Chronic kidney disease staging with cystatin C or creatinine-based formulas: flipping the coin.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10-13% of the population worldwide. CKD classification stratifies patients in five stages of risk for progressive renal disease based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by formulas and albuminuria. However, the reliability of formulas to reflect real renal function is a matter of debate. The effect of the error of formulas in the CKD classification is unclear, particularly for cystatin C-based equations. Methods: We evaluated the reliability of a large number of cystatin C and/or creatinine-based formulas in the definition of the stages of CKD in 882 subjects with different clinical situations over a wide range of glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) (4.2-173.7 mL/min). Results: Misclassification was a constant for all 61 formulas evaluated and averaged 50% for creatinine-based and 35% for cystatin C-based equations. Most of the cases were misclassified as one stage higher or lower. However, in 10% of the subjects, one stage was skipped and patients were classified two stages above or below their real stage. No clinically relevant improvement was observed with cystatin C-based formulas compared with those based on creatinine. Conclusions: The error in the classification of CKD stages by formulas was extremely common. Our study questions the reliability of both cystatin C and creatinine-based formulas to correctly classify CKD stages. Thus the correct classification of CKD stages based on estimated GFR is a matter of chance. This is a strong limitation in evaluating the severity of renal disease, the risk for progression and the evolution of renal dysfunction over time.

Neoadjuvant Therapy with Weekly Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel for Luminal Early Breast Cancer Patients: Results from the NABRAX Study (GEICAM/2011-02), a Multicenter, Non-Randomized, Phase II Trial, with a Companion Biomarker Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-Paclitaxel) is an alternative to standard taxanes for breast cancer (BC) treatment. We evaluated nab-Paclitaxel efficacy as neoadjuvant treatment for early estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women with ER+, HER2-, stage II-III BC were treated preoperatively with four cycles of weekly nab-Paclitaxel (150 mg/m2), 3 weeks on and 1 week off. We hypothesized that poor pathological response rate (residual cancer burden [RCB] III; Symmans criteria) would be ≤16%. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients with a median age of 47 years were treated; 64.2% were premenopausal, and 69% of tumors were stage II. Residual cancer burden III rate was 28.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.6%-38.2%), RCB 0+I (good response) rate was 24.7% (95% CI: 15.3%-34.1%) and RCB 0 (complete response) rate was 7.4% (95% CI: 1.7%-13.1%). Objective response rate by magnetic resonance imaging was 76.5% and rate of conversion to breast conserving surgery was 40.0%. The most frequent grade 3 and 4 toxicity was neutropenia (12.3% and 3.7% of patients, respectively), without any febrile neutropenia. Sensory neuropathy grade 2 and 3 were seen in 25.9% and 2.5% of patients, respectively. Tumor secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich (SPARC) overexpression was significantly associated with RCB 0 (odds ratio: 0.079; 95% CI: 0.009-0.689; p = .0216). CONCLUSION: Despite failing to confirm an RCB III rate ≤16% in nab-Paclitaxel-treated patients, the RCB 0+I rate indicates a significant drug antitumor activity with low rates of grade 3-4 toxicity. Our exploratory biomarker analysis suggests a potential predictive role of complete response for SPARC. Confirmatory analyses are warranted, adapting dose and schedule to decrease peripheral neurotoxicity. (Trial registration: European Clinical Trials Database study number: 2011-004476-10; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01565499). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The pathological response rate (residual cancer burden [RCB]; Symmans criteria) of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel administered as neoadjuvant treatment for early estrogen receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative disease was evaluated. Whereas poor response (RCB III) was 24.7%, similar to that for docetaxel, good response (RCB 0+I) reached 23.0%, far superior to the 13% for docetaxel, while keeping toxicity low. Exploratory biomarker analysis suggests secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich overexpression in tumor cells as a potential predictor of complete response (RCB 0). Findings point to an encouraging single-agent neoadjuvant treatment with low toxicity, which warrants future research and development.

