RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rabies causes an acute fatal encephalomyelitis in most mammals following infection with rhabdovirus of the genus Lyssavirus. Little is known about rabies virus infection in species of New World non-human Primates (NHP). To investigate the suitability of the owl monkey Aotus nancymaae asissue sections examined were unremarkable for inflammation or other histologic signs of rabies a viable animal model for rabies virus candidate vaccine testing, we used clinical presentation, serology, viral isolation, and PCR to evaluate the incubation period, immunity, and pathogenesis of infected animals. We tested the hypothesis that no viremic state exists for rabies virus. METHODS: Eight monkeys divided into two equal groups were inoculated intramuscularly either in the neck or footpad with 105 pfu of rabies virus (Pasteur/V-13R) and observed for >130 days. Oral and blood samples were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Two monkeys inoculated in the neck displayed classic paralytic rabies. The mean incubation period was 11.5 days. The average maximum IgG response (antibody titer >0.200 O.D.) was achieved at day 10.0 and 62.3 in the clinical rabies and non-clinical rabies cases, respectively (p = 0.0429). No difference in IgM or IgG time to seroconversion or average maximum IgM level was observed between neck versus footpad inoculation groups. No viremia or viral shedding was detected by PCR or viral isolation during the observation period, including within the two symptomatic animals three days after disease onset. Tissue sections examined were unremarkable for inflammation or other histologic signs of rabies within the asymptomatic animal. Similarly none of the brain sections exhibited immunoreactivity for rabies virus antibody. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates there is no difference in time to immune response between inoculation sites and distance to the brain; however, immune response tends to be more rapid in cases of clinically apparent disease and prolonged in cases infected at sites further from the brain. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the hypothesis that a viremic state for rabies does not exist in the New World Monkey, Aotus nancymaae, and it appears that this species may be refractory to infection. The species does provide a suitable model to assess post infection immune responses. Additional studies that address the limitations of sample size, length of observation, and lack of measurable infection should be conducted.
Asunto(s)
Aotidae/virología , Enfermedades de los Monos/virología , Virus de la Rabia , Rabia/veterinaria , Viremia/veterinaria , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Femenino , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Monos/diagnóstico , Virus de la Rabia/genética , Virus de la Rabia/inmunología , Viremia/virologíaRESUMEN
The capsule polysaccharide (CPS) of Campylobacter jejuni is one of the few identified virulence determinants of this important human pathogen. Since CPS conjugate vaccines have been so effective against other mucosal pathogens, we evaluated this approach using CPSs from two strains of C. jejuni, 81-176 (HS23 and HS36 serotype complex) and CG8486 (HS4 serotype complex). The CPSs of 81-176 and CG8486 were independently linked to the carrier protein CRM(197) by reductive amination between an aldehyde(s), strategically created at the nonreducing end of each CPS, and accessible amines of CRM(197). In both cases, the CPS:CRM(197) ratio used was 2:1 by weight. Mass spectrometry and gel electrophoresis showed that on average, each glycoconjugate preparation contained, at least in part, two to five CPSs attached to one CRM(197). When administered subcutaneously to mice, these vaccines elicited robust immune responses and significantly reduced the disease following intranasal challenge with the homologous strains of C. jejuni. The CPS(81-176)-CRM(197) vaccine also provided 100% protection against diarrhea in the New World monkey Aotus nancymaae following orogastric challenge with C. jejuni 81-176.
Asunto(s)
Cápsulas Bacterianas/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/prevención & control , Disentería/prevención & control , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/inmunología , Animales , Vacunas Bacterianas/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/inmunología , Campylobacter jejuni/inmunología , Disentería/inmunología , Disentería/microbiología , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Platirrinos , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción , Vacunas Conjugadas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To prevent transmission among the staff and potentially among the non-human primate (NHP) colony at the U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment in Peru, where an active case of mumps was discovered in a senior laboratory technician in Sep 03, 2007. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects at the research facility were interviewed and potentially susceptible contacts were tested for mumps IgG. RESULTS: In total, 81 out of 106 staff members (76%) had close contact with the case. Only 6/81 (7%) had MMR, 33 (41%) reported having had mumps, and 8 of 45 (18%) of the potentially susceptible individuals did not have immunity (IgG > 20.0). All the susceptible, exposed individuals received MMR vaccine. There were no secondary cases and access to the NHP colony was restricted. DISCUSSION: Immediate and thorough investigation and occupational health response were imperative in preventing secondary cases of mumps among humans and NHP.
Asunto(s)
Academias e Institutos , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Control de Infecciones/organización & administración , Paperas/prevención & control , Academias e Institutos/organización & administración , Adulto , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Aotidae , Estudios de Cohortes , Trazado de Contacto , Femenino , Manipulación de Alimentos , Humanos , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Control de Infecciones/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Personal de Laboratorio Clínico , Medicina Militar/organización & administración , Paperas/transmisión , Virus de la Parotiditis/inmunología , Perú , Embarazo , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Trypanoxyuris microon is a pinworm that infects New World nonhuman primates, including Aotus nancymae. Although it typically is clinically insignificant, infection may serve as a significant variable during experimental data analysis. In this study we sought to determine the most effective anthelmintic therapy for eradication of T. microon infection in A. nancymae. Animals confirmed to be infected with T. microon by perianal tape test were treated twice (on days 0 and 14) with pyrantel pamoate, ivermectin, or thiabendazole and evaluated for eggs by daily perianal tape test throughout the entire 28-d period. Successful clearance of eggs was defined as 5 consecutive negative perianal tape tests. Pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin were significantly more effective at egg clearance than were thiabendazole and no treatment. Overall, 100% of the pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin treatment groups were cleared of infection after 2 treatments, whereas only 60% of the thiabendazole group became negative for pinworm eggs. In addition, the time after treatment until clearance was 1 to 2 d for pyrantel pamoate, 2 to 4 d for thiabendazole, and 4 to 6.5 d for ivermectin. These results indicate that pyrantel pamoate was the most effective and rapidly acting anthelmintic for the treatment of adult T. microon infection, with ivermectin as a suitable alternative. However because of the potential for continued development of immature stages or reinfection, anthelmintic doses should be repeated after 1 to 2 wk, in combination with effective environmental sanitation.
Asunto(s)
Antinematodos/uso terapéutico , Aotidae/parasitología , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Oxiuriasis/veterinaria , Pamoato de Pirantel/uso terapéutico , Tiabendazol/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antinematodos/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Ivermectina/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Enfermedades de los Monos/parasitología , Oxiuriasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Pamoato de Pirantel/administración & dosificación , Tiabendazol/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Mice are routinely anesthetized with isoflurane in an induction chamber. The AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals states that distress should be minimized during euthanasia but does not address this point in regard to induction of anesthesia. Here we evaluated the potential for familiar surroundings to reduce the adrenocortical response of mice during anesthesia induction with isoflurane. However, adding bedding from the animals' home cage to the induction chamber failed to significantly reduce serum cortisol or corticosterone levels in male and female C57BL/6J mice. These results indicate that familiar surroundings do not appear sufficient to reduce the adrenocortical response of mice during anesthesia induction with isoflurane.
Asunto(s)
Anestésicos por Inhalación/farmacología , Ropa de Cama y Ropa Blanca , Corticosterona/sangre , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Isoflurano/farmacología , Anestesia , Animales , Femenino , Vivienda para Animales , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Estrés FisiológicoRESUMEN
Body temperature is a common physiologic parameter measured in both clinical and research settings, with rectal thermometry being implied as the 'gold standard.' However, rectal thermometry usually requires physical or chemical restraint, potentially causing falsely elevated readings due to animal stress. A less stressful method may eliminate this confounding variable. The current study compared 2 types of digital rectal thermometers-a calibrated digital thermometer and a common digital thermometer-with an implantable subcutaneous transponder microchip. Microchips were implanted subcutaneously between the shoulder blades of 16 ferrets (8 male, 8 female), and temperatures were measured twice from the microchip reader and once from each of the rectal thermometers. Results demonstrated the microchip temperature readings had very good to good correlation and agreement to those from both of the rectal thermometers. This study indicates that implantable temperature-sensing microchips are a reliable alternative to rectal thermometry for monitoring body temperature in ferrets.
