Composites of Anthraquinone Dyes@HKUST-1 with Tunable Microstructuring: Experimental and Theoretical Interaction Studies.

The metal-organic framework (MOF) HKUST-1 was employed as an interaction matrix for fundamental loading studies of anthraquinone dyes. Chosen dyes were alizarin (A), alizarin S (AS), disperse blue 1 (B1), disperse blue 3 (B3), disperse blue 56 (B56) and purpurin (P). All materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA and SEM. Hence the interaction of dyes with the framework was characterized by theoretical-experimental differential analysis. One-pot loading strategy resulted in more efficient scavenging of dyes, and reached 100 % for B56 using 50 mg L-1 . SEM revealed important microstructural changes, the smaller crystals ranged 0.8-3 µm in size and almost all composite sizes were from this to higher values, reaching 70 µm, with varying shapes. Two composites were larger in size range (about 2500-1000 µm), and were shaped as rods, octahedrons and coffin lids. Indeed, the microstructure could be modulated depending on preparation conditions and type of loaded dye. For the higher loading series, N2 adsorption and XPS experiments were carried on to further evidence dye-MOF interactions. Ab initio prediction of structural properties for A@HKUST-1 and P@HKUST-1 were obtained by means of solid-state CRYSTAL14 code at the PBE0 level of theory. Computed findings evidenced two O→Cu coordinative bonds, one from O-ketone and the other from O-phenolate moiety as main interactions towards CuNET centers.

Antimalarial efficacy, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of methanolic stem bark extract from Hintonia latiflora in a Plasmodium yoelii yoelii lethal murine malaria model.

Traditional medicines have been used to treat malaria for thousands of years and are the source of artemisinin and quinine derivatives. With the increasing levels of drug resistance, the high cost of artemisisnin-based combination therapies, and fake antimalarials drugs, traditional medicine have become an important and sustainable source of malaria treatment. For the benefit of those who use traditional medicine to treat malaria, there is an urgent need to study the efficacy and toxicity of herbal remedies. Hintonia latiflora stem bark infusions are use in Mexican traditional medicine to treat malaria, diabetes, and gastrointestinal diseases. Its efficacy in the treatment of complicated malaria and its ability to generate DNA damage to the host is not fully evaluated. In our search for antimalarial natural products, in the present study, we tested the efficacy of H. latiflora stem bark methanolic extract (HlMeOHe) in CD1 male mice infected with lethal Plasmodium yoelii yoelii and its in vivo cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. To assess the antimalarial activity, the extract was evaluated in a 4-day test scheme in oral doses of 1,200, 600, and 300 mg/kg prior acute toxicity test; oral chloroquine (15 mg/kg) was used as positive control. The ability of 1,200 mg/kg of HlMeOHe to induce cytotoxicity and DNA damage in the peripheral blood of mice was assessed using a fluorochrome-mediated viability test and the micronucleus (MN) assay; N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) was used as a positive control. HlMeOHe median acute toxicity (LD50) was 2,783.71 mg/kg and LD10 was 1,293.76 mg/kg (taken as the highest work dose). Plasmodium yoelii yoelii-infected mice in the untreated control group died between 6 and 7 days post-infection (PI) with parasitemia over 70%. Even though mice treated with 600 and 300 mg/kg showed a chemosuppression percentage of total parasitemia of 99.23 and 23.66, respectively, animals in both groups died 6 to 7 days PI with parasitemia over 45%. A 4-day dosage of 1,200 mg/kg of the extract showed, in the P. yoelii yoelii-infected mice, a 100% chemosuppression of total parasitemia on 5 days PI and a 23 days survival time with a mean parasitemia of 23.6% at the date of death. Only mice treated with chloroquine survived until the end of the experiment. Cell viability was not affected. The average number of micronuclei in the treated mice increased significantly (P < 0.05) to 4.8 MN when compared with the untreated control group (0.9 MN). The results obtained in this study showed that the infection outcome of P. yoelii yoelii-infected mice is affected by HlMeOHe. Although a concentration of 1,200 mg/kg of HlMeOHe is suitable to use in the treatment of malaria fever, slowed down the parasite replication, retarded the patency time, and increased the infected P. yoelii yoelii mice survival time, its chemical composition should be studied in detail in order to reduce its genotoxic potential.

Polyphenol oxidase inactivation from apple juice by Al-based metal-organic frameworks: New anti-browning strategy in fruits and vegetables.