Hematological toxicity of carboplatin for gynecological cancer according to body mass index.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to analyze how patient weight affects the hematological toxicity of carboplatin and whether this toxicity is more prevalent in overweight patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective 2-year study of patients diagnosed with a gynecological cancer and whose treatment regimen contained carboplatin (AUC dose = 5 or 6) and paclitaxel (dose = 175 mg/m(2)) every 3 weeks (CP scheme). We recorded all severe hematological events (thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and/or anemia grade III/IV) according to the CTCAE v4.03, as well as treatment modifications and the need for granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF) and/or erythropoietin (EPO) or packed red blood cells (PRBC). Patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m(2) were considered as overweight (OW) and those with a BMI <27 kg/m(2) were considered as normal weight (NW). RESULTS: Fifty-two patients met the inclusion criteria (21 patients in the OW group, 31 patients in the NW group). The OW group showed a higher incidence of thrombocytopenia (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.51-27.72; p < 0.02) and anemia (95% CI 1.06-33.63; p < 0.05). Moreover, this was reflected in a greater number of changes in the usual CP regimen (95% CI 2.19-44.32; p < 0.01). The need for G-CSF and/or EPO/PRBC was also significantly higher in the OW group (95% CI 1.08-12.16; p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Carboplatin dosing based on real weight in obese patients resulted in increased hematologic toxicity, mainly thrombocytopenia. Dose adjustment based on other descriptors of weight, such as adjusted weight, may be better tolerated by patients. However, future studies are needed to demonstrate not only better safety of carboplatin but also improved survival rates.

Molecular predictors of efficacy of adjuvant weekly paclitaxel in early breast cancer.

UNLABELLED: Treatment with fluororacil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide followed by weekly paclitaxel (FEC-P) yielded superior disease-free survival than FEC in the adjuvant breast cancer trial GEICAM 9906. We evaluate molecular subtypes predictive of prognosis and paclitaxel response in this trial. Two molecular subtype classifications based on conventional immunohistochemical and fluorescent in situ hybridization determinations were used: #1: Four groups segregated according to the combination of hormone receptor (HR) and HER2 status; #2: Intrinsic subtype classification (Triple Negative (TN), HER2, Luminal B and Luminal A). RESULTS: Both subtype classifications yielded prognostic and predictive information. HR +/HER2- patients (and Luminal A patients) had a significantly better outcome than the other subgroups of patients. The superiority of FEC-P over FEC was clearly more marked in HR-/HER2- patients (TN patients), particularly in the subset with basal phenotype (TN and either EGFR+ or cytokeratins 5/6+). The Luminal A subtype also achieved a significant benefit with FEC-P. The molecular-defined subgroup of TN was clearly predictive of better response to treatment with FEC-P. Luminal A patients had the best prognosis and also have a better outcome with weekly paclitaxel.

Survival impact of primary tumor resection in de novo metastatic breast cancer patients (GEICAM/El Alamo Registry).

The debate about surgical resection of primary tumor (PT) in de novo metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients persists. We explored this approach's outcomes in patients included in a retrospective registry, named El Álamo, of breast cancer patients diagnosed in Spain (1990-2001). In this analysis we only included de novo MBC patients, 1415 of whom met the study's criteria. Descriptive, Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were carried out. Median age was 63.1 years, 49.2% of patients had single-organ metastasis (skin/soft tissue [16.3%], bone [33.8%], or viscera [48.3%]). PT surgery (S) was performed in 44.5% of the cases. S-group patients were younger, had smaller tumors, higher prevalence of bone and oligometastatic disease, and lower prevalence of visceral involvement. With a median follow-up of 23.3 months, overall survival (OS) was 39.6 versus 22.4 months (HR = 0.59, p < 0.0001) in the S- and non-S groups, respectively. The S-group OS benefit remained statistically and clinically significant regardless of metastatic location, histological type, histological grade, hormone receptor status and tumor size. PT surgery (versus no surgery) was associated with an OS benefit suggesting that loco-regional PT control may be considered in selected MBC patients. Data from randomized controlled trials are of utmost importance to confirm these results.