Asunto(s)
Hurones , Prótesis e Implantes/veterinaria , Termometría/veterinaria , Animales , Temperatura Corporal , Femenino , Masculino , Termómetros , Termometría/instrumentación , Termometría/métodosRESUMEN
Bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae can invade and colonize an immunocompromised host and complicate clinical recovery. In the study reported here, an experimental model of induced pneumonia was developed in 60Co gamma-photon-irradiated mice for the purpose of evaluating efficacy of therapeutic agents. The model was characterized by use of probit analysis of bacterial dose, and microbiologic, and histopathologic results. Bacterial colony-forming-unit (CFU) values producing 50% mortality within 30 days (LD50/30) and their 95% confidence intervals were 4.0 x 10(4) [1.7 x 10(4) - 8.9 x 10(4)] for 0-Gray (Gy)-irradiated mice, 1.9 x 10(4) [7.0 x 10(3) - 4.8 x 10(4)] for 5-Gy-irradiated mice, and 1.0 x 10(3) [2.8 x 10(2) - 3.3 x 10(3)] for 7-Gy-irradiated mice. Probit regression line fits calculated by use of an iterative, weighted least-squares fit, were used to assess a dose-modifying factor (DMF). The DMFs for mortality, compared with that for the 0-Gy dose, with their 95% confidence intervals, were 2.2 [0.63 - 7.7] for the 5-Gy and 38.9 [9.6 -165.0] for 7-Gy doses. The 5-Gy probit line did not significantly differ (P = 0.21) from the 0-Gy probit line (dose ratios did not significantly differ from 1), whereas the 7-Gy probit line differed significantly from the 0-Gy probit line (P < 0.001). These results demonstrate that 7-Gy 60Co gamma-photon radiation in combination with intratracheal K. pneumoniae challenge induces a valid pulmonary infection model in immunocompromised female B6D2F1/J mice.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Infecciones por Klebsiella , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Enfermedades Pulmonares/microbiología , Irradiación Corporal Total , Animales , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Femenino , Rayos gamma , Infecciones por Klebsiella/inmunología , Enfermedades Pulmonares/inmunología , Ratones , Organismos Libres de Patógenos Específicos , Tráquea/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of nosocomially acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Previously, we established a pneumonia model using Klebsiella pneumoniae in B6D2F1/J mice sublethally irradiated with 7-Gy 60Co gamma-radiation and inoculated intratracheally. In the study reported here, we investigated survival of mice following 10 days of antimicrobial therapy with ceftriaxone, gentamicin, gatifloxacin, and a ceftriaxone-gentamicin combination given once daily. Survival was significantly prolonged in response to all therapies. However, survival of mice was 95% when treated with the ceftriaxone-gentamicin combination followed by ceftriaxone alone (75%), and gatifloxacin (80%), whereas survival for controls was 0%. In addition, resistance to any of the treatments did not develop during the study. We conclude that an immunocompromised status does not alter the Infectious Disease Society of America's primary recommendation for treating community-acquired K. pneumoniae pneumonia using a third-generation cephalosporin, with or without an aminoglycoside.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Infecciones por Klebsiella/tratamiento farmacológico , Neumonía Bacteriana/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Ceftriaxona/uso terapéutico , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapéutico , Gatifloxacina , Gentamicinas/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos , Tasa de Supervivencia , Irradiación Corporal TotalRESUMEN
A seroprevalence study for IgG antibodies against spotted fever group (SFGR) and typhus group (TGR) Rickettsia among humans and domestic pets was conducted in the city of Iquitos, located in the Amazon basin of Peru. Of 1,195 human sera analyzed, 521 (43.6%) and 123 (10.3%) were positive for SFGR and TGR antibodies, respectively. District of residence and participant age were associated with antibody positivity for both groups, whereas rodent sightings in the home were associated with TGR antibody positivity. Of the 71 canines tested, 42 (59.2%) were positive for SFGR antibodies, and two (2.8%) were positive for TGR antibodies; one active SFGR infection was detected by polymerase chain reaction. An uncharacterized SFGR species was detected in 95.9% (71/74) of Ctenocephalides felis pools collected from domestic pets. These data suggest that rickettsial transmission is widespread in Iquitos. Rickettsia species should be further explored as potential causes of acute febrile illnesses in the region.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Rickettsia/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rickettsia/microbiología , Rickettsia/clasificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Animales , Animales Domésticos , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Gatos/sangre , Gatos , Niño , Preescolar , Enfermedades de los Perros/sangre , Perros , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Masculino , Perú/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Bartonellosis, caused by Bartonella bacilliformis, is a clinically significant disease in parts of South America, where it is characterized by fever and hemolytic anemia during the often-fatal acute stage and warty skin eruptions during chronic disease. In this study, we evaluated owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae) as a potential model for studying the immunogenicity and pathology of bartonellosis. Two groups of animals (n = 3 per group) received either 9.5 x 10(7) CFU B. bacilliformis by the ID route or 1.1 x 10(6) CFU by the IV route and were followed for 140 d. Animals were evaluated by physical exam, complete blood count or hematocrit (or both); infection was confirmed by Giemsa staining of blood smears, PCR amplification, and blood culture. On days 7 and 21, Giemsa-stained blood smears from both groups contained organisms (1% to 4% of erythrocytes). All blood cultures and PCR tests were negative. Complete blood counts and chemistry panels showed no difference from baseline. Serology revealed a greater than 4-fold increase in the IgM titer (compared with baseline levels) in the 3 animals from the ID group and 1 animal from the IV group. On day 35, a dermal lesion was excised from the inguinal region of 1 monkey from each group, with a second lesion excised on day 84 from the same monkey in the IV group. However the histopathology and immunostaining of these samples were not consistent with B. bacilliformis. The present study shows that owl monkeys can be infected with B. bacilliformis, but additional dosage studies are necessary to evaluate the usefulness of this species as a disease model for human bartonellosis.