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is critical due to enzymatic browning in fruits and vegetables, developing economic impact in fruits industry. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF) have shown interesting characteristics such as water stability, low toxicity, and good adsorption yield, making them good candidates for PPO inactivation. Al-based-MOFs, MIL-53(Al), DUT-5, and MIL-110 were tested as PPO inactivators in apple juice by enzyme-MOF interactions at r.t. through two possible mechanisms, i) substrate scavengers (substrates:catechol and 4-methylcatechol) or ii) enzyme activity modifiers. The scavenging behavior of Al-based-MOFs was moderate, in the same magnitude, being catechol adsorption better than 4-methylcatechol. PPO activity was reduced by at least 70% by MIL-53(Al)/DUT-5 in 10/30 min respectively, and MIL-110 inactivated PPO in 50 min with some structural modifications. Enzyme-MOF interactions are major responsible for PPO inactivation. This could be a new applicability of MOFs, as an alternate PPO inactivation process, easily included in juice processing, retaining sensorial/nutritional properties, developed at r.t thus energy-cost-effective.

Effect of HKUST-1 metal-organic framework in root and shoot systems, as well as seed germination.

The seed germination, as well as root and shoot growth effect of HKUST-1 MOF, and its derived linear polymer ([Cu2(OH)(BTC)(H2O)]n·2nH2O) were herein examined. These effects were studied for seven higher plant species: sweet corn (Zea mays L.), black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), celosia (Celosia argentea L.), Aztec marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), and gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata L.). The studied concentrations of MOFs were 10, 100, 500, or 1000 mg/L, enhancing the percentage of germination and growth of plants in most species. In general, the growth of the root is lower compared to the controls due to the capacity of the MOF to adsorb water and provide micronutrients such as C, O, and Cu, acting as a reserve for the plant. Shoot system growths are more pronounced with HKUST-1 compared with control, and linear polymer, due to the 3D structure adsorbs major water contents. It was found that all studied species are tolerant not only to Cu released from the material, but more evident to Cu structured in MOFs, and this occurs at high concentrations compared to many other systems. Finally, copper fixation was not present, studied by EDX mapping, banning the possibility of metallic phytotoxicity to the tested cultivars.

Elucidating Structural Stability, Bandgap, and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of (H2O/DMF)@HKUST-1 Host-Guest Systems.

The H2O@HKUST-1 and DMF@HKUST-1 systems were experimental and computationally assessed, employing XRD/TGA/FT-IR/DFT-calculations, evidencing that H2O or DMF coordinated to Cu, modulating HKUST-1 photocatalytic properties. DMF@HKUST-1 has narrower bandgap promoting higher-crystallinity and light-harvesting. H2O@HKUST-1 showed smaller particle sizing and sharp morphology. Theoretical models, (H2O)1@HKUST-1 and (DMF)1@HKUST-1, containing one coordinated molecule, elucidated bandgap modulation associated with infiltration. H2O@HKUST-1/DMF@HKUST-1 presented bandgaps [eV] of 3.6/3.4, by Tauc plots, and 3.55/3.26, by theoretical calculations, narrowing bandgap, compared with non-solvated HKUST-1(HKUST-1NS). Both composites raised the valence band (VB) and lowered the conduction band (CB), but DMF@HKUST-1 most raised VB. Topological analysis revealed that guests i) with higher electronic density, raised VB, and ii) induced π-backbonding, lowering CB. DMF@HKUST-1 presented a higher photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (µmol), 26.45, in the first 30 min of the reaction, nevertheless, H2O@HKUST-1 presented a competitive activity, of 17.32. In large periods, H2O@HKUST-1/DMF@HKUST-1 showed practically the same hydrogen evolution, 45.50/49.03.

Antiadherent AgBDC Metal-Organic Framework Coating for Escherichia coli Biofilm Inhibition.

Surface microbial colonization and its potential biofilm formation are currently a major unsolved problem, causing almost 75% of human infectious diseases. Pathogenic biofilms are capable of surviving high antibiotic doses, resulting in inefficient treatments and, subsequently, raised infection prevalence rates. Antibacterial coatings have become a promising strategy against the biofilm formation in biomedical devices due to their biocidal activity without compromising the bulk material. Here, we propose for the first time a silver-based metal-organic framework (MOF; here denoted AgBDC) showing original antifouling properties able to suppress not only the initial bacterial adhesion, but also the potential surface contamination. Firstly, the AgBDC stability (colloidal, structural and chemical) was confirmed under bacteria culture conditions by using agar diffusion and colony counting assays, evidencing its biocide effect against the challenging E. coli, one of the main representative indicators of Gram-negative resistance bacteria. Then, this material was shaped as homogeneous spin-coated AgBDC thin film, investigating its antifouling and biocide features using a combination of complementary procedures such as colony counting, optical density or confocal scanning microscopy, which allowed to visualize for the first time the biofilm impact generated by MOFs via a specific fluorochrome, calcofluor.