A Phase II study of capecitabine and vinorelbine in patients with metastatic breast cancer pretreated with anthracyclines and taxanes.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of capecitabine in combination with vinorelbine in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) pretreated with anthracyclines and taxanes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this prospective, multicenter, open-label phase II trial, patients received capecitabine (2000 mg/m2 daily, taken in 2 oral doses) on days 1-14 and vinorelbine (25 mg/m2 intravenous infusion) on days 1 and 8. Cycles were repeated every 3 weeks up to a maximum of 6 cycles, unless disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred or patient consent was withdrawn. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were included and received 152 cycles of chemotherapy, with a median of 3 cycles per patient. All patients were evaluated for efficacy and toxicity in an intent-to-treat analysis. The overall response rate was 49% (95% CI, 30%-67%), including 4 complete (13%) and 11 partial (36%) responses. With a median follow-up time of 9 months, the median time to disease progression was 7.6 months (95% CI, 5.7-9.8 months), and the median survival time was 27.2 months. The most frequent severe hematologic toxicities were neutropenia (48% of patients) and leukopenia (10% of patients). Vomiting (16% of patients) was the most common nonhematologic toxicity, while asthenia, bone pain, dyspnea, plantar-palmar erythrodysesthesia, nausea, and transaminase elevation were observed in 6%-10% of patients. There was 1 death from septic shock. CONCLUSION: Capecitabine in combination with vinorelbine is an effective and safe schedule for patients with MBC pretreated with anthracycline- and taxane-containing regimens.

Frequency of breast cancer with hereditary risk features in Spain: Analysis from GEICAM "El Álamo III" retrospective study.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of breast cancer (BC) patients with hereditary risk features in a wide retrospective cohort of patients in Spain. METHODS: a retrospective analysis was conducted from 10,638 BC patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2001 in the GEICAM registry "El Álamo III", dividing them into four groups according to modified ESMO and SEOM hereditary cancer risk criteria: Sporadic breast cancer group (R0); Individual risk group (IR); Familial risk group (FR); Individual and familial risk group (IFR) with both individual and familial risk criteria. RESULTS: 7,641 patients were evaluable. Of them, 2,252 patients (29.5%) had at least one hereditary risk criteria, being subclassified in: FR 1.105 (14.5%), IR 970 (12.7%), IFR 177 (2.3%). There was a higher frequency of newly diagnosed metastatic patients in the IR group (5.1% vs 3.2%, p = 0.02). In contrast, in RO were lower proportion of big tumors (> T2) (43.8% vs 47.4%, p = 0.023), nodal involvement (43.4% vs 48.1%, p = 0.004) and lower histological grades (20.9% G3 for the R0 vs 29.8%) when compared to patients with any risk criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Almost three out of ten BC patients have at least one hereditary risk cancer feature that would warrant further genetic counseling. Patients with hereditary cancer risk seems to be diagnosed with worse prognosis factors.

Nab-Paclitaxel in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Defining the Best Patient Profile.

Around 40% of patients with breast cancer will present with a recurrence of the disease. Chemotherapy is recommended for patients with recurrent hormone-independent or hormone-refractory breast cancer and almost all patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) receive chemotherapy during their medical history. Nanoparticle albuminbound (nab)-paclitaxel is a solvent-free, 130-nanometer particle formulation of paclitaxel. Nab-paclitaxel can be administered to all patients for whom the treatment choice is a taxane. In this review, 6 patient profiles for which nabpaclitaxel may be particularly useful are described and analyzed: (i) as first-line treatment of MBC, (ii) as second-line treatment of MBC after oral chemotherapy, (iii) after a standard taxane, (iv) as third-line treatment after a standard taxane and oral chemotherapy, (v) for patients with HER2-positive MBC and (vi) for patients with intolerance to standard taxanes. Nab-paclitaxel is a rational treatment choice for patients with MBC in different settings, as well as for those with prior exposure to a standard taxane.

Cabazitaxel for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: safety data from the Spanish expanded access program.

BACKGROUND: Based on the TROPIC study results, cabazitaxel was approved for the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) progressing on or after docetaxel. METHODS: This multi-centre program provided early access to cabazitaxel to patients with mCRPC before its commercialization. Safety data from 153 Spanish patients receiving cabazitaxel 25 mg/m(2) i.v. Q3W, plus oral prednisone/prednisolone 10 mg daily, are reported. RESULTS: Median age of patients was 70 years (26.8% ≥ 75 years), 94.1 and 26.8% had bone and visceral metastasis, respectively. Most had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ≤ 1 (88.9%) and had received a median of 8.0 cycles of last docetaxel treatment. The median of cabazitaxel cycles and cumulative dose were 6.0 (Interquartile range [IQR]: 4.0; 8.0) and 148.9 (IQR: 98.2; 201.4) mg/m(2), respectively. Adverse events (AEs) possibly related to cabazitaxel occurred in 143 (93.5%) patients. The most frequent grade ≥ 3 AEs were neutropenia (n = 25, 16.3%) and asthenia (n = 17, 11.1%). Febrile neutropenia and grade ≥ 3 diarrhea occurred in 5.2% of the patients each. There were five (3.3%) possibly treatment-related deaths, mainly infection-related. G-CSFs were used in 114 (74.5%) patients, generally as prophylaxis (n = 107; 69.9%). Grade ≥ 3 peripheral neuropathy and nail disorders were uncommon. CONCLUSIONS: Cabazitaxel administration, in a real-world setting, is tolerated by Spanish patients with mCRPC, and the AEs are manageable.

