Characterization of Gender Differences in H-index Within Urological Subspecialties.

PURPOSE: Previous work in urology has shown that men have higher h-indices than women. However, the degree to which h-indices vary by gender within urological subspecialties has not been well defined. Herein, we assess gender differences in h-index among different subspecialties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Demographics were recorded for academic urologists using residency program websites as of July 2021. Scopus was queried to identify h-indices. Gender differences in h-index were estimated from a linear mixed-effects regression model with fixed effects for gender, urological subspecialty, MD/PhD status, years since first publication, interactions of subspecialty with years since first publication, and interactions of subspecialty with gender and random effects for AUA section and institution nested within AUA section. The Holm method was used to adjust for multiplicity (7 hypothesis tests). RESULTS: Of 1,694 academic urologists from 137 institutions, 308 were women (18%). Median years since first publication was 20 for men (IQR 13, 29) and 13 for women (IQR 8, 17). Among all academic urologists, the median h-index was 8 points higher for men (15 [IQR 7, 27]) vs women (7 [IQR 5, 12]). There was no significant gender difference in h-index for any of the subspecialties after adjusting for urologist experience and after applying the Holm method for multiplicity correction. CONCLUSIONS: We were unable to demonstrate a gender difference in h-index after adjusting for urologist experience for any urological subspecialties. Future study is warranted as women become more senior members of the urological workforce.

New perspectives on the surgical treatment of posterior urethral obstruction.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Posterior urethral obstruction (PUO) from prostate surgery for benign and malignant conditions poses a significant reconstructive challenge. Endoscopic management demonstrates only modest success and often definitive reconstructive solutions are necessary to limit morbidity and firmly establish posterior urethral continuity. This often demands a combined abdominoperineal approach, pubic bone resection, and even sacrifice of the external urinary sphincter and anterior urethral blood supply. Recently, a robotic-assisted approach has been described. Enhanced instrument dexterity, magnified visualization, and adjunctive measures to assess tissue quality may enable the reconstructive surgeon to engage posterior strictures deep within the confines of the narrow male pelvis and optimize functional outcomes. The purpose of this review is to review the literature regarding endoscopic, open, and robotic management outcomes for the treatment of PUO, and provide an updated treatment algorithm based upon location and complexity of the stricture. RECENT FINDINGS: Contingent upon etiology, small case series suggest that robotic bladder neck reconstruction has durable reconstructive outcomes with acceptable rates of incontinence in carefully selected patients. SUMMARY: Initial reports suggest that robotic bladder neck reconstruction for recalcitrant PUO may offer novel reconstructive solutions and durable function outcomes in select patients.

Drain fluid creatinine-to-serum creatinine ratio as an initial test to detect urine leakage following cystectomy: A retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Urine leak following radical cystectomy is a known complication. Among the various methods to diagnose this, assessment of drain fluid creatinine is a relatively easy procedure. We aimed to ascertain the validity of the drain fluid creatinine-to-serum creatinine ratio (DCSCR) as an initial indicator of urinary leak in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively identified consecutive patients with documentation of drain fluid creatinine in the postoperative period following cystectomy and urinary diversion at our institution between January 2009 and December 2018. All continent diversions and any patient with a DCSCR >1.5:1 underwent contrast study postoperatively. A diagnosis of urine leak was made following confirmatory imaging. Receiver operative characteristic curves were created, and Youden's index was used to determine the strength and clinical utility of DCSCR as a diagnostic test. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-four of the 340 patients included in the study underwent cystectomy with conduit and 81 underwent neobladder creation. Sixteen out of 340 (4.7%) patients had radiologically confirmed urinary leak. DCSCR was elevated in all ureteric anastomotic leaks and in 1 out of the 7 neobladder-urethral anastomotic (NUA) leaks. The sensitivity and specificity of DCSCR to predict all urinary leaks were 68.8% and 80.9% at 1.12 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.838), whereas at a value of 1.18 (AUC = 0.876) and with the exclusion of NUA leaks, the sensitivity was 77.8% and specificity was 87.6%. CONCLUSIONS: DCSCR is a good preliminary test for identifying patients who need prompt confirmatory testing for localizing urinary leaks. A drain creatinine level just 18% higher than the serum creatinine level can signify a urine leak. This is different from general assumptions of a higher DCSCR.

Open and robotic ureteroenteric stricture repair: early outcomes and complications.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize our single institutional experience with robotic and open ureteroenteric stricture (UES) repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We queried our ureteral reconstructive database for UES repair between 01/2017-10/2023. Patients with < 3 months follow up were excluded. Prior to surgery, patients underwent ureteral rest (4 weeks) with conversion to nephrostomy tube. Clinical characteristics, complications, reconstructive success (uretero-enteric patency), need for repeat intervention, and renal function were assessed in patients undergoing open and robotic UES reconstruction. RESULTS: Of 50 patients undergoing UES repair during the study period, 45 were included for analysis due to complete follow-up (34 [76%] robotic and 11 [24%] open repair). UES repair was performed in 50 renal units a median of 13 months (IQR 7-30) from index surgery, and most often involved the left renal unit (34/50; 68%). Compared to robotic, open cases were significantly more likely to have undergone open cystectomy (100% vs 68%, p=0.04), have longer strictures (median 4 vs 1 cm, p<0.001), require tissue substitution (27% vs 3%, p=0.04), and have lengthier postoperative hospitalization (5 vs 2 days, p<0.001). There was no significant difference in total operative time (410 vs 322 min) or 30d major complications (18% vs 21%). At a follow-up of 13 months, per patient reconstructive success was 100% (11/11) for open and 97% (33/34) for robotic, respectively. CONCLUSION: In select patients with short UES unlikely to require advanced reconstructive techniques, a robotic-assisted approach can be considered. Careful patient selection is associated with limited morbidity and high reconstructive success.

Evaluation of an Opioid-free Pathway for Perineal Reconstructive Surgery: A 1-year Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a standardized perioperative pain management pathway on postoperative opioid prescribing practices following male perineal reconstructive surgery at our institution. METHODS: Patients undergoing perineal reconstructive surgery (urethroplasty, artificial urinary sphincter, urethral sling) by a single surgeon from July 2022 to June 2023 were prospectively followed. A standardized nonopioid pathway was implemented in the perioperative period. Intraoperative local anesthetic included liposomal bupivacaine mixed with 0.25% bupivacaine. Opioids are administered in the recovery room at the discretion of anesthesiology providers. As of July 2022, our standard practice does not include a postoperative opioid prescription unless pain is poorly controlled in the recovery area. Postoperative communication encounters and opioid prescriptions were tracked through the electronic health record (EHR) in order to assess the efficacy of an opioid-free pathway. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients met the criteria during the study period, 64/67 performed in an outpatient setting. 6/67 (9%) patients were prescribed an opioid postoperatively; 4 related to post-surgical pain, and 2 related to chronic pain. No refills were prescribed. Of the 26 patients who received an opioid in the recovery area, 2 (7.6%) were prescribed an opioid at discharge. 15/67 (22%) patients had a communication encounter related to pain within 30 days, most commonly related to bladder spasm management. Only 2 of these encounters resulted in an electronic opioid prescription. CONCLUSION: An opioid-free pathway is appropriate for opioid naive men undergoing perineal reconstructive surgery. When necessary, electronic opioid prescribing should be employed following discharge for breakthrough pain.

Path to Parity: Trends in Female Representation Among Physicians, Trainees, and Applicants in Urology and Surgical Specialties.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize recent trends among practicing female surgeons, surgical trainees, and surgical residency applicants to assess potential progress toward gender parity. METHODS: Workforce statistics on U.S. practicing surgeons, trainees, and applicants among 9 surgical specialties were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges and Electronic Residency Application Service public databases. Physician and trainee data during 2007-2019 and residency applicant data during 2016-2020 were analyzed by surgical specialty. We used Cochrane Armitage trend tests to assess changes over time. RESULTS: Female practicing urologists increased 104% during the study period, the third-largest increase among 9 surgical specialties (range 36%-114%, all P < .01), representing continued growth in the prevalence and proportion of women among surgical trainees in all surgical disciplines. In contrast, the overall change for female urology residents (28%) lagged significantly, ranking eighth among the 9 specialties (range 9%-149%, all P < .01), suggesting slowing growth in the training pipeline. Finally, while the proportional change in urology applicants has been significant (33%, P < .01), growth rates have markedly slowed in the past 5 years compared to women in practice and training since 2007. CONCLUSION: While female representation among practicing urologists has improved relative to other surgical disciplines, declining rates of women entering and applying to urology residency suggest a longer trajectory toward gender parity.

