Electrical design of the flexible imaging diffraction diagnostic for laser experiments (FIDDLE) at the National Ignition Facility (NIF)-Requirements, design, and performance.

The Flexible Imaging Diffraction Diagnostic for Laser Experiments (FIDDLE) is a newly developed diagnostic for imaging time resolved diffraction in experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). It builds on the successes of its predecessor, the Gated Diffraction Development Diagnostic (G3D). The FIDDLE was designed to support eight Daedalus version 2 sensors (six more hCMOS sensors than any other hCMOS-based diagnostic in NIF to date) and an integrated streak camera. We will review the electrical requirements, design, and performance of the electrical subsystems that were created to support this large number of cameras in the FIDDLE. The analysis of the data that the FIDDLE is intended to collect relies heavily on the accurate and well-understood timing of each sensor. We report camera-to-camera timing jitter of less than 100 ps rms and sensor integration times of 2.2 ns FWHM in 2-2 timing mode. Additionally, diffraction experiments on the NIF produce electric fields (EMI) on the order of 1 kV/m, which have been observed to negatively impact the performance of some electrical components of the FIDDLE. We report on the results of testing hCMOS camera electronics in a similar EMI environment generated in an offline lab. We also summarize the use of a novel approach to using a vector network analyzer as an EMI leak detector to understand and reduce the negative impacts of EMI on the FIDDLE.

Time-resolved X-ray diffraction diagnostic development for the National Ignition Facility.

We present the development of an experimental platform that can collect four frames of x-ray diffraction data along a single line of sight during laser-driven, dynamic-compression experiments at the National Ignition Facility. The platform is comprised of a diagnostic imager built around ultrafast sensors with a 2-ns integration time, a custom target assembly that serves also to shield the imager, and a 10-ns duration, quasi-monochromatic x-ray source produced by laser-generated plasma. We demonstrate the performance with diffraction data for Pb ramp compressed to 150 GPa and illuminated by a Ge x-ray source that produces ∼7 × 1011, 10.25-keV photons/ns at the 400 µm diameter sample.

The impact of low-mode symmetry on inertial fusion energy output in the burning plasma state.

Indirect Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have achieved a burning plasma state with neutron yields exceeding 170 kJ, roughly 3 times the prior record and a necessary stage for igniting plasmas. The results are achieved despite multiple sources of degradations that lead to high variability in performance. Results shown here, for the first time, include an empirical correction factor for mode-2 asymmetry in the burning plasma regime in addition to previously determined corrections for radiative mix and mode-1. Analysis shows that including these three corrections alone accounts for the measured fusion performance variability in the two highest performing experimental campaigns on the NIF to within error. Here we quantify the performance sensitivity to mode-2 symmetry in the burning plasma regime and apply the results, in the form of an empirical correction to a 1D performance model. Furthermore, we find the sensitivity to mode-2 determined through a series of integrated 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations to be consistent with the experimentally determined sensitivity only when including alpha-heating.

Clorhidrorrea congénita / Congenital chloride diarrhea

Congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD) is a rare hereditary disease, with a prenatal onset, secondary to a deficit in the intestinal chloride transport. In the present study, we describe the clinical characteristics of three patients with congenital watery diarrhea, two of them females, aged between 9 and 14 months at the first visit. All patients presented perinatal antecedents of polyhydramnios and prematurity, watery stools since birth and growth failure. Metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia and hypochloremia were found. Stool ionogram with elevated doses of chloride, exceeding both sodium and potassium, confirmed the diagnosis of CCD. Substitute treatment with sodium and potassium chloride was started with good results. CCD should be considered as a differential diagnosis to congenital watery diarrhea, since early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are mandatory for the normal development of the child, avoiding severe complications such as neurological sequelae and even death.

La clorhidrorrea congénita (CHC) es una enfermedad hereditaria rara, de comienzo prenatal secundaria aun defecto en el transporte intestinal de cloro. En este trabajo describimos las características clínicas de tres pacientes con diarrea acuosa congénita, dos desexo femenino, con edades comprendidas entre 9 y 14meses al momento de la consulta. Todos presentaban antecedentes perinatales de polihidramnios y prematurez,deposiciones líquidas desde el nacimiento y mal progreso ponderal. Se comprobó alcalosis metabólica,hipokalemia e hipocloremia. El ionograma en materia fecal, con dosajes de cloro elevado que superaban la sumade sodio y potasio, permitió confirmar el diagnóstico de CHC. Se instituyó tratamiento sustitutivo con cloruro de sodio y de potasio, con evolución favorable. Es de suma importancia tener en cuenta la CHC dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de diarrea acuosa congénita, ya que el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento adecuado permiten un desarrollo normal, evitandocomplicaciones graves, como secuelas neurológicas e incluso la muerte.

Influência da radiaçäo ionizante (bomba de cobalto) em embriöes de coelha na fase de pré-implantaçäo: influência no índice mitótico e malformaçöes no pólo embrionário / Influence of ionizing radiation (CO60) in pre-implant rabbit embryos: influence on mitotic index and embryonic pole malformations

Neste estudo avaliou-se o efeito da radiaçao ionizante em 12 coelhas (65 embrioes), em três diferentes momentos da gravidez: no momento do cruzamento / ovulaçao (hora zero), dois dias após e quatro dias após, com duas diferentes doses de irradiaçao: 5 cGy e 1O cGy. Seis coelhas (36 blastocistos) foram usadas como controles. O momento do cruzamento foi considerado a hora "zero". Após seis dias (ñ 60 minutos), os embrioes de cada coelha foram obtidos por lavagem do útero com meio de cultura. Os embrioes foram fixados em metanol por 48 horas, e corados com hematoxilina ácida de Mayer. Os seguintes parâmetros foram estudados: a - índice mitótico; b - malformaçoes do pólo embrionário. Nao se encontrou malformaçoes grosseiras do pólo embrionário. O índice mitótico foi alterado tanto pelo momento quanto pela dose irradiada.