration and whose exposure has important adverse effects for the human health. In 2019, adipose tissue samples were collected from 15 individuals with a median age of 61 years, who had been living near a hazardous waste incinerator in Constantí (Spain). The content of PCDD/Fs in each sample was analyzed. The results were compared with data from previous studies, conducted before (1998) and after (2002, 2007 and 2013) the facility started to operate, and based on populations of similar age. In 2019, the mean concentration of PCDD/Fs in adipose tissue was 6.63 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat, ranging from 0.95 to 12.95 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. A significant reduction was observed with respect to the baseline study (1998), when a mean PCDD/Fs concentration of 40.1 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat was found. Moreover, the current level was much lower than those observed in the 3 previous studies (9.89, 14.6 and 11.5 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat in 2002, 2007 and 2013, respectively). The body burdens of PCDD/Fs were strongly correlated with age. The significant reduction of PCDD/Fs levels in adipose tissue fully agreed with the decreasing trend of the dietary intake of PCDD/Fs by the population of the zone (from 210.1 pg I-TEQ/day in 2018 to 8.54 pg WHO-TEQ/day in 2018). Furthermore, a similar decrease has been also observed in other biological, such as breast milk and plasma. The current data in adipose tissue, as well as those in other biological monitors, indicate that the population living near the HWI is not particularly exposed to high levels of PCDD/Fs. However, biomonitoring studies cannot differentiate the impact of the HWI emissions from food consumption patterns. This question can be only solved by conducting complementary investigations and contrasting the results of monitoring and epidemiological studies.

Biomonitoring of Trace Elements in Subjects Living Near a Hazardous Waste Incinerator: Concentrations in Autopsy Tissues.

The only hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Spain started to operate in 1999. Twenty years later, the levels of 11 trace elements (As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl and V) were analyzed in five different autopsy tissues (kidney, liver, brain, bone and lung) from 20 individuals who had been living near the facility. In 2019, As, Be, Tl and V were not detected in any of the analyzed tissues, while Hg could be only quantified in very few samples. The highest levels of Cd and Pb were found in kidney and bone, respectively, while those of Mn were observed in liver and kidney. In turn, the mean concentrations of Cr and Sn were very similar in all tissues. A consistent temporal trend (1998-2019) was only found for Cr and Pb. On the one hand, the mean Cr concentrations in kidney and bone have increased progressively since 1998. In contrast, the mean levels of Pb decreased significantly over time, probably due to ban of Pb as gasoline additive. The data global analysis indicates that the emissions of trace elements by the HWI have not increased the exposure and/or accumulation of these elements in individuals living near the facility.

Serious injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation: incidence and associated factors. / Incidencia y variables asociadas a lesiones graves secundarias a reanimación cardiopulmonar.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of serious rib cage damage (SRD) and serious visceral damage (SVD) secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and to explore associated factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed data from the prospective registry of cases of sudden death in Tarragona, Spain (the ReCaPTa study). Cases were collected from multiple surveillance sources. In this study we included the cases of autopsied nonsurvivors after attempted manual CPR between April 2014 and May 2016. A specific protocol to detect injuries secondary to CPR was used during the autopsies. RESULTS: We analyzed 109 cases. The mean age at death was 63 years and 32.1% were women. SRD were found in 63.3% and SVD in 14.7%. The group with SRD were significantly older (63 vs 59 years, P=.031) and included higher percentages of persons with a chest circumference over 101 cm (56.5 vs 30%, P=.016) and a waist circumference over 100 cm (62.3 vs 37.5%, P=.017). A multivariable analysis confirmed chest circumference over 101 cm as the only risk factor for SRD (odds ratio [OR], 2.45; 95% CI, 1.03-5.84) and female sex as the only risk factor for SVD (OR, 5.02; 95% CI, 1.18-21.25). CONCLUSION: Women and any patient with a chest circumference greater than 101 cm are at greater risk for serious injuries related to CPR.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la incidencia de lesiones torácicas óseas graves (LTOG) y de lesiones viscerales graves (LVG) secundarias a reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) y estudiar las variables asociadas a ellas. METODO: Se analizaron los datos del proyecto ReCaPTa, estudio prospectivo de la muerte súbita, con varias fuentes de información. Se incluyeron los pacientes no supervivientes a un intento de RCP manual, entre abril de 2014 y mayo de 2016, en los que se aplicó un protocolo autópsico específico para el estudio de las lesiones secundarias a la RCP. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 109 sujetos, con una mediana de edad de 63 años y un 32,1% de mujeres. El 63,3% presentaron LTOG y el 14,7%, LVG. El grupo con LTOG fue de mayor edad (63 vs 59 años, p = 0,031) y se asoció a una mayor proporción de pacientes con un perímetro torácico > 101 cm (56,5 vs 30%, p = 0,016) y con un perímetro abdominal > 100 cm (62,3 vs 37,5%, p = 0,017). En un análisis multivariado el perímetro torácico > 101 cm fue el único factor de riesgo para LTOG (OR 2,45; IC 95% 1,03-5,84) y el sexo femenino fue el único factor de riesgo para LVG (OR 5,02; IC 95% 1,18-21,25). CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes con un perímetro torácico mayor de 101 cm y las mujeres presentan un riesgo superior de lesiones graves debidas a la RCP.