Room-temperature synthesis of nanometric and luminescent silver-MOFs.

Three silver-MOFs were prepared using an optimized, room-temperature methodology starting from AgNO3 and dicarboxylate ligands in water/ethanol yielding Ag 2 BDC, Ag 2 NDC (UAM-1), and Ag 2 TDC (UAM-2) at 38%-48% (BDC, benzenedicarboxylate; NDC, 1,8-naphthalene-dicarboxylate; TDC, p-terphenyl-4,4″-dicarboxylate). They were characterized by PXRD/FT-IR/TGA/photoluminescence spectroscopy, and the former two by SEM. These materials started decomposing at 330°C, while showing stability. The crystal structure of UAM-1 was determined by PXRD, DFT calculations, and Rietveld refinement. In general, the structure was 3D, with the largest Ag-O bond interlinking 2D layers. The FT-IR spectra revealed 1450 and 1680 bands (cm-1) of asymmetrically stretching aniso-/iso-bidentate -COO in coordination with 2/3-Ag atoms, accompanied by Ag-O bands at 780-740 cm-1, all demonstrating the network formation. XRD and SEM showed nanometric-scale crystals in Ag2BDC, and UAM-1 developed micrometric single-stranded/agglomerated fibrillar particles of varying nanometric widths. Luminescence spectroscopy showed emission by Ag2BDC, which was attributed to ligand-to-metal or ligand-to-metal-metal transitions, suggesting energy transfer due to the short distance between adjacent BDC molecules. UAM-1 and UAM-2 did not show luminescence emission attributable to ligand-to-metal transition; rather, they presented only UV emission. The stabilities of Ag2BDC and UAM-1 were evaluated in PBS/DMEM/DMEM+FBS media by XRD, which showed that they lost their crystallinity, resulting in AgCl due to soft-soft (Pearson's principle) affinity.

Excited-state dynamics and two-photon absorption cross sections of fluorescent diphenyl-tin(IV) derivatives with schiff bases: a comparative study of the effect of chelation from the ultrafast to the steady-state time scale.

Schiff bases bearing an intramolecular hydrogen bond are known to undergo excited-state intramolecular proton transfer and E-Z isomerization, which are related to their thermochromism and solvatochromism properties. In this study, we explored these ultrafast photoinduced processes for two doubly hydroxylated Schiff bases, salicylidene-2-aminophenol and 2-hydroxynaphthylmethylidene-2-aminophenol. From comparisons with our previously reported results for the parent monohidroxylated Schiff base salicylideneaniline, we were able to establish the lack of an effect of a second intramolecular hydrogen bond in the excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer process. Moreover, we synthesized and studied the photophysics of 14 diphenyl-tin(IV) derivatives with Schiff bases with the same framework as the former two. In these organometallic compounds, we observed an increase of more than 50 times in the excited-state decay times in comparison with those of the free ligands. This finding is attributed to the coordination with the metallic center, which restricts the fluctuations of the geometry of the organic Schiff base skeleton. The emission bands of these complexes can be easily tuned through substitutions at the Schiff base ligand and can be made to be centered well above 600 nm. The much enhanced emissive behavior of all diphenyl-tin(IV) derivatives allowed the study of several properties of their electronically excited states, including the effects of different substituents on their femtosecond and picosecond dynamics. Considering potential applications, we also performed transient absorption experiments to assess the wavelength interval for stimulated emission of this type of compound. Finally, we determined their two-photon absorption cross sections in the 760-820-nm range by measuring their two-photon induced fluorescence excitation spectra. Mainly, our results illustrate that the diphenyl-tin(IV) moiety, thanks to its size and its coordination mode with a single Schiff base, can be coordinated to this versatile framework to obtain tunable optical properties wherein the emissive states can have lifetimes on the nanosecond time scale.

Synthesis and Characterization of an SWCNT@HKUST-1 Composite: Enhancing the CO2 Adsorption Properties of HKUST-1.