Asunto(s)
Aotidae/microbiología , Infecciones por Bartonella/inmunología , Bartonella bacilliformis , Alimentación Animal/normas , Animales , Infecciones por Bartonella/sangre , Infecciones por Bartonella/epidemiología , Infecciones por Bartonella/veterinaria , Bartonella bacilliformis/genética , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas , ADN Bacteriano/sangre , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Hematócrito , Vivienda para Animales/normas , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Enfermedades de los Monos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Monos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Monos/inmunología , Perú , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , América del Sur/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Infections of Trypanoxyuris spp. pinworms in Aotus nancymae and other New World primates are typically subclinical, but infection during experimental use could confound interpretation of experimental data. Further, Trypanoxyuris species are highly infective, and rapid diagnosis is important to prevent an outbreak in the animal colony. This study sought to determine whether a fecal flotation technique was sensitive enough to replace the perianal tape test for diagnosis of Trypanoxyuris spp., thereby reducing stress to the animal and sample collection time. On days 0 and 3, we collected fecal samples from 45 animals confirmed to be infected with Trypanoxyuris spp. by perianal tape testing. Fecal samples were evaluated by both a commercial analysis system and by sucrose flotation with centrifugation. For both detection methods, no significant difference in sensitivity was detected between tests conducted on day 0 versus day 3. The sensitivity of repeated commercial tests was 80%, significantly higher than the 60% for sucrose flotation. The commercial test was significantly more sensitive than sucrose flotation, indicating that the commercial system was a better method for detecting Trypanoxyuris spp. However, sensitivity of only 80% confers a considerable risk of false negatives, thereby potentially delaying treatment and further contributing to environmental contamination. In our opinion, neither method of fecal analysis was a suitable replacement for the perianal tape test to diagnose Trypanoxyuris spp. in owl monkeys.
Asunto(s)
Aotidae , Enterobiasis/veterinaria , Enterobius/aislamiento & purificación , Heces/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Monos/diagnóstico , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/diagnóstico , Animales , Enterobiasis/diagnóstico , Enterobiasis/parasitología , Femenino , Masculino , Enfermedades de los Monos/parasitología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/métodos , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/parasitología , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To prevent transmission among the staff and potentially among the non-human primate (NHP) colony at the U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment in Peru, where an active case of mumps was discovered in a senior laboratory technician in Sep 03, 2007. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects at the research facility were interviewed and potentially susceptible contacts were tested for mumps IgG. RESULTS: In total, 81 out of 106 staff members (76 percent) had close contact with the case. Only 6/81 (7 percent) had MMR, 33 (41 percent) reported having had mumps, and 8 of 45 (18 percent) of the potentially susceptible individuals did not have immunity (IgG > 20.0). All the susceptible, exposed individuals received MMR vaccine. There were no secondary cases and access to the NHP colony was restricted. DISCUSSION: Immediate and thorough investigation and occupational health response were imperative in preventing secondary cases of mumps among humans and NHP.
OBJETIVO: Prevenir el contagio de parotiditis al personal y potencialmente a la colonia de primates no humanos (PNH), tras detectarse un caso en el personal técnico de laboratorio en el Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades de la Marina de los EUA (NMRCD). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El personal fue entrevistado y se hizo una prueba de IgG para parotiditis a los contactos potencialmente susceptibles. RESULTADOS: En total, 81 de 106 miembros del personal tuvo contacto cercano con el caso. Sólo 6/81 (7 por ciento) tenían vacuna y 33 (41 por ciento) reportaron haber tenido parotiditis, y 8 de 45 (18 por ciento) de los susceptibles potenciales no tenían inmunidad (IgG > 20.0). Todos los susceptibles expuestos fueron vacunados y no hubo casos secundarios. Se restringió el acceso a la colonia de PNH. CONCLUSIÓN: La investigación inmediata y la respuesta de salud ocupacional fue imperativa para prevenir casos secundarios de parotiditis en el personal y los NHP.