Improving suicide mortality statistics in Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain) between 2004-2012. / Mejora de la estadística de mortalidad por suicidio en Tarragona (Cataluña, España) entre 2004 y 2012.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring and preventing suicidal behaviour requires, among other data, knowing suicide deaths precisely. They often appear under-reported or misclassified in the official mortality statistics. The aim of this study is to analyse the under-reporting found in the suicide mortality statistics of Tarragona (a province of Catalonia, Spain). METHOD AND MATERIALS: The analysis takes into account all suicide deaths that occurred in the Tarragona Area of the Catalan Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences (TA-CILMFS) between 2004 and 2012. The sources of information were the death data files of the Catalan Mortality Register, as well as the Autopsies Files of the TA-CILMFS. Suicide rates and socio-demographic profiles were statistically compared between the suicide initially reported and the final one. RESULTS: The mean percentage of non-reported cases in the period was 16.2%, with a minimum percentage of 2.2% in 2005 and a maximum of 26.8% in 2009. The crude mortality rate by suicide rose from 6.6 to 7.9 per 100,000 inhabitants once forensic data were incorporated. Small differences were detected between the socio-demographic profile of the suicide initially reported and the final one. Supplementary information was obtained on the suicide method, which revealed a significant increase in poisoning and suicides involving trains. CONCLUSIONS: An exhaustive review of suicide deaths data from forensic sources has led to an improvement in the under-reported statistical information. It also improves the knowledge of the method of suicide and personal characteristics.

The ReCaPTa study - a prospective out of hospital cardiac arrest registry including multiple sources of surveillance for the study of sudden cardiac death in the Mediterranean area.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death in the industrialized world. Sudden cardiac death is very often the first manifestation of the disease and it occurs in the prehospital setting. The determination of the sudden cardiac death phenotype is challenging. It requires prospective studies in the community including multiple sources of case ascertainment that help to identify the cause and circumstances of death. The aim of the Clinical and Pathological Registry of Tarragona (ReCaPTa) is to study incidence and etiology of Sudden Cardiac Death in the Tarragona region (Catalonia, Spain). METHODS: ReCaPTa is a population-based registry of OHCA using multiple sources of surveillance. The population base is 511,662. This registry is compiled chronologically in a relational database and it prospectively contains data on all the OHCA attended by the EMS from April 2014 to April 2017. ReCaPTa collects data after each emergency medical assistance using an online application including variables of the onset of symptoms. A quality control is performed and it permits monitoring the percentage of cases included by the emergency crew. Simultaneously, data from the medico-legal autopsies is taken from the Pathology Center of the area. All the examination findings following a specific protocol for the sudden death study are entered into the ReCaPTa database by one trained person. Survivors admitted to hospital are followed up and their clinical variables are collected in each hospital. The primary care researchers analyze the digital clinical records in order to obtain medical background. All the available data will be reviewed after an adjudication process with the aim of identifying all cases of sudden cardiac death. DISCUSSION: There is a lack of population-based registries including multiple source of surveillance in the Mediterranean area. The ReCaPTa study could provide valuable information to prevent sudden cardiac death and develop new strategies to improve its survival.

Respuesta de los autores: Reanimación cardiopulmonar extrahospitalaria / Author’s reply: Out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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Aspectos médico-legales de la pandemia por COVID-19 / Medico-legal issues of COVID-19 pandemic

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[Differences between immediate and 30-day deaths due to traffic injuries according to forensic sources]. / Diferencias entre fallecimientos inmediatos y a 30 días por lesiones por tráfico según fuentes forenses.

OBJECTIVE: To study immediate (same day of the collision) and delayed (within 30 days of the collision) deaths due to traffic injuries in Catalonia (Spain) according to forensic sources and to assess the differences between the two kinds of deaths. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational study was conducted of all the traffic accident deaths registered in the Institute of Legal Medicine of Catalonia between January 1(st) 2005 and December 31(st) 2014. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS v.18.0 statistical package. Comparisons of proportions were based on the χ(2) test. RESULTS: During the study period, 4044 deaths due to traffic injuries were recorded. Deaths within 30 days included more women, minors, elderly people, and pedestrians than immediate deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Traffic injury deaths in the 30 days following a crash differ from immediate deaths.