Synthesis of a new HKUST-1 composite based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was successfully achieved (SWCNT@HKUST-1). SWCNTs were used as templates to grow rod-like HKUST-1 crystals over the surface of the nanotubes. N2 adsorption properties showed an increment on the surface area and pore volume for the SWCNT@HKUST-1 composite. Furthermore, the CO2 capture increased, from 7.92 to 8.75 mmol g-1 at 196 K up to 100 kPa, for the SWCNT@HKUST-1 composite. This enhancement was directly associated with the increase of the surface area of the composite. Additionally, an increase in the CO2 heat of adsorption was estimated, from 30 to 39.1 kJ mol-1 for the SWCNT@HKUST-1 composite. In situ Raman experiments corroborated the favored CO2 adsorption for the composite and provided an insight into the augmented hydrophobicity of the SWCNT@HKUST-1. Ethanol adsorption isotherms corroborated an increase in the hydrophobicity of the material upon the incorporation of carbon nanotubes.

Synthesis and characterization of di-phenyl-tin(IV)-salicyliden-ortho-aminophenols: analysis of in vitro antitumor/antioxidant activities and molecular structures.

The one pot reactions carried among salicylaldehyde 1, ortho-aminophenols 2a-2g, and di-phenyl-tin(IV) oxide 3 led to seven di-phenyl-tin(IV) compounds 4a-4g in good yields (97-83%). All compounds were analyzed by IR, 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analyses; furthermore, in the case of compounds 4b, 4c, 4e and 4g by X-ray diffraction. Compounds 4a-4g were tested in vitro against six human tumor cell lines U251, PC-3, K-562, HCT-15, MCF-7 and SKLU-1 to assess their in vitro antitumor activity. The results suggest biological specificity towards U251, MCF-7 and SKLU-1 cells at doses below 2.5 microM, which are lower than cis-platin IC50's in the three cell lines. Since the inhibitory concentration values for the series were alike to Ph(2)SnCl(2) is feasible that only the Ph(2)Sn moiety is responsible for those activities, further experiments are under research. Besides, 4a-4g were tested for their antioxidant efficiency in rat brain homogenate showing that 4g is more active (IC50=3.01 microM) than the flavone quercetin (natural antioxidant, IC50=4.11 microM) on inhibition of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The TBARS activity (IC50) correlates with the ortho-aminophenol substitutions and a linear combination among sigma Hammett, one bond tin coupling constants and tin chemical shifts against the measured IC(50-TBARS) was found. This correlation gave basis that the implied molecular variables can become trackers for the calculation of TBARS inhibitory concentrations in similar systems. Moreover, there seemed to be an inverse structure-response behavior among activities, since the 4g derivative is the less active compound for cytotoxic assays meanwhile it is the best in antioxidant tests.

A Computational Approach to Studying Protein Folding Problems Considering the Crucial Role of the Intracellular Environment.

Intracellular protein folding (PF) is performed in a highly inhomogeneous, crowded, and correlated environment. Due to this inherent complexity, the study and understanding of PF phenomena is a fundamental issue in the field of computational systems biology. In particular, it is important to use a modeled medium that accurately reflects PF in natural systems. In the current study, we present a simulation wherein PF is carried out within an inhomogeneous modeled medium. Simulation resources included a two-dimensional hydrophobic-polar (HP) model, evolutionary algorithms, and the dual site-bond model. The dual site-bond model was used to develop an environment where HP beads could be folded. Our modeled medium included correlation lengths and fractal-like behavior, which were selected according to HP sequence lengths to induce folding in a crowded environment. Analysis of three benchmark HP sequences showed that the modeled inhomogeneous space played an important role in deeper energy folding and obtained better performance and convergence compared with homogeneous environments. Our computational approach also demonstrated that our correlated network provided a better space for PF. Thus, our approach represents a major advancement in PF simulations, not only for folding but also for understanding functional chemical structure and physicochemical properties of proteins in crowded molecular systems, which normally occur in nature.

Corrosion inhibitors: design, performance, and computer simulations.

