Beyond muscles: Investigating immunoregulatory myokines in acute resistance exercise - A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Myokines, released from the muscle, enable communication between the working muscles and other tissues. Their release during physical exercise is assumed to depend on immune-hormonal-metabolic interactions concerning mode (endurance or resistance exercise), duration, and intensity. This meta-analysis aims to examine the acute changes of circulating myokines inducing immunoregulatory effects caused by a bout of resistance exercise and to consider potential moderators of the results. Based on this selection strategy, a systematic literature search was conducted for resistance exercise intervention studies measuring interleukin (IL-) 6, IL-10, IL-1ra, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) α, IL-15, IL-7, transforming growth factor (TGF-) ß1, and fractalkines (FKN) before and immediately after resistance exercise in healthy individuals. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed for each myokine. We identified a moderate positive effect of resistance exercise for IL-6 and IL-1ra. Regarding IL-15 and TNF-α, small to moderate effects were found. For IL-10, no significant effect was observed. Due to no data, meta-analyses for IL-7, TGF-ß1, and FKN could not be performed. No moderators (training status, type of exercise, risk of bias, age, sex, time of day, exercise volume, exercise intensity, exercise dose) of the results were detected for all tested myokines. Taken together, this systematic review and meta-analysis showed immediate positive effects of an acute resistance exercise session on IL-6, IL-1ra, TNF-α, and IL-15 levels.

[Promoting active mobility in old age through urban design]. / Förderung aktiver Mobilität im Alter durch Stadtgestaltung.

In an ageing society, maintaining independent mobility into old age is an important objective. Mental and physical wellbeing depends not only on individual health status, but also to a large extent on the spatial conditions. Local politics and municipal administrations can influence this, especially in urban planning. This discussion article brings together perspectives from public health and urban planning on urban development and mobility against the background of health equity.The results of the AFOOT (Securing urban mobility of an ageing population) cross-sectional study on socio-spatial conditions in small- and medium-sized towns in northwestern Germany and walking and cycling by older people show the importance of residential environmental factors such as proximity to everyday destinations, walking and cycling infrastructure, and street connectivity. Preferences for the design of an age-friendly living environment and the quality of public spaces exist in terms of urban design quality, quality of stay, and safety in public spaces.In order to improve spatial conditions, the situation needs to be recorded using defined indicators and monitoring, and the perspectives of older people need to be integrated. Strategies and measures to promote active mobility in old age are aimed at the multifunctional design of public spaces, the prioritization of active mobility on everyday trips, and ensuring the accessibility of everyday destinations through urban development. Cross-sectoral cooperation between urban planning, transport planning, and public health is essential to promote the active mobility and health of older people.