Detection of viral antibodies in camel sera using magnetic particle spectroscopy.

Pandemics like SARS-Cov-2 very frequently have their origin in different animals and in particular herds of camels could be a source of zoonotic diseases. This study took advantage on a highly sensitive and adaptable method for the fast and reliable detection of viral antibodies in camels using low-cost equipment. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) have high variability in their functionalization with different peptides and proteins. We confirm that 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES)-coated MNP could be functionalized with viral proteins. The protein loading could be confirmed by simple loading controls using FACS-analysis (p < 0.05). Complementary combination of antigen and antibody yields in a significant signal increase could be proven by both FACS and COMPASS. However, COMPASS needs only a few seconds for the measurement. In COMPASS, the phase φn on selected critical point of the fifth higher harmonic (n = 5th). Here, positive sera display highly significant signal increase over the control or negative sera. Furthermore, a clear distinction could be made in antibody detection as an immune response to closely related viruses (SARS-CoV2 and MERS). Using modified MNPs along with COMPASS offers a fast and reliable method that is less cost intensive than current technologies and offers the possibility to be quickly adapted in case of new occurring viral infections. KEY POINTS: • COMPASS (critical offset magnetic particle spectroscopy) allows the fast detection of antibodies. • Magnetic nanoparticles can be adapted by exchange of the linked bait molecule. • Antibodies could be detected in camel sera without washing steps within seconds.

Dewatering Green Sapwood Using Carbon Dioxide Undergoing Cyclical Phase Change between Supercritical Fluid and Gas.

Conventional kiln drying of wood operates by the evaporation of water at elevated temperature. In the initial stage of drying, mobile water in the wood cell lumen evaporates. More slowly, water bound in the wood cell walls evaporates, requiring the breaking of hydrogen bonds between water molecules and cellulose and hemicellulose polymers in the cell wall. An alternative for wood kiln drying is a patented process for green wood dewatering through the molecular interaction of supercritical carbon dioxide with water of wood cell sap. When the system pressure is reduced to below the critical point, phase change from supercritical fluid to gas occurs with a consequent large change in CO2 volume. This results in the efficient, rapid, mechanical expulsion of liquid sap from wood. The end-point of this cyclical phase-change process is wood dewatered to the cell wall fibre saturation point. This paper describes dewatering over a range of green wood specimen sizes, from laboratory physical chemistry studies to pilot-plant trials. Magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were applied to study the fundamental mechanisms of the process, which were contrasted with similar studies of conventional thermal wood drying. In conclusion, opportunities and impediments towards the commercialisation of the green wood dewatering process are discussed.

Magnetic Particle Imaging-Guided Stenting.

Purpose:To assess the feasibility of magnetic particle imaging (MPI) to guide stenting in a phantom model. Materials and Methods: MPI is a new tomographic imaging method based on the background-free magnetic field detection of a tracer agent composed of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs). All experiments were conducted on a custom-built MPI scanner (field of view: 29-mm diameter, 65-mm length; isotropic spatial resolution 1-1.5-mm). Stenosis phantoms (n=3) consisted of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes (8-mm inner diameter) prepared with centrally aligned cable binders to form a ~50% stenosis. A dedicated image reconstruction algorithm allowed precise tracking of endovascular instruments at 8 frames/s with a latency time of ~115 ms. A custom-made MPI-visible lacquer was used to manually label conventional guidewires, balloon catheters, and stainless steel balloon-expandable stents. Vascular stenoses were visualized by injecting a diluted SPIO tracer (ferucarbotran, 10 mmol iron/L) into the vessel phantoms. Balloon angioplasty and stent placement were performed by inflating balloon catheters and stent delivery balloons with diluted ferucarbotran. Results: After deployment of the stent, the markers on its ends were clearly visible. The applied lacquer markers were thin enough to not relevantly alter gliding properties of the devices while withstanding friction during the experiments. Placing an optimized flexible lacquer formulation on the preexisting radiopaque stent markers provided enough stability to withstand stent expansion. Final MPA confirmed successful stenosis treatment, facilitated by the disappearance of the lacquer markers on the stent due to differences in SPIO concentration. Thus, the in-stent lumen could be visualized without interference by the signal from the markers. Conclusion: Near real-time visualization of MPI-guided stenting of stenoses in a phantom model is feasible. Optimized MPI-visible markers can withstand the expansion process of stents.

Near real-time magnetic particle imaging for visual assessment of vascular stenosis in a phantom model.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the potential of magnetic particle imaging (MPI) to quantify artificial stenoses in vessel phantoms in near real-time. METHODS: Custom-made stenosis phantoms with different degrees of stenosis (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%; length 40 mm, inner diameter 8 mm, Polyoxymethylene) were filled with diluted Ferucarbotran (superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticle (SPION) tracer agent, 500 mmol (Fe)/l). A traveling wave MPI scanner (spatial resolution ~ 2 mm, gradient strength ~ 1.5 T/m, field of view: 65 mm length and 29 mm diameter, frequencies f1 = 1050 Hz and f2 = 12150 Hz) was used to acquire images of the phantoms (200 ms total acquisition time per image, 10 averages). Standardized grey scaling was used for comparability. All measured stenoses (n = 80) were graded manually using a dedicated software tool. RESULTS: MPI allowed for accurate visualization of stenoses at a frame rate of 5frames per second. Less severe stenoses were detected more precisely than higher-grade stenoses and came with smaller standard deviations. In particular, the 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% stenosis phantom were measured as 3.7 ± 2.7% (mean ± standarddeviation), 18.6 ± 1.8%, 52.8 ± 3.7%, 77.8 ± 14.8% and 100 ± 0%. Geometrical distortions occurred around the center of the high-grade stenosis and led to higher standard deviations compared to lower grade stenoses. In the frame of this study the MPI signal depended linearly on the SPION concentration down to 0.05 mmol (Fe)/l. CONCLUSION: Near real-time MPI accurately visualized and quantified different stenosis grades in vascular phantoms.

Wall shear stress analysis using 17.6 Tesla MRI: A longitudinal study in ApoE-/- mice with histological analysis.

This longitudinal study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of detecting the interaction between wall shear stress (WSS) and plaque development. 20 ApoE-/- mice were separated in 12 mice with Western Diet and 8 mice with Chow Diet. Magnetic resonance (MR) scans at 17.6 Tesla and histological analysis were performed after one week, eight and twelve weeks. All in vivo MR measurements were acquired using a flow sensitive phase contrast method for determining vectorial flow. Histological sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Elastica van Gieson and CD68 staining. Data analysis was performed using Ensight and a Matlab-based "Flow Tool". The body weight of ApoE-/- mice increased significantly over 12 weeks. WSS values increased in the Western Diet group over the time period; in contrast, in the Chow Diet group the values decreased from the first to the second measurement point. Western Diet mice showed small plaque formations with elastin fragmentations after 8 weeks and big plaque formations after 12 weeks; Chow Diet mice showed a few elastin fragmentations after 8 weeks and small plaque formations after 12 weeks. Favored by high-fat diet, plaque formation results in higher values of WSS. With wall shear stress being a known predictor for atherosclerotic plaque development, ultra highfield MRI can serve as a tool for studying the causes and beginnings of atherosclerosis.

Parallel magnetic particle imaging.

Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a promising tomographic method to visualize the distribution of superparamagnetic materials in three-dimensions. For encoding, a strong gradient represented by a field free point (FFP) or a field free line (FFL) is steered rapidly through the field of view (FOV), acquiring the signal successively. Conventional MPI scanners only provide a single FFP or FFL to sample the entire scan volume, which limits the size of the FOV and/or the temporal resolution. The alternative scanner concept of Traveling Wave MPI (TWMPI) uses a dynamic linear gradient array (dLGA) for dynamic FFP generation along the symmetry axis. The TWMPI scanner is capable of creating multiple FFPs simultaneously, and usually care is taken to locate only a single FFP in the desired FOV. In this manuscript, the concept of parallel MPI utilizing multiple FFPs simultaneously is introduced. For that, conceptual simulations are presented followed by reconstruction approaches for visualization of parallel MPI signals. In addition, an initial parallel MPI experiment with simultaneous acquisition of signals from two FFPs inside the FOV of the same scanner using two receive chains is demonstrated. This allows scanning a doubled FOV within the same acquisition time without sacrificing resolution compared to the standard TWMPI scanner.

