The Cuprizone Mouse Model: A Comparative Study of Cuprizone Formulations from Different Manufacturers.

The Cuprizone mouse model is widely used in studies on de- and remyelination. In the hands of different experimenters, the Cuprizone concentrations that lead to comparable levels of demyelination differ considerably. The reasons for this variability are unknown. In this study, we tested whether different Cuprizone formulations from different vendors and manufacturers influenced Cuprizone-induced histopathological hallmarks. We intoxicated male C57BL/6 mice with six Cuprizone powders that differed in their manufacturer, vendor, and purity. After five weeks, we analyzed the body weight changes over the course of the experiment, as well as the demyelination, astrogliosis, microgliosis and axonal damage by histological LFB-PAS staining and immunohistochemical labelling of PLP, IBA1, GFAP and APP. All Cuprizone formulations induced demyelination, astrogliosis, microgliosis, axonal damage and a moderate drop in body weight at the beginning of the intoxication period. In a cumulative evaluation of all analyses, two Cuprizone formulations performed weaker than the other formulations. In conclusion, all tested formulations did work, but the choice of Cuprizone formulation may have been responsible for the considerable variability in the experimental outcomes.

Alternatives for sustained disaster risk reduction: A re-assessment.

Alternatives for sustained disaster risk reduction' was published in 2010 by Francophone and Anglophone researchers as a critique on the way disasters were studied and disaster risk reduction handled in the Francophone sphere. The authors criticized the dominant Francophone approach for being heavily hazard-centred and called for more emphasis on vulnerability to understand disasters and foster disaster risk reduction - a shift that had already taken place in the Anglophone disaster literature. Twelve years later, this paper draws upon a bibliographic analysis to examine if the arguments developed in the 2010 publication have stem attention in the Francophone disaster literature. Contribution: The article finds that the shift towards the vulnerability paradigm has, to some extent, happened but took much longer in the French context than in the Spanish language and the Asian disaster literature. The article emphasises the need for a re-assessment of our practices and study of disasters, including reflections on what disasters are studied, how, by whom, and for whom. Eventually, alternatives for sustained disaster risk reduction now and in the future might include drawing upon more diverse ontologies and epistemologies that are pertinent locally, considering local people as co-researchers though participatory methods, and empowering local Francophone researchers to play a greater role in researching disasters and leading disaster risk reduction in their own localities.

Morphology of the murine choroid plexus: Attachment regions and spatial relation to the subarachnoid space.

The choroid plexus has recently been identified as a possible migration route for peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system. For future investigation of this route, profound knowledge of the morphology of the murine choroid plexus is a prerequisite. We here present a detailed morphological description of the murine choroid plexus, its attachment regions as well as its spatial relation to the subarachnoid space. We used micro-computed tomography of immersion-contrasted fixated brains to generate three-dimensional models of the ventricle system and the choroid plexus and aligned micro-computed tomography-based sections with histological paraffin-embedded sections after immunohistochemical labeling of the basal lamina and choroid plexus epithelium marker proteins (laminin and aquaporin 1). The murine choroid plexus is located in all four ventricles and is attached to the brain parenchyma in narrow attachment regions with a specific morphology in each ventricle. While in the lateral and fourth ventricle, the attachment site is formed by thin tissue bridges, the choroid plexus attachment in the third ventricle has a more complex V-like shape. In all ventricles, the choroid plexus is in close spatial relationship with the subarachnoid space that extends from the brain surface along physiologic openings toward the choroid plexus. In summary, we here provide a description of the morphology of the murine ventricle system and choroid plexus, the attachment regions of the choroid plexus and its connection to the subarachnoid space, as well as a three-dimensional model of the ventricles, the choroid plexus, and the subarachnoid space to facilitate a spatial understanding of these complex structures.