Postoperative Opioid Prescribing Following Outpatient Male Urethral Surgery: Evidence for Change.

INTRODUCTION: Surgeons play a central role in the opioid epidemic. We aim to evaluate the efficacy of a standardized perioperative pain management pathway and postoperative opioid requirements in men undergoing outpatient anterior urethroplasty at our institution. METHODS: Patients undergoing outpatient anterior urethroplasty by a single surgeon from August 2017 to January 2021 were prospectively followed. Standardized nonopioid pathways were implemented based on location (penile vs bulbar) and need for buccal mucosa graft. A practice change in October 2018 transitioned (1) from oxycodone to tramadol, a weak mu opioid receptor agonist, postoperatively and (2) from 0.25% bupivacaine to liposomal bupivacaine intraoperatively. Postoperative validated questionnaires included 72-hour pain level (Likert 0-10), pain management satisfaction (Likert 1-6), and opioid consumption. RESULTS: A total of 116 eligible men underwent outpatient anterior urethroplasty during the study period. One-third of patients did not use opioids postoperatively, and nearly 78% of patients used ≤5 tablets. The median number of unused tablets was 8 (IQR 5-10). The only predictor for use of >5 tablets was preoperative opioid use (75% vs 25%, P < .01). Overall, patients using tramadol postoperatively reported higher satisfaction (6 vs 5, P < .01) and greater percentages of pain reduction (80% vs 50%, P < .01) compared to those using oxycodone. CONCLUSIONS: For opioid-naïve men, 5 tablets or less of opioid medication with a nonopioid care pathway provides satisfactory pain control following outpatient urethral surgery without excessive overprescribing of narcotic medication. Overall, multimodal pain pathways and perioperative patient counseling should be optimized to further limit postoperative opioid prescribing.

Robotic Urethral Reconstruction Outcomes in Men With Posterior Urethral Stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate surgical outcomes stratified by posterior urethral obstruction (PUO) etiology in men undergoing definitive robotic posterior urethral reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, single surgeon, review of men undergoing robotic posterior urethral reconstruction between 2018 and 2020 was performed. Differences in complications, reconstructive success (no further intervention), and urinary continence by PUO etiology were assessed. RESULTS: Robotic posterior urethral reconstruction was performed in 21 men. PUO etiology included benign prostatic hypertrophy treatment in 5 (24%), prostatectomy in 10 (48%), radiation in 5 (24%), and trauma in 1 (5%). Median number of prior endoscopic treatments was 3 (benign prostatic hypertrophy), 3 (prostatectomy), and 2 (radiation) with an average time between obstruction and reconstruction of 9, 12, and 15 months (P = .52). Median length of stay after reconstruction was 2, 1, and 2 days (P = .45). Thirty-day complications occurred in 0%, 20%, 40% (P = .19). Post-reconstruction re-intervention was necessary in 0%, 10%, 80% (P = .004). Ultimately, anatomic success was achieved in 100%, 90%, 80% (P = .63), with functional success rates of 100%, 100%, 60% (P = .035). Median postoperative pad/day usage was 0,0, 10.5 (P <.001), and ultimately 0%, 30%, 80% (P = .013) underwent artificial urinary sphincter placement. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic treatment of posterior urethral obstruction (PUO) secondary to benign and malignant prostate conditions is associated with a high incidence of treatment failure. Robotic posterior urethral reconstruction is a safe and effective surgical solution for men with PUO in the absence of pelvic radiation. Men with pelvic radiation appear to be at increased risk of complications, PUO recurrence, and clinically significant stress urinary incontinence.

Referral patterns for undescended testis: A 7 year comparative analysis of primary care providers.

INTRODUCTION: Cryptorchidism, or undescended testis (UDT), is identified in 1% of boys by one year of age and carries long term risks of infertility and testicular neoplasia. In 2014, the American Urological Association (AUA) released a guideline statement stating that patients with UDT should be referred to a urologist by 6 months of age in order to facilitate timely surgical correction. This study is the follow-up to a 2010 study assessing referral patterns to our university center from primary care providers. OBJECTIVE: In this new study, we aim to identify changes in referral patterns in response to the establishment of the 2014 AUA guidelines and to understand how our referring physicians stay abreast of current knowledge regarding UDT. STUDY DESIGN: A 9 question anonymous survey regarding UDT referral patterns was sent to providers who had previously referred a patient to our pediatric urology practice. The results were categorized by specialty and were compared to the similar survey from 2010. RESULTS: Surveys were sent to 500 physicians with 138 (27.6%) responses received. Less than half of respondents reported that they would refer a boy with unilateral or bilateral palpable UDT by 6 months of age (37.0% and 38.4% respectively). This was not significantly different than the 2010 survey (p = 0.68 and 0.27 respectively). Two-thirds of physicians would refer a patient with unilateral nonpalpable UDT within the recommended time frame (68.8%); this was also unchanged from 2010 (p = 0.87). There was an improvement in respondents who would refer immediately for bilateral nonpalpable testes from 49.8% in 2010 to 53.6% in 2017 (p = 0.01). Residency training was most commonly cited as the primary source of knowledge regarding UDT although 89.3% of respondents citing this were >5 years removed from residency training. DISCUSSION: Delayed referral patterns were reported by the majority of providers for palpable UDT and by greater than one-third of providers for nonpalpable UDT. There was minimal change in referral patterns between 2010 and 2017 despite the release of the AUA cryptorchidism guidelines in 2014. In both 2010 and 2017, residency training was identified as the primary source of knowledge regarding management of UDT. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest an unmet need for education regarding contemporary management of UDT for the primary care physicians in our community.

Creation of a primary tumor tissue expression biomarker-augmented prognostic model for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Clinical and pathological factors alone have limited prognostic ability in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Bim, a downstream pro-apoptotic molecule in the PD-1 signaling pathway, has recently been associated with survival in other malignancies. We sought to determine if tissue biomarkers including Bim, added to a previously reported clinical metastases score, improved prediction of cancer-specific survival (CSS) for patients with metastatic ccRCC. METHODS: Patients with metastatic ccRCC who underwent nephrectomy between 1990 and 2004 were identified using our institutional registry. Sections from paraffin-embedded primary tumor tissue blocks were used for immunohistochemistry staining for Bim, PD-1, B7-H1 (PD-L1), B7-H3, CA-IX, IMP3, Ki67, and survivin. Biomarkers that were significantly associated with CSS after adjusting for the metastases score were used to develop a biomarker-specific multivariable model using a bootstrap resampling approach and forward selection. Predictive ability was summarized using a bootstrap-corrected c-index. RESULTS: The cohort included 602 patients: 192 (32%) with metastases at diagnosis and 410 (68%) who developed metastases after nephrectomy. Median follow-up was 9.6 years (IQR 4.2-12.8), during which 504 patients died of RCC. Bim, IMP3, Ki67, and survivin expression were significantly associated with CSS after adjusting for the metastases score, and were eligible for biomarker-specific model inclusion. After variable selection, high Bim (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-1.78; P <0.001), high survivin (HR = 1.35; 95% CI 1.08-1.68; P = 0.008), and the metastases score (HR = 1.13 per 1 point; 95% CI 1.10-1.16; P <0.001) were retained in the final multivariable model (c-index = 0.69). CONCLUSION: We created a prognostic model combining the clinical metastases score and 2 primary tumor tissue expression biomarkers, Bim and survivin, for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who underwent nephrectomy.