Superspeed Bolus Visualization for Vascular Magnetic Particle Imaging.

Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a fast imaging technique to visualize the distribution of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). For spatial encoding, a field free area is moved rapidly through the field of view (FOV) generating localized signal. Fast moving samples, e.g., a bolus of SPIONs traveling through the large veins in the human body carried by blood flow with velocities in the order of ~45 cm/s, cause temporal blurring in MPI measurements using common sequences and reconstruction techniques. This hampers the evaluation of dynamics of fast moving samples. In this manuscript, a first study on fast moving samples visualized within an MPI scanner is demonstrated. By optimizing parameters for imaging and reconstruction, the dynamics of a fast moving bolus at different velocities can be visualized with high temporal resolution without blurring artifacts.

Sensitive J-coupled metabolite mapping using Sel-MQC with selective multi-spin-echo readout.

The selective multiple quantum coherence technique is combined with a read gradient to accelerate the measurement of a specific scalar-coupled metabolite. The sensitivities of the localization using pure phase encoding and localization with the read gradient are compared in experiments at high magnetic field strength (17.6 T). Multiple spin-echoes of the selective multiple quantum coherence edited metabolite are acquired using frequency-selective refocusing of the specified molecule group. The frequency-selective refocusing does not affect the J-modulation of a coupled spin system, and the echo time is not limited to a multiple of 1/J to acquire pure in-phase or antiphase signal. The multiple echoes can be used to accelerate the metabolite imaging experiment or to measure the apparent transverse relaxation T(2). A simple phase-shifting scheme is presented, which enables the suppression of editing artifacts resulting from the multiple spin-echoes of the water resonance. The experiments are carried out on phantoms, in which lactate and polyunsaturated fatty acids are edited, and in vivo on tumors, in which lactate content and T(2) are imaged. The method is of particular interest when a fast and sensitive selective multiple quantum coherence editing is necessary, e.g., for spatial three dimensional experiments.

Magnetic Particle Imaging meets Computed Tomography: first simultaneous imaging.

Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a promising new tomographic modality for fast as well as three-dimensional visualization of magnetic material. For anatomical or structural information an additional imaging modality such as computed tomography (CT) is required. In this paper, the first hybrid MPI-CT scanner for multimodal imaging providing simultaneous data acquisition is presented.

Magnetic Particle Imaging Guided Real-Time Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty in a Phantom Model.

PURPOSE: To investigate the potential of real-time magnetic particle imaging (MPI) to guide percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of vascular stenoses in a phantom model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiments were conducted on a custom-built MPI scanner. Vascular stenosis phantoms consisted of polyvinyl chloride tubes (inner diameter 8 mm) prepared with a centrally aligned cable tie to form ~ 50% stenoses. MPI angiography for visualization of stenoses was performed using the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-based contrast agent Ferucarbotran (10 mmol (Fe)/l). Balloon catheters and guidewires for PTA were visualized using custom-made lacquer markers based on Ferucarbotran. Stenosis dilation (n = 3) was performed by manually inflating the PTA balloon with diluted Ferucarbotran. An online reconstruction framework was implemented for real-time imaging with very short latency time. RESULTS: Visualization of stenosis phantoms and guidance of interventional instruments in real-time (4 frames/s, ~ 100 ms latency time) was possible using an online reconstruction algorithm. Labeling of guidewires and balloon catheters allowed for precise visualization of instrument positions. CONCLUSION: Real-time MPI-guided PTA in a phantom model is feasible.

Inert fluorinated gas T1 calculator.

The physics of spin-rotation interaction in roughly spherical perfluorinated gas molecules has been studied extensively. But, it is difficult to calculate a spin-lattice relaxation time constant T1 for any given temperature and pressure using the published literature. We give a unified parameterization that makes use of the Clausius equation of state, Lennard-Jones collision dynamics, and a formulaic temperature dependence for collision cross section for rotational change. The model fits T1s for SF6, CF4, C2F6, and c-C4F8 for temperatures from 180 to 360 K and pressures from 2 to 210 kPa and in mixtures with other common gases to within our limits of measurement. It also fits previous data tabulated according to known number densities. Given a pressure, temperature, and mixture composition, one can now calculate T1s for common laboratory conditions with a known accuracy, typically 0.5%. Given the success of the model's formulaic structure, it is likely to apply to even broader ranges of physical conditions and to other gases that relax by spin-rotation interaction.

Analysis of the noise correlation in MRI coil arrays loaded with metamaterial magnetoinductive lenses.

A numerical method is shown for calculating the noise correlation coefficient in arrays of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coils loaded with capacitively-loaded ring metamaterial lenses, and in the presence of a conducting half-space resembling a sample. This numerical method is validated by comparison with experimental results obtained in two different experimental procedures for double check: noise resistance measurements with a network analyzer and noise correlation measurements in an MRI system. It is found that, for practical array configurations such as overlapping coils or capacitively-decoupled coils, the noise correlation coefficient turns negative for coils loaded with metamaterial lenses. In particular, the analysis is carried out with metamaterial structures known as magnetoinductive lenses, which have been demonstrated in previous works to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of MRI coils. Results are also shown to demonstrate that negative noise correlations have as an effect the improvement of the g-factor in coil arrays for parallel MRI.

Metamaterial magnetoinductive lens performance as a function of field strength.

Metamaterials are artificial composites that exhibit exotic electromagnetic properties, as the ability of metamaterial slabs to behave like lenses with sub-wavelength resolution for the electric or the magnetic field. In previous works, the authors investigated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications of metamaterial slabs that behave like lenses for the radiofrequency magnetic field. In particular, the authors investigated the ability of MRI metamaterial lenses to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of surface coils, and to localize the field of view (FOV) of the coils, which is of interest for parallel MRI (pMRI) applications. A metamaterial lens placed between a surface coil and the tissue enhances the sensitivity of the coil. Although the metamaterial lens introduces losses which add to the losses of the tissue, the enhancement of the sensitivity can compensate these additional losses and the SNR of the coil is increased. In a previous work, an optimization procedure was followed to find a metamaterial structure with minimum losses that will maximize the SNR. This structure was termed magnetoinductive (MI) lens by the authors. The properties of surface coils in the presence of MI lenses were investigated in previous works at the proton frequency of 1.5 T systems. The different frequency dependence of the losses in both the MI lenses and the tissue encouraged us to investigate the performance of MI lenses at different frequencies. Thus, in the present work, the SNR and the pMRI ability of MI lenses are investigated as a function of field strength. A numerical analysis is carried out with an algorithm developed by the authors to predict the SNR behavior of a surface coil loaded with a MI lens at the proton frequencies of 0.5 T, 1.5 T and 3 T systems. The results show that, at 0.5 T, there is a gain in the SNR for short distances, but the SNR is highly degraded at deeper distances. However, at 1.5 T and 3T, the MI lenses provide a gain in the SNR up to a certain penetration depth, which is deeper at 3T, and do not degrade the SNR at deeper distances. These numerical results are checked by means of an experiment. Moreover, a second experiment developed with two-channel arrays of surface coils loaded with MI lenses shows that the pMRI ability of the lenses also improves from 1.5 T to 3 T. This improvement was quantified by means of the calculation of the GRAPPA g-factor.

Traveling wave magnetic particle imaging.

Most 3-D magnetic particle imaging (MPI) scanners currently use permanent magnets to create the strong gradient field required for high resolution MPI. However, using permanent magnets limits the field of view (FOV) due to the large amount of energy required to move the field free point (FFP) from the center of the scanner. To address this issue, an alternative approach called "Traveling Wave MPI" is here presented. This approach employs a novel gradient system, the dynamic linear gradient array, to cover a large FOV while dynamically creating a strong magnetic gradient. The proposed design also enables the use of a so-called line-scanning mode, which simplifies the FFP trajectory to a linear path through the 3-D volume. This results in simplified mathematics, which facilitates the image reconstruction.

MRI Meets MPI: a bimodal MPI-MRI tomograph.

While magnetic particle imaging (MPI) constitutes a novel biomedical imaging technique for tracking superparamagnetic nanoparticles in vivo, unlike magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it cannot provide anatomical background information. Until now these two modalities have been performed in separate scanners and image co-registration has been hampered by the need to reposition the sample in both systems as similarly as possible. This paper presents a bimodal MPI-MRI-tomograph that combines both modalities in a single system.MPI and MRI images can thus be acquired without moving the sample or replacing any parts in the setup. The images acquired with the presented setup show excellent agreement between the localization of the nanoparticles in MPI and the MRI background data. A combination of two highly complementary imaging modalities has been achieved.

Numerically efficient estimation of relaxation effects in magnetic particle imaging.

Current simulations of the signal in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) are either based on the Langevin function or on directly measuring the system function. The former completely ignores the influence of finite relaxation times of magnetic particles, and the latter requires time-consuming reference scans with an existing MPI scanner. Therefore, the resulting system function only applies for a given tracer type and the properties of the applied scanning trajectory. It requires separate reference scans for different trajectories and does not allow simulating theoretical magnetic particle suspensions. The most accessible and accurate way for including relaxation effects in the signal simulation would be using the Langevin equation. However, this is a very time-consuming approach because it calculates the stochastic dynamics of the individual particles and averages over large particle ensembles. In the current article, a numerically efficient way for approximating the averaged Langevin equation is proposed, which is much faster than the approach based on the Langevin equation because it is directly calculating the averaged time evolution of the magnetization. The proposed simulation yields promising results. Except for the case of small orthogonal offset fields, a high agreement with the full but significantly slower simulation could be shown.

Scanner components.

New developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are being achieved in two fields: methodological and technological innovations. This chapter will focus on the technological aspects of scanners, explain concepts, and give hints on how to deal with hardware-related issues. First, magnets used in MRI and gradient units will be introduced. Second, the radio frequency (rf) hardware will be described and explained. It has an often underestimated impact on imaging quality and can be improved by custom-built devices if one knows how to do it.

Short-echo spectroscopic imaging combined with lactate editing in a single scan.

A short-echo spectroscopic imaging sequence extended with a frequency-selective multiple-quantum- coherence technique (Sel-MQC) is presented. The method enables acquisition of a complete water-suppressed proton spectrum with a short echo time and filtering of the J-coupling metabolite, lactate, from co-resonant lipids in one scan. The purpose of the study was to validate this combined pulse sequence in vitro and in vivo. Measurements on phantoms confirmed the feasibility of the method, and, for a practical in vivo application, experiments were carried out on eight tumors from two different tumor models [UT-SCC-8 (n = 4) and SAS (n = 4)]. T(1)- and T(2)-weighted metabolite and lipid ratios were calculated, and the tumors showed different values in the central and outer regions. The ratio of the lipid methylene peak area (1.30 ppm) to choline peak area (3.20 ppm) was significantly (p < 0.01) different in the central tumor area between the two models, and lactate was detected in only three out of four tumors in the SAS tumor line. The present approach of combining short-echo spectroscopic imaging and lactate editing allows the characterization of tumor-specific metabolites such as choline, lipid methylene and methyl resonances as well as lactate in a single scan.

Volume of rat lungs measured throughout the respiratory cycle using 19F NMR of the inert gas SF6.

The lung volumes of mechanically ventilated rats were measured over the course of the respiratory cycle using the NMR signal strength from inhaled sulfurhexafluoride. Rats with elastase-induced emphysema showed larger lung volumes and slower exhalation than control rats. For humans the technique should be able to provide lung volume measurements at least 20 times a second.