Changes on bone mineral density after adjuvant treatment in women with non-metastatic breast cancer.

PURPOSE: . Adjuvant therapies have prolonged survival of non-metastatic breast cancer (NMBC) patients, but they also decrease bone mineral density (BMD). We have analyzed the effects of chemotherapy, hormone therapy with tamoxifen or both, on BMD of women with NMBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We prospectively included 168 women with NMBC (stage I-III) referred to the Medical Oncology Service of University Hospital of Canary Islands between 1997 and 2001 (55 +/- 12 years; 37% premenopausal; 43 +/- 13 months of follow-up). We measured lumbar and hip BMD (g/cm2) at diagnosis, after chemotherapy and after 12 months of tamoxifen. If a low BMD was detected, women were treated with bisphosphonates. RESULTS: BMD after chemotherapy (n = 83) significantly decreased at lumbar (1.014 +/- 0; 0.995 +/- 0, p = 0.0001), trochanter (0.701 +/- 0; 0.690 +/- 0, p = 0.001), intertrochanter (1.095 +/- 0; 1.078 +/- 0, p = 0.0001) and total hip (0.924 +/- 0; 0.915 +/- 0, p = 0.046) areas. Although 60% of the premenopausal women suffered amenorrhea after chemotherapy, there were not significant differences in BMD between them and women who retained menses. BMD of women who received 12 months of tamoxifen after chemotherapy increased--total hip (0.907 +/- 0; 0.922 +/- 0, p = 0.005) and intertrochanter (1.071 +/- 0; 1.091 +/- 0, p = 0.003)--or remained stable--lumbar, femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle (n = 39). When tamoxifen was the only adjuvant treatment, BMD after 12 months (n = 22) increased in trochanter area (0.644 +/- 0; 0.663 +/- 0, p = 0.011), and remained stable in all other sites. 50 (30%) patients were treated with bisphosphonates because of osteopenia. CONCLUSION: Women with NMBC are affected by early bone loss after adjuvant chemotherapy. This bone loss is attenuated by one year of tamoxifen treatment.

Leptin role in advanced lung cancer. A mediator of the acute phase response or a marker of the status of nutrition?

Leptin is an anorexia inductor peptide produced by adipocytes and related to fat mass. Leptin is also produced by fat under proinflammatory cytokine action. Our objective is to study serum leptin levels in relation to nutritional status and acute phase response in advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer.Seventy-six patients newly diagnosed of non surgical non-small cell lung cancer before chemotherapy treatment and 30 healthy controls were included. BMI, serum leptin and cholesterol levels and lymphocyte count were decreased in lung cancer patients. Cytokine IL-6, TNF-alpha, sTNF-RII, sIL-2R, IL-12, IL-10 and IFN-gamma, and other acute phase reactants as alpha1 antitrypsin, ferritin, CRP and platelets were all raised in patients, whereas the IL-2 was decreased. We found a direct relationship between leptin and other indicators of the status of nutrition, especially total fat mass. We also found a close relationship between the status of nutrition and the performance status (Karnofsky index). However, serum leptin and nutritional status were inversely correlated with acute phase proteins and proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting a stress-type malnutrition. Although serum leptin levels, nutritional status and Karnofsky index are related to survival, at multivariate analysis they all were displaced by the acute phase reaction markers. These results suggest that cancer anorexia and cachexia are not due to a dysregulation of leptin production. Circulating leptin concentrations are not elevated in weight-losing cancer patients and are inversely related to the intensity of the inflammatory response. In advanced lung cancer patients serum leptin concentrations only depend on the total amount of fat.