The development of a methodology to predict the performance of a corrosion inhibitor (CI) using specific types of modeled and experimental surfaces and their subsequent estimation is presented. For previously reported imidazoline CIs, the theoretical partition coefficients and molecular volumes were calculated, providing a guide for molecular engineering of new imidazolines. The new CIs, N-[2-(2-alkyl-4,5-dihydroimidazol-1-yl)ethyl]alkylamides and N-[2-(2-alkyloylaminoethylamino)ethyl]alkylamides, were designed, prepared, and their theoretical partition coefficients and molecular volumes calculated. These indexes were correlated between tested and prototype CIs to select the best ones for the corrosion inhibition tests. The inhibition efficiencies were measured through potentiodynamic polarization curves (PPC), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and weight loss measurements (WLM) for SAE-1010 and SAE-1018 steels. The leading molecules were 1-(2-decylaminoethyl)-2-decylimidazoline and 1-(2-dodecylaminoethyl)-2-dodecylimidazoline with WLM efficiencies (steel 1010), of 62.8 and 78.9%, respectively. The efficiencies for the PPC/LPR tests (steel 1018) were 97 and 94%. To understand the mechanism of action of CIs, a simple model is suggested for the growth of self-assembled monolayers of CIs on a crystalline substrate. This model takes into account the amphiphilic nature of the inhibitor molecule on the adsorption process. Despite the simplicity of the model, the Monte Carlo simulations reproduce qualitatively many of the experimentally observed features involved in the formation of monolayers and provide a tentative explanation for the mechanism of corrosion inhibition.

Structural relationship between a host included chain of spirocyclic water hexamers and bulk water--the role of water clusters in self assembly and crystallization processes.

Infinite chains of spirocyclic water hexamers are included in the crystal lattice of a tin complex with a curved, hydrophobic surface and only weak intermolecular bonding interactions between the host molecules, so that the enclosed water clusters might be reminiscent of the solvation sphere in solution.

Boron-nitrogen macrocycles: a new generation of calix[3]arenes.

The simple condensation reaction of 3,5-di-tert-butyl salicylaldehyde and 3-aminophenylboronic acid leads to a trimeric macrocyclic compound. The ability of this molecule to include small organic molecules was in a first approximation analyzed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.

The cis-bis(decanoate)tin phthalocyanine/DPPC film at the air/water interface.

Films made of cis-bis-decanoate-tin(IV) phthalocyanine (PcSn10) and racemic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) are studied with compression isotherms and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) at the air/water interface. Films enriched in PcSn10 present phase separation elliptical-shaped domains. These domains present optical anisotropy and molecular order. They are enriched in PcSn10, and the film outside these domains is enriched in DPPC, as shown in by high-angle annular dark-field transmission electron microscopy on Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) transferred films. Film collapse area and atomic force microscopy images of LB transferred films on mica indicate that the films are actually multilayers. A computational survey was performed to determine how the PcSn10 molecules prefer to self-assemble, in films basically made of PcSn10. The relative energetic stability for several dimeric assemblies was obtained, and a crystal model of the film was developed through packing and repeating the PcSn10 molecules, along the crystallographic directions of the unit cell. Our results contribute to understanding the strong interaction between PcSn10 and DPPC at the air/water interface, where even small quantities of DPPC (~1-2%) can modify the film in an important way.

Donor-acceptor heteroleptic open sandwiches.

A series of donor-acceptor heteroleptic open sandwiches with formula CpM-M'Pyl (M = B, Al, Ga; M' = Li, Na; Cp = cyclopentadienyl; Pyl = pentadienyl) has been designed in silico using density functional theory. The most stable complexes are those containing boron as a donor atom. A molecular orbital analysis shows that the s character of the lone pair located at the group 13 element is mainly responsible for the complex stabilization. It is also found that the surrounding medium has a similar effect on these sandwiches such as in the "classical" donor-acceptor complexes, showing a decrement in the group 13 element-alkaline metal bond lengths.

Boron macrocycles having a calix-like shape. Synthesis, characterization, X-ray analysis, and inclusion properties.

The syntheses, structure, and inclusion properties of trinuclear boron compounds having a calix-like shape are described. The compounds have been obtained via self-assembly reactions between salicylaldehyde derivatives and 3-aminophenylboronic acid, whereby the formation of three N --> B coordination bonds favored the oligomerization. The products have high melting points (>370 degrees C), are stable to moisture, and have good solubility in organic solvents; the latter property is useful for host-guest recognition experiments. The structural analysis by X-ray diffraction revealed that diverse conformations are possible because of the presence of two different units of aromatic rims. A cone-cone (double-cone) conformation is observed for three of these compounds, while the remaining one has a cone-partial cone conformation. An analysis of the molecular packing showed that the molecules are stacked in columns in two different orientations in relation to the organization of the macrocycles when referred to the N-B bonds. The inclusion properties toward primary amines and ammonium chlorides were analyzed by titration experiments and monitored by UV spectroscopy, whereby association constants on the order of 10(2)-10(3) M(-1) were determined.

Novel phthalocyaninatobis(alkylcarboxylato)silicon(IV) compounds: NMR data and X-ray structures to study the spacing provided by long hydrocarbon tails that enhance their solubility.

The reaction between trans-PcSiCl2 (1) and the potassium salts of six fatty acids (2 a-2 f) led to the trans-PcSi[OOC(CH2)nCH3]2 compounds (3 a-3 f), which were characterised by elemental analysis, IR, UV/Vis and 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. From a detailed study of the NMR spectra, the strong anisotropic currents of the Pc macrocycle were found to have an effect on up to the sixth methylenic group. As expected, the length of the hydrocarbon tail does not affect the chemical shift of the 29Si nucleus of any of the compounds, appearing at around -222.6. The structures of PcSi[OOC(CH2)nCH3]2, where n = 7, 10, 12, 13 and 20, were determined by X-ray crystallography. All the compounds were found to be triclinic with a P1 space group. In all cases the observed crystallographic pseudosymmetry is Ci and the asymmetric unit consists of half a molecule. The silicon atom is at the centre of a distorted octahedron and hence its coordination number is six. The carboxylate fragments are in a trans configuration with respect to the Pc macrocycle. The supramolecular structures are discussed in detail herein. The correlation between the 1H NMR chemical shifts and the position of the corresponding carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tail reveals that the dicarboxylate substituents exhibit a spacer-like behaviour that enhances the solubility. A detailed study of the tail variable allowed us to evaluate the loss of radial shielding along the Pc2- ligand.

Nanocap-shaped tin phthalocyanines: synthesis, characterization, and corrosion inhibition activity.

Thermal and microwave reactions between [PcSn(IV)Cl2] (1) and the potassium salts of eight fatty acids (2 a-h) led to cis-[(RCO2)2Sn(IV)Pc] compounds (3 a-h) in yields ranging from 54 to 90 %. Compounds 3 a-h were fully characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy (IR, UV/Vis, multinuclear NMR), and seven X-ray diffraction structures, whereby two different allotropes were observed in two cases. The two carboxylates in 3 have a cis anisobidentate binding mode, octacoordination of the tin atoms with square-antiprismatic geometry, and pi-electron-rich nanocap shapes. On account of the latter characteristics, 3 a-h compounds have anticorrosion properties. LPR and Tafel electrochemical methods were used to characterize the behavior of these derivatives in naturally aerated sour brine, which is a common environment in petroleum production and refinery operations. The measurement of the corrosion rate of carbon steel AISI 1018 in the presence of 3 a-h (500 ppm) gave efficiencies of 61-87 % for the inhibitor performance. Of the different derivatives examined, compounds 3 e and 3 h were the most effective corrosion inhibitor prototypes.

Synthesis, characterization, biocide and toxicological activities of di-n-butyl- and diphenyl-tin(IV)-salicyliden-beta-amino alcohol derivatives.

The one pot reaction of salicylaldehyde 1, beta-amino alcohols 2a-2c, and di-n-butyltin(IV) oxide 3a or diphenyltin(IV) oxide 3b produced five diorganotin(IV) compounds, 4a-4c, 5a, and 5c, in good yields. All compounds were characterized by IR, (1)H, (13)C, and (119)Sn NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis; furthermore, compounds 4b, 4c, 5a, and 5c were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. After the structural characterization, all of the compounds were tested in vitro against Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive, strain ATCC 6633), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative, strain DH5alpha), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative, strain BH3), Desulfovibrio longus (strain DSM 6739), and Desulfomicrobium aspheronum (strain DSM 5918) to assess their antimicrobial activity. Compounds 4 and 5 demonstrated a wide range of bactericidal activities against the tested aerobic (one Gram-positive and two Gram-negative subtypes) and anaerobic bacteria (two sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB). Compound 5 had better bactericidal performances than compound 4. For all of the compounds, the acute toxicity was measured using luminescent bacteria toxicity (LBT-Microtox) tests to track their further environmental impact. According to these results and in order to fulfill environmental regulations, the toxicity of the compounds studied herein can be modulated through the proper selection of the disubstituted tin(IV) moiety.