Development and validation of a new anthropometric equation to predict fat mass percentage in a white Spanish population.

OBJECTIVE: (1) To develop a new regression equation for estimating fat mass percentage (%FM) from anthropometric measurements in a heterogeneous Caucasian population and (2) to compare it with the Durnin and Womersley equation, which is one of the most used anthropometric equations for fat mass assessment. DESIGN: Body mass, stature, and four skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, and supracrestal) were assessed by an accredited anthropometrist, according to the International Society for Advancement in Kinanthropometry. Participants completed a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) whole-body scan to determine their %FM. A new anthropometric equation to estimate %FM was developed using multiple forward regression analyses with DXA as the reference method. Tests for the accuracy of the different equations included mean differences, coefficient of determination, standard error of the estimate (SEE), concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and Bland-Altman plots. SETTING: Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and eighteen healthy Caucasian participants aged 18-65 years participated in this cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Our proposed equation explained 89.9% of the variance in the DXA-derived %FM, with a low random error (SEE = 3.00%), a very strong agreement (CCC = 0.93), no fixed or proportional bias, and a relatively low individual variability (5.84%). However, the Durnin and Womersley equations obtained a fixed bias of -3.65% when compared to DXA and a greater individual variability (6.74%). CONCLUSIONS: The proposed equation can accurately estimate %FM in a heterogeneous Caucasian population with a wide age range (18-65 years). Additionally, the Durnin and Womersley equation was inadequate when applied to our participants.

Development and validation of new bioelectrical impedance equations to accurately estimate fat mass percentage in a heterogeneous Caucasian population.

Fat mass percentage (%FM) is frequently determined by nutritionists and personal trainers with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) devices. The aims of the present study were: (1) to develop new regression equations using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference method for estimating %FM in a heterogeneous Caucasian population with a foot-to-hand device (BIA-101) and a hand-to-hand device (BIA-TELELAB) and (2) to compare the new equations with the manufacturers' equations. We hypothesized that the new equations would lead to more accurate estimations compared with DXA. A total of 218 healthy Caucasian participants aged 18 to 65 years were divided into a development group and a validation group. The accuracy of the different equations was assessed by mean differences, coefficient of determination, standard error of the estimate (SEE), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and Bland-Altman plots. The proposed equation for BIA-101 explained 90.0% of the variance in the DXA-derived %FM, with a low random error (SEE = 2.98%), excellent agreement (ICC = 0.94), no fixed bias, and relatively low individual variability (5.86%). For BIA-TELELAB, the proposed equation explained 88.0% of the variance in the DXA-derived %FM, with a low random error (SEE = 3.27%), excellent agreement (ICC = 0.93), no fixed bias, and relatively low individual variability (6.37%). The results obtained for the manufacturers' equations confirm that these equations are not a good option for %FM assessment. As hypothesized, the new regression equations for BIA-101 and BIA-TELELAB devices can accurately estimate %FM in a heterogeneous Caucasian population with a broad age range.

[Isometric muscle torque in Chilean children and adolescents evaluated by manual maintenance dynamometry: a reliability study]. / Torque muscular isométrico en niñas, niños, y adolescentes chilenos evaluado mediante dinamometría de mantención manual: un estudio de confiabilidad.

The measurement of isometric muscle torque with hand-held dynamometry is a technique little studied in the pediatric setting for the evaluation of maximal isometric muscle strength. OBJECTIVE: to determine the reliability of hand-held dynamometry to obtain the maximal isometric torque of upper and lower limb muscle groups in Chilean children and adolescents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Crosssectional study. Seventy-two participants aged between 7 and 15 years were selected from a school in Talca. Maximal isometric torque was recorded in 15 muscle groups of upper and lower limbs through hand-held dynamometry. Intra- and inter-rater evaluation was used, applying the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to determine the reliability of the tests and Bland-Altman plots to evaluate concordance. RESULTS: The results demonstrated good to excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.850.98) and intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.87-0.98). Only two groups, hip extensors and abductors, showed good inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.85 and ICC = 0.88, respectively); and one group, the ankle dorsiflexors, showed good intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.87). 100% of the tests presented at least 95.8% inter- and intra-rater agreement on the Bland-Altman plots. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of isometric muscle torque using hand-held dynamometry is a reliable procedure for use in different growth periods.

Acute Deltoid Injury in Ankle Fractures: A Biomechanical Analysis of Different Repair Constructs.

BACKGROUND: The importance of the deltoid ligament in the congruency and coupling of the tibiotalar joint is well known. The current trend is to repair it in cases of acute injuries in the context of ankle fractures; however, there is limited information on how it should be reconstructed. The objective of this study was to compare different deltoid ligament repair types in an ankle fracture cadaveric model. METHODS: Sixteen cadaveric foot-ankle-distal tibia specimens were used. All samples were prepared as a supination external rotation ankle fracture model. Axial load and cyclic axial rotations were applied on every specimen using a specifically designed frame. This test was performed without deltoid injury, with deltoid injury, and after repair. The reconstruction was performed in 4 different ways (anterior, posterior, middle, and combined). Medial clear space (MCS) was measured for each condition on simulated weightbearing (WB) and gravity stress (GS) radiographs. Reflective markers were used in tibia and talus, registering the kinematics through a motion analysis system to record the tibiotalar uncoupling. RESULTS: After deltoid damage, in all cases the MCS increased significantly on GS radiographs, but there was no increase in the MCS on WB radiographs. After repair, in all cases, the MCS was normalized. Kinematically, after deltoid damage, the tibiotalar uncoupling increased significantly. All isolated repairs achieved a similar tibiotalar uncoupling value as its baseline condition. The combined repair resulted in a significant decrease in tibiotalar uncoupling. CONCLUSION: Our results show that deltoid repair recovers the tibiotalar coupling mechanism in an ankle fracture model. Isolated deltoid repairs recovered baseline MCS and tibiotalar uncoupling values. Combined repairs may lead to overconstraint, which could lead to postoperative stiffness. Clinical studies are needed to prove these results and show clinically improved outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study helps in finding the optimum deltoid repair to use in an acute trauma setting.

Biomechanical Cadaveric Evaluation of the Role of Medial Column Instability in Hallux Valgus Deformity.

BACKGROUND: Medial column instability is a frequent finding in patients with flatfeet and hallux valgus, within others. The etiology of hallux valgus is multifactorial, and medial ray axial rotation has been mentioned as having an individual role. Our objective was to design a novel cadaveric foot model where we could re-create through progressive medial column ligament damage some components of a hallux valgus deformity. METHODS: Ten fresh-frozen lower leg specimens were used, and fluorescent markers were attached in a multisegment foot model. Constant axial load and cyclic tibial rotation (to simulate foot pronation) were applied, including pull on the flexor hallucis longus tendon (FHL). We first damaged the intercuneiform (C1-C2) ligaments, second the naviculocuneiform (NC) ligaments, and third the first tarsometatarsal ligaments, leaving the plantar ligaments unharmed. Bony axial and coronal alignment was measured after each ligament damage. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: A significant increase in pronation of multiple segments was observed after sectioning the NC ligaments. Damaging the tarsometatarsal ligament generated small supination and varus changes mainly in the medial ray. No significant change was observed in axial or frontal plane alignment after damaging the C1-C2 ligaments. The FHL pull exerted a small valgus change in segments of the first ray. DISCUSSION: In this biomechanical cadaveric model, the naviculocuneiform joint was the most important one responsible for pronation of the medial column. Bone pronation occurs along the whole medial column, not isolated to a certain joint. Flexor hallucis longus pull appears to play some role in frontal plane alignment, but not in bone rotation. This model will be of great help to further study medial column instability as one of the factors influencing medial column pronation and its relevance in pathologies like hallux valgus. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This cadaveric model suggests a possible influence of medial column instability in first metatarsal pronation. With a thorough understanding of a condition's origin, better treatment strategies can be developed.

Correlación del Ángulo de Fase con las Masas Muscular y Grasa en una Población Caucásica Sana de Amplio Rango de Edad / Correlation of Phase Angle with Muscle and Fat Mass in a Healthy Caucasian Population of a Wide Age Range

El análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA) es un método relativamente económico, rápido y no invasivo para la determinación de la composición corporal. El ángulo de fase (PhA) es un indicador de la salud celular y de la integridad de la membrana y parece estar relacionado con la capacidad física y el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de analizar las posibles relaciones entre PhA y el porcentaje de masa muscular esquelética (SMM%) y entre PhA y el porcentaje de masa grasa (FM%) en una población caucásica sana, con un amplio rango de edad. Se analizaron 210 sujetos caucásicos sanos (99 mujeres y 111 hombres), de edades comprendidas entre 20 y 70 años. Se utilizó un dispositivo BIA mano-pie (BIA-101, AKERN-Srl, Firenze, Italy) para la determinación de los parámetros bioeléctricos y un escáner DXA de cuerpo entero QDR, serie Horizon (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) para la determinación de SMM% y FM%. Se observaron correlaciones significativas positivas fuertes entre PhA y SMM%, independientemente de la franja de edad, (0,520-0,687; p < 0,01) y correlaciones significativas negativas fuertes (o moderadas/fuertes) entre PhA y FM% (0,492-0,657; p < 0,01), también independientemente de la franja de edad. Estas correlaciones indican que PhA podría utilizarse como marcador para ver la evolución de un sujeto activo, sea deportista o no. Se recomienda, por tanto, el desarrollo y la validación de nuevas ecuaciones para determinar la masa muscular y la masa grasa, que incluyan PhA como parámetro bioeléctrico.

SUMMARY: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a non-invasive, economic and fast method for body composition assessment. Phase angle (PhA) is considered an indicator of cellular health and cell membrane integrity, and it seems to be related to physical capacity and performance. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible relationships between PhA and skeletal muscle mass percentage (SMM%) and between PhA and fat mass percentage (FM%) in a healthy Caucasian population with a wide age range. 210 healthy Caucasian participants (99 women and 111 men), aged 20-70 years were analyzed. A BIA foot-to-hand body composition analyzer (BIA-101, AKERN-Srl, Firenze, Italy) was used to determine bioelectrical parameters, and a whole body DXA scanner QDR, serie Horizon (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) was used for SMM% and FM% assessment. Irrespective of age range, strong positive significant correlations were observed between PhA and SMM% (0.520-0.687; p < 0.01) and strong (or moderate/strong) negative significant correlations were observed between PhA and FM% (0.492-0.657; p < 0.01). These correlations indicate that PhA could be used as a marker to monitor the evolution of an active subject, whether an athlete or not. It would be useful to develop and validate new equations for skeletal muscle mass and fat mass assessment, which include PhA as a bioelectrical parameter.

Influence of adiposity and fatigue on the scapular muscle recruitment order.

BACKGROUND: Several authors have indicated that excess body weight can modify the electromyographic (EMG) amplitude due to the accumulation of subcutaneous fat. This accumulation of adipose tissue around the muscle would affect the metabolic capacity during functional activities. On the other hand, some authors have not observed differences in the myoelectric manifestations of fatigue between normal weight and obese people. Furthermore, these manifestations have not been investigated regarding EMG onset latency, which indicates a pattern of muscle activation between different muscles. The objective of this study was to determine whether an increase in body weight, skinfolds, and muscle fatigue modify the trapezius and serratus anterior (SA) onset latencies and to determine the scapular muscle recruitment order in fatigue and excess body weight conditions. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out in a university laboratory. The participants were randomly assigned to the no-fatigue group (17 participants) or the fatigue (17 participants) group. The body mass index, skinfold thickness (axillary, pectoral, and subscapular), and percentage of body fat were measured. In addition, the onset latency of the scapular muscles [lower trapezius (LT), middle trapezius (MT), upper trapezius (UT), and SA] was assessed by surface EMG during the performance of a voluntary arm raise task. A multiple linear regression model was adjusted and analyzed for the additive combination of the variables, percentage body fat, skinfold thickness, and fatigue. The differences in onset latency between the scapular muscles were analyzed using a three-way repeated measure analysis of variance. In all the tests, an alpha level <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: For the MT, LT, and SA onset latencies, the body mass index was associated with a delayed onset latency when it was adjusted for the additive combination of percentage of body fat, skinfold thickness, and fatigue. Of these adjustment factors, the subscapular skinfold thickness (R 2 = 0.51; ß = 10.7; p = 0.001) and fatigue (R 2 = 0.86; ß = 95.4; p = 0.001) primarily contributed to the increase in SA onset latency. A significant muscle ×body mass index ×fatigue interaction (F = 4.182; p = 0.008) was observed. In the fatigue/excess body weight condition, the UT was activated significantly earlier than the other three scapular muscles (p < 0.001) and SA activation was significantly delayed compared to LT (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Excess body weight, adjusted for skinfold thickness (axillary and subscapular) and fatigue, increases the onset latency of the MT, LT, and SA muscles and modifies the recruitment order of scapular muscles. In fact, the scapular stabilizing muscles (MT, LT, and SA) increase their onset latency in comparison to the UT muscle. These results were not observed when excess body weight was considered as an individual variable or when adjusted by the percentage body fat.

New technologies applied to ultrasound diagnosis of sports injuries.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the ultrasound images of different soft tissue lesions from two different portable sonography devices: a conventional portable sonography device (ultrasound [US]-A, Micromaxx model; Sonosite Inc., Bothell, WA, USA), and a recently marketed compact device (US-B, Logiq e; General Electric Healthcare, Wauwatosa, WI, USA). The US-B device uses the new technologies of tissue harmonic imaging, real-time compound ultrasound, panoramic view, three-dimensional imaging, and virtual convex imaging. METHODS: We compared ultrasound images of six different types of soft tissue lesions (muscle contusion, muscle strain, patellar tendinosis, calcifying patellar tendinosis, rupture of the lateral internal ligament of the knee, and deep infrapatellar synovial bursa), from six different subjects. Analysis of images was performed by the same ultrasound specialist. In accordance with the classical criteria for ultrasound studies, the following quantitative indicators and parameters of ultrasound quality were used to evaluate the images: degree of echogenicity, size of the lesion area, aspect, shape, borders, and overall visualization. RESULTS: In muscle lesions due to contusion, not only is the edematous area better visualized with the new system, but definition of hemorrhagic area borders and their content is especially increased. In lesions of the tendons, the new system affords better definition of the borders of the hypoechogenic area of tendinous degeneration and perfect visualization of the extension of the damaged area using a panoramic study. Sonographic study of ligaments with chronic lesions permits visualization of scar areas. Finally, use of the new system with a small synovial bursa shows the content of the bursa and thickness of the walls more clearly. CONCLUSION: Overall, the quantitative indicators and parameters of image quality performed in this study of common sports lesions demonstrate the improvement in visualization of damaged soft tissues with the new technologies now incorporated into portable sonography devices.

Influence of fatigue and velocity on the latency and recruitment order of scapular muscles.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of velocity and fatigue on scapular muscle activation latency and recruitment order during a voluntary arm raise task, in healthy individuals. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: University laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty three male adults per group (high-velocity and low-velocity). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Onset latency of scapular muscles [Anterior deltoid (AD), lower trapezius (LT), middle trapezius (MT), upper trapezius (UT), and serratus anterior (SA)] was assessed by surface electromyography. The participants were assigned to one of two groups: low-velocity or high-velocity. Both groups performed a voluntary arm raise task in the scapular plane under two conditions: no-fatigue and fatigue. RESULTS: The UT showed early activation (p < 0.01) in the fatigue condition when performing the arm raise task at a high velocity. At a low velocity and with no muscular fatigue, the recruitment order was MT, LT, SA, AD, and UT. However, the recruitment order changed in the high-velocity with muscular fatigue condition, since the recruitment order was UT, AD, SA, LT, and MT. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous presence of fatigue and high-velocity in an arm raise task is associated with a decrease in the UT activation latency and a modification of the recruitment order of scapular muscles.

Migración del somatotipo en jugadores de fútbol profesional en las últimas décadas / Somatotype migration in professional soccer players over the last decades

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la configuración morfológica de los jugadores de fútbol de un equipo de la primera división italiana y compararlo con las investigaciones publicadas en las últimas décadas. Un total de 23 jugadores fueron evaluados a mitad de temporada, mediante el método de campo antropométrico y tratados los valores con el software KINBIA®. Se estableció que el somatotipo de la muestra es ecto-mesomorfo (1,52 - 4,7 - 2,63) y no se hallaron diferencias significativas entre las posiciones de juego. Se realizó una representación gráfica de los somatotipos por posición de juego y la migración del somatotipo de las investigaciones de fútbol de las últimas décadas. Se concluye que el futbolista de élite actual ha reducido más el componente endomórfico y que, en el mismo equipo, existen diferencias no significativas en el somatotipo según la posición de juego que desempeñen. El territorio de influencia de estos deportistas en la somatocarta ha ido evolucionando en las dos últimas décadas desplazándose desde la mesomorfia balanceada hacia la ecto-mesomorfia.

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological configuration of soccer players of an Italian first division team and to compare it with research published in recent decades. A total of 23 players were evaluated at mid-season, using the anthropometric field method and the values were processed with the KINBIA® software. It was established that the somatotype of the sample is ecto-mesomorphic (1,52 - 4,7 - 2,63) and no significant differences were found between playing positions. A graphical representation of the somatotypes by playing position and somatotype migration from soccer researches of the last decades was made. It is concluded that the current elite soccer player has reduced the endomorphic component and there are non-significant differences in somatotype according to the playing position. The territory of influence of these athletes in the somatochart has been evolving over the last two decades, shifting from balanced mesomorphy to ecto-mesomorphy.

Cambios en la composición corporal y ángulo de fase durante la pretemporada en jugadores de fútbol profesional / Changes in body composition and phase angle during pre-season in professional soccer players

RESUMEN: El análisis y el control de la composición corporal son claves en el fútbol por su implicación en el rendimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar, en jugadores de futbol profesional, el ángulo de fase (PhA) de miembros inferiores con los posibles patrones de mejora del componente magro en los mismos medido por DEXA. Al mismo tiempo, se estudió mediante BIA la evolución de parámetros hídricos de los jugadores, sometidos a un entrenamiento intenso y a un control nutricional de su alimentación y suplementación. Se evaluaron a 18 jugadores (26,28 ± 5,1 años; 85,09 ± 9,16 kg; 185,5 ± 4,32 cm) de un equipo de la primera división de fútbol italiana. Se llevó a cabo el estudio durante cuatro semanas, entre el 11 de julio (pre-test) y el 11 de agosto de 2021 (post-test). La intervención se llevó a cabo en su totalidad en pretemporada, con un confinamiento en modalidad de aislamiento o burbuja total por prevención al contagio del COVID-19, dónde se monitorizaba en un alto porcentaje la vida del jugador, incluyendo factores como la alimentación, el entrenamiento y el descanso. La suplementación estuvo basada en antioxidantes, multivitamínicos, minerales y ácidos grasos poliinsaturados y dos productos en polvo (uno a base de creatina, glutamina y leucina, y otro, a base de aminoácidos esenciales). Los jugadores presentaron una mejora del PhA y del componente magro en los miembros inferiores, con una moderada correlación (r = 0,6). Con respecto al agua intracelular y extracelular, señalar que, a pesar de la alta intensidad del ejercicio durante cuatro semanas, éstas se han mantenido constantes sin presentar variaciones significativas durante el periodo de estudio, lo que indica que no se ha producido un proceso de deshidratación del jugador.

SUMMARY: The analysis and control of body composition is essential in soccer due to its implication in performance. The aim of this study was to identify, in professional soccer players, the phase angle (PhA) of the lower limbs with possible patterns of improvement of the lean component measured by DEXA. At the same time, the evolution of hydric parameters of the players, subjected to intense training and nutritional control of their diet and supplementation, was studied by means of BIA. Eighteen players (26.28 ± 5.1 years; 85.09 ± 9.16 kg; 185.5 ± 4.32 cm) from an Italian first division football team were evaluated. The study was conducted for four weeks, between 11th July (pre- test) and 11th August of 2021 (post-test). The intervention was carried out entirely in pre-season, with confinement in isolation or total bubble mode for prevention of COVID-19 infection, where a high percentage of the player's life was monitored, including factors such as diet, training and rest. Supplementation was based on antioxidants, multivitamins, minerals and polyunsaturated fatty acids and two powdered products (one based on creatine, glutamine and leucine, and the other one, on essential amino acids). The players showed an improvement in PhA and in the lean component in the lower limbs, with a moderate correlation (r = 0.6). With regard to intracellular and extracellular water, it should be noted that, despite the high intensity of exercise during four weeks, these have remained constant without significant variations during the study period, indicating that there has not been a process of dehydration of the player.

Efecto del ejercicio en la memoria de adultos mayores con sobrepeso u obesidad: Revisión sistemática / Effect of exercise on the memory of overweight or obese older adults: Systematic review

RESUMEN La obesidad y el sobrepeso en adultos mayores se asocia con un mayor riesgo de enfermedades cognitivas, lo que contribuye a la disminución del rendimiento funcional. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar el efecto del ejercicio en la memoria de adultos mayores con obesidad o sobrepeso. La metodología utiliza las palabras MESH: Población = envejecido, sobrepeso, obesidad; Intervención = ejercicio; Comparación = grupo control; Resultado = memoria; Diseño: ensayo clínico aleatorio. Buscando hasta diciembre de 2021 en: PUBMED, SCIELO, BVSALUD, LILACS, TRIP DATABASE Y MEDLINE. Se identifican 6.832 artículos. Se analizan cinco estudios, con 214 participantes. El índice de masa corporal medio es 28,6 ± 1,1 kg/m2 y el Mini mental medio inicial es 23,6 ± 2,1 puntos. La intervención con ejercicio es de doce a veintiséis semanas. En el modelo de efectos aleatorios el ejercicio mejora el Mini mental medio en MD = 2,6 puntos (1,7 a 3,4) p < 0,01. Heterogeneidad (87,7 %). El ejercicio mejora la función cognitiva (memoria) en adultos mayores con sobrepeso u obesidad.

ABSTRACT Obesity and overweight in older adults are associated with an increased risk of cognitive diseases, contributing to decreased functional performance. The objective of this review is to analyze the effect of exercise on memory in older adults with obesity or overweight. The methodology uses the words MESH: Population = aged, overweight, obesity; Intervention = exercise; Comparison = control groups; Result = Memory; Design: randomized controlled trial. Searching until December 2021 in PUBMED, SCIELO, BVSALUD, LILACS, TRIP DATABASE, and MEDLINE. Six thousand eight hundred thirty-two items are identified. We analyzed five studies with 214 participants. The mean body mass index is 28.6 ± 1.1 kg/m2, and the initial average Mini mental is 23.6 ± 2.1 points. The intervention with exercise is from twelve to twenty-six weeks. In the random-effects model, exercise improves the mean Mini Mental by MD = 2.6 points (1.7 to 3.4) p < 0.01. Heterogeneity (87.7 %). Exercise improves cognitive function (memory) in older adults who are overweight or obese.

[Equations for the evaluation of body composition in children and adolescents]. / Ecuaciones para la evaluación de la composición corporal en niños y adolescentes.

Body mass index (BMI) is widely used in the world, despite caveats concerning its interpretation in relation to gender, age, and race. BMI reading is normally standardized, potentially producing error in the results and classification of nutritional status. Body composition provides more relevant information than BMI: fat mass and lean mass are the main indices. This paper reviews existing equations and proposes the simplest ones and those with the lowest estimation error to replace or complement BMI and improve interpretation of nutritional status and physical activity.

Valoración del impacto del confinamiento por SARS-CoV-2 sobre la composición corporal de una población de futbolistas de élite / Assessment of the impact of confinement by SARS-CoV-2 on the body composition of elite soccer players

RESUMEN: El confinamiento por pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 ha agravado la condición física y nutricional de los deportistas de élite, modificando la rutina de los entrenamientos. La bioimpedancia (BIA) estudia la composición corporal y es utilizada para valorar la evolución de las intervenciones médicas, deportivas y nutricionales. El objetivo del estudio fue observar si una intervención nutricional y una prescripción de actividad física específicas pudieron atenuar los cambios hídricos, de composición corporal, y ángulo de fase (PhA) tras el confinamiento por la pandemia SARS-CoV-2 en una población de futbolistas de élite. En un grupo de 22 futbolistas profesionales (Serie A, Calcio, Italia) se evaluó la BIA antes (febrero 2020) y después (mayo 2020) del confinamiento por la pandemia SARS-CoV-2. Durante el periodo de confinamiento se aplicó una intervención nutricional y prescripción de actividad física específicas. Las medidas de los participantes se realizaron de forma protocolizada, usando material antropométrico y un impedanciómetro multifrecuencia, octopolar y segmental de la marca Tanita modelo MC-780MA. Se aplicó la prueba t de Student para muestras relacionadas. No se observaron diferencias significativas antes y después del periodo de intervención, en el grado de hidratación y composición corporal (masa muscular y masa grasa). Por el contrario, se evidenció un cambio significativo en el PhA. Estos datos nos permiten poder tener una referencia de que intervenciones nutricionales y de actividad física pueden minimizar o disminuir el impacto de un confinamiento en la composición corporal. No obstante, este tipo intervención no fue capaz de atenuar los efectos del confinamiento sobre el PhA, considerado un indicador de la salud celular. Así mismo, aportamos una gráfica vectorial de referencia, mediante SpecificBIVA, de esta población.

SUMMARY: The confinement due to a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has aggravated the physical and nutritional condition of elite athletes, modifying their training routine. Bioimpedance (BIA) studies body composition and is used to assess the evolution of medical, sports and nutritional interventions. The objective of the study was to observe if a specific nutritional intervention and prescription of physical activity could attenuate the changes in water, body composition, and phase angle (PhA) after confinement due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a population of professional soccer players. In a group of (22 professional soccer players (Serie A, Calcio, Italy) the BIA was evaluated before (February 2020) and after (May 2020) the confinement due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. During the confinement period, a specific nutritional intervention and prescription of physical activity was applied. The measurements of the participants were carried out in a standardized way, using anthropometric material and a multifrequency, octopolar and segmental impedance measurer of the "Tanita" brand model MC-780MA. Student's T test was applied for related samples. No significant differences were observed before and after the intervention period, in the degree of hydration and body composition (muscle mass and fat mass). On the contrary, a significant change in PhA was evidenced. These data allow us to hav a reference for nutritional and physical activity interventions that can minimize or reduce the impact of confinement on body composition. However, this type of intervention was not able to attenuate the effects of confinement on PhA, considered an indicator of cellular health. Likewise, we provide a reference vector graph, using Specific BIVA, of this population.

Acondicionamiento físico para mejorar el estado nutricional de escolares: Revisión / Fitness to improve the nutritional status of schoolchildren: A Review

Según el Índice de Masa Corporal, el sobrepeso y la obesidad en adolescentes ha aumentado. Revisión de ensayos clínicos para determinar el efecto en el índice de masa corporal de los adolescentes con doce semanas de ejercicio en comparación con un grupo de control. Las fuentes de datos PUBMED, WOS, SCOPUS, BEIC, JSTOR y SCIELO. Criterios de inclusión: 1. Población adolescente; 2. Resultados del índice de masa corporal; 3. Ensayos clínicos; 4. grupos con ejercicio y control; 5. español, inglés y portugués; 6. Publicaciones hasta febrero de 2021; Palabras clave: Adolescentes, Índice de Masa Corporal, Ejercicio y Ensayo Clínico. Extracción de datos: efecto en el índice de masa corporal y su desviación estándar. 8 estudios (N: 761). El ejercicio redujo significativamente el índice de masa corporal de los adolescentes - 0,57 Kg/m² (-0,7 a -0,5) p < 0,01. Heterogeneidad estadística (I²: 89%). 12 semanas de ejercicio son eficaces para disminuir el índice de masa corporal en adolescentes.

According to the Body Mass Index, overweight and obesity in adolescents has increased. Review of clinical trials to determine the effect on adolescents' Body mass index with twelve weeks of exercise compared to a control group. PUBMED, WOS, SCOPUS, BEIC, JSTOR, and SCIELO data sources. Inclusion criteria: 1. Adolescent population; 2. Body mass index results; 3. Clinical trials; 4. groups with exercise and control; 5. Spanish, English, and Portuguese language; 6. Publications up to February 2021; Keywords: Adolescents, Body Mass Index, Exercise and Clinical Trial. Data extraction: effect on the Body mass index and its standard deviation. 8 studies (N: 761). Exercise significantly reduced the Body mass index of adolescents - 0.57 Kg/m² (-0.7 to -0.5) p < 0.01. Statistical heterogeneity (I²: 89%). 12 weeks of exercise are effective at decreasing Body mass index in adolescents.

NUTRITIONAL INTAKE AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN ELITE MEXICAN TEENAGERS SOCCER PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT AGES.

INTRODUCTION: nutritional intake and status of soccer players has attracted not much research attention. Many soccer players follow an inadequate nutritional intake and have a poor nutritional status. This is relevant in youngsters soccer players, in order to improve performance and promote healthy dietary practices. AIMS: analyze anthropometric characterizes, evaluate nutritional intake and status, dietary habits and pre- and post-exercise meals in elite teenagers soccer players. METHODS: seventy-two young male soccer players (15-20 years) from four junior teams of a soccer Club from the Mexican National Soccer League were measured for height, seat height, weight, 6 skinfolds, 6 diameters and 7 circumferences, height-for-age and BMI-for-age values. Skin, adipose, muscle, bone and residual tissue masses were calculated with the Ross and Kerr equation. Resting energy expenditure and intake was also measured. Daily dietary intake was self-recorded for 4 consecutive days (excluding the match day) using a digital food-weighing scale and a food record questionnaire. Dietary analysis was performed using the NutriBase 7 Clinical software. Several biochemical values were determined. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc testing was performed using t-tests with a Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: all soccer players were within the normal range values for anthropometric parameters studies, when compared with other adolescent elite soccer teams. Values of plasma glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, lipid profile and total proteins were within normal range for young adult population, although albumin levels were high. Moreover, 14% and 20% of soccer players presented hyperuricemia and elevated total cholesterol levels respectively. Energy expenditure and intake were within normal range for all teenager elite soccer players. However, two teams shower significant lower intakes than demands. All macronutrient intakes were within recommendations, except protein that was higher. Micronutrient intake exceeded the recommendations for general population. Soccer players had pre- and post-exercise meals with an appropriate range of carbohydrates. Food intake was mainly based on cereals, derivatives and potatoes; meat, poultry, fish, shellfish and eggs and biscuits and confectionery and poor in fruit, vegetables and milk and dairy products. CONCLUSIONS: the population of soccer players did not have optimal nutritional habits. However, their nutritional intake and status was better than in other published studies. The main problems of these teams were that they had a high protein diet and that in some teams the nutritional intake was not enough to cover the demands. Finally, nutritional intake was found to be of poor quality. Thus, we recommend nutritional education for soccer players of these teams.

Introducción: la ingesta nutricional y el estado nutricional de los futbolistas no han suscitado mucha atención. La mayoría de los futbolistas siguen una dieta inadecuada y tienen una condición nutricional pobre. Esto adquiere mayor importancia cuando se trata de jugadores jóvenes, ya que se podrían mejorar su juego y sus hábitos nutricionales. Objetivos: analizar las características antropométricas, la ingesta y el estado nutricional, los hábitos dietéticos y la alimentación antes y después del ejercicio en equipos de élite de futbolistas adolescentes. Métodos: se estudiaron a 72 jugadores masculinos de 15-20 años, pertenecientes a cuatro equipos junior de un club mejicano de la Liga de Fútbol Nacional. A los jugadores se les midió el peso, la altura, la altura sentado, seis pliegues cutáneos, seis diámetros, siete circunferencias, los valores estatura para la edad e IMC para la edad. La masa de piel, tejido adiposo, músculo, hueso y masa residual se calcularon con la ecuación de Ross y Kerr. Se midió el gasto energético y la ingesta energética diaria. Se recogió la ingesta diaria durante cuatro días (excluyendo el día del partido) y se empleó una báscula digital y un cuestionario dietético. El análisis dietético se realizó con el programa NutriBase 7 Clinical. Se midieron varios parámetros bioquímicos. Se empleó el test ANOVA y los test post hoc usados fueron el de la t´Student y el de Bonferroni. Resultados: los parámetros antropométricos de todos los futbolistas estudiados se encontraban dentro de los valores normales para futbolistas de élite adolescentes. Los valores plasmáticos de glucosa, urea, creatinina, ácido úrico, perfil lipídico y proteínas totales estaban dentro de los valores normales de la población adolescente. Sin embargo, la albúmina se encontraba elevada y el 14 y el 20% de los futbolistas presentaban niveles altos de ácido úrico y colesterol. La ingesta energética y el gasto energético eran los habituales en los futbolistas de élite adolescentes, aunque dos equipos tenían una ingesta energética inferior a sus necesidades. El consumo de micronutrientes era superior a las recomendaciones para la población normal. Los futbolistas ingerían comidas pre y post-ejercicio, con unas cantidades adecuadas de carbohidratos. Su alimentación se basaba fundamentalmente en el consumo de cereales, pastas y derivados; productos cárnicos; pescados; huevos; bollería industrial y golosinas. Además era muy pobre en frutas, verduras y productos lácteos. Conclusiones: la población de futbolistas estudiados no tuvo unos hábitos nutricionales óptimos. Sin embargo, fueron mejores que los que se vieron en otros estudios publicados. Los principales problemas nutricionales observados fueron que la dieta era elevada en proteínas, que en algunos casos era insuficiente para cubrir las demandas energéticas y que era poco variada. Así pues, se recomienda una educación nutricional para esos equipos de futbolistas.

Efectos de un entrenamiento de miembro inferior con restricción parcial del flujo sanguíneo en la fuerza muscular y biomarcadores sistémicos de daño muscular e inflamación / Effects of lower limb training with partial restriction of blood flow on muscle strength and systemic biomarkers of muscle damage and inflammation

El entrenamiento de fuerza, especialmente con alta intensidad de carga, permite aumentar la fuerza y trofismo muscular, pero también se asocia a daño muscular inducido por ejercicio (DMIE). Una nueva modalidad de entrenamiento, combina una baja intensidad de carga con la restricción parcial del flujo sanguíneo (RPFS) alrededor del músculo, siendo prometedor en cuanto el desarrollo de la fuerza y trofismo muscular. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el rendimiento de fuerza máxima de los músculos cuádriceps e isquiotibiales (FM-Q y FM-I) y marcadores de daño muscular (CK) e inflamación sistémica (PCRus) entre un entrenamiento de baja intensidad de carga con RPFS, versus uno de alta y otro de baja intensidad de carga sin RPFS en jóvenes físicamente activos durante cuatro semanas de entrenamiento. Veintitrés participantes midieron la FM-Q y FM-I previo y al término de la intervención; además, antes del inicio de la primera sesión, y antes y después del término de la última sesión se midió la CK y PCRus. En los tres tipos de entrenamiento se produjeron aumentos equivalentes en la fuerza máxima, a excepción de la FM-Q del entrenamiento con baja intensidad sin RPFS. Solo en el entrenamiento con RPFS la CK y PCRus se modifican al finalizar la intervención, y aun cuando el estrés miocelular parece ser más alto que en los otros tipos de entrenamiento, no indicaría daño muscular.

Strength training, especially with high load intensity, allows increasing muscle strength and trophism, but it is also associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). A new training modality, a combination of loading with the partial restriction blood flow (PRBF) around the muscle, being promising in the development of strength and muscular trophism. The aim of the study was to compare the maximum strength (MS) performance of quadriceps and hamstrings (MS-Q and MS-I) and muscle damage biomarkers (Creatine Kinase, CK) and systemic inflammation (high sensitivity - CRP, hs-CRP) between a low intensity load training with PRBF, versus one high and another low load intensity without PRBF in physically active youngsters during four weeks of training. Twenty-three participants measured MSQ and MS-I and the intervention term. In addition, before the start of the first session, before and after the end of the last session, CK and hsCRP were measured. In the three types of training the equivalent benefits in MS are produced, an exception of the MS-Q of low intensity training without PRBF. Only in the training with PRBF, the CK and hsCPR are modified at the end of the intervention, and even though the myocellular stress seems to be higher than in the other types of training, it would not indicate muscle damage.

Rehabilitación del Atrapamiento Femoroacetabular tras Artroscopia (RAFA): revisión sistemática y propuesta de programa contextualizado / Rehabilitation after Arthroscopy for FemoroAcetabular impingement: a systematic review and proposal of a contextualised protocol / Reabilitação do aprisionamento femoroacetabular após artroscopia: revisão sistemática e proposta de um programa contextualizado

La artroscopia de cadera para el atrapamiento femoroacetabular es un procedimiento reciente. Se ha estudiado la etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento artroscópico del atrapamiento femoroacetabular, no así la rehabilitación postoperatoria. Hemos examinado los estudios de la última década sobre estructura y contenidos de los programas de rehabilitación del atrapamiento femoroacetabular tras artroscopia. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de acuerdo a la declaración PRISMA, las bases de datos seleccionadas fueron Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Dialnet y Cochrane Library Plus, evaluándose la calidad metodológica de los trabajos mediante la escala de Coleman modificada. Se analizaron los programas de los estudios incluidos, hallándose fases, contenidos y criterios comunes, mostrando escasa evidencia y heterogeneidad metodológica, que no permite estandarizar los protocolos de rehabilitación. En conclusión, con toda la información se ha diseñado un protocolo integral dirigido al paciente para ser aplicado y medir sus resultados en el contexto socioeconómico de la población española

Hip arthroscopy to manage femoroacetabular impingement is a recent procedure. Etiology, diagnosis and arthroscopy treatment of femoroacetabular impingement has been deeply studied, but postoperative rehabilitation not. We reviewed studies from the past decade regarding structure and contents of rehabilitation programs after hip arthroscopy for femoracetabular impingement. A systematic search according to PRISMA statement was conducted. "Scopus", "Web of Science", "PubMed", "Dialnet" and "Cochrane Library Plus" were the selected databases. Study methodological quality was evaluated using the modified Coleman methodology score. Protocols of included studies were analysed and common phases, contents and criteria were extracted. Literature analysis shows a lack of evidence and methodological heterogeneity and this does not allow the rehabilitation protocols to be standardised. All the existing information has been integrated for the design of a contextualised comprehensive patient-centered protocol, for application and outcome measurement in the socio-economic context of Spanish population

A artroscopia do quadril para o impacto femoroacetabular é um procedimento recentemente expandido. A etiologia, o diagnóstico e o tratamento artroscópico do impacto femoroacetabular foram estudados, mas não a reabilitação pós-operatória. Nós examinamos os estudos da última década sobre a estrutura e os conteúdos dos programas de reabilitação para o impacto femoroacetabular após a artroscopia. Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada de acordo com a declaração PRISMA, os bancos de dados selecionados foram Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Dialnet e Cochrane Library Plus, avaliando a qualidade metodológica dos trabalhos utilizando a escala de Coleman modificada. Os programas dos estudos incluídos foram analisados, encontrando fases, conteúdos e critérios comuns, mostrando pouca evidência e heterogeneidade metodológica, o que não permite padronizar os protocolos de reabilitação. Em conclusão, com todas as informações, foi elaborado um protocolo integral para que o paciente seja aplicado e mensure seus resultados no contexto socioeconômico da população espanhola

Nutritional intake and nutritional status in elite Mexican teenagers soccer players of different ages / Ingesta nutricional y estado nutricional de jugadores de élite adolescentes, de fútbol mexicano, de diferentes edades

Introduction: nutritional intake and status of soccer players has attracted not much research attention. Many soccer players follow an inadequate nutritional intake and have a poor nutritional status. This is relevant in youngsters soccer players, in order to improve performance and promote healthy dietary practices. Aims: analyze anthropometric characterizes, evaluate nutritional intake and status, dietary habits and pre- and post-exercise meals in elite teenagers soccer players. Methods: seventy-two young male soccer players (15-20 years) from four junior teams of a soccer Club from the Mexican National Soccer League were measured for height, seat height, weight, 6 skinfolds, 6 diameters and 7 circumferences, height-for-age and BMI-for-age values. Skin, adipose, muscle, bone and residual tissue masses were calculated with the Ross and Kerr equation. Resting energy expenditure and intake was also measured. Daily dietary intake was self-recorded for 4 consecutive days (excluding the match day) using a digital food-weighing scale and a food record questionnaire. Dietary analysis was performed using the NutriBase 7 Clinical software. Several biochemical values were determined. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc testing was performed using t-tests with a Bonferroni correction. Results: all soccer players were within the normal range values for anthropometric parameters studies, when compared with other adolescent elite soccer teams. Values of plasma glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, lipid profile and total proteins were within normal range for young adult population, although albumin levels were high. Moreover, 14% and 20% of soccer players presented hyperuricemia and elevated total cholesterol levels respectively. Energy expenditure and intake were within normal range for all teenager elite soccer players. However, two teams shower significant lower intakes than demands. All macronutrient intakes were within recommendations, except protein that was higher. Micronutrient intake exceeded the recommendations for general population. Soccer players had pre- and post-exercise meals with an appropriate range of carbohydrates. Food intake was mainly based on cereals, derivatives and potatoes; meat, poultry, fish, shellfish and eggs and biscuits and confectionery and poor in fruit, vegetables and milk and dairy products. Conclusions: the population of soccer players did not have optimal nutritional habits. However, their nutritional intake and status was better than in other published studies. The main problems of these teams were that they had a high protein diet and that in some teams the nutritional intake was not enough to cover the demands. Finally, nutritional intake was found to be of poor quality. Thus, we recommend nutritional education for soccer players of these teams (AU)

Introducción: la ingesta nutricional y el estado nutricional de los futbolistas no han suscitado mucha atención. La mayoría de los futbolistas siguen una dieta inadecuada y tienen una condición nutricional pobre. Esto adquiere mayor importancia cuando se trata de jugadores jóvenes, ya que se podrían mejorar su juego y sus hábitos nutricionales. Objetivos: analizar las características antropométricas, la ingesta y el estado nutricional, los hábitos dietéticos y la alimentación antes y después del ejercicio en equipos de élite de futbolistas adolescentes. Métodos: se estudiaron a 72 jugadores masculinos de 15-20 años, pertenecientes a cuatro equipos junior de un club mejicano de la Liga de Fútbol Nacional. A los jugadores se les midió el peso, la altura, la altura sentado, seis pliegues cutáneos, seis diámetros, siete circunferencias, los valores estatura para la edad e IMC para la edad. La masa de piel, tejido adiposo, músculo, hueso y masa residual se calcularon con la ecuación de Ross y Kerr. Se midió el gasto energético y la ingesta energética diaria. Se recogió la ingesta diaria durante cuatro días (excluyendo el día del partido) y se empleó una báscula digital y un cuestionario dietético. El análisis dietético se realizó con el programa NutriBase 7 Clinical. Se midieron varios parámetros bioquímicos. Se empleó el test ANOVA y los test post hoc usados fueron el de la t´Student y el de Bonferroni. Resultados: los parámetros antropométricos de todos los futbolistas estudiados se encontraban dentro de los valores normales para futbolistas de élite adolescentes. Los valores plasmáticos de glucosa, urea, creatinina, ácido úrico, perfil lipídico y proteínas totales estaban dentro de los valores normales de la población adolescente. Sin embargo, la albúmina se encontraba elevada y el 14 y el 20% de los futbolistas presentaban niveles altos de ácido úrico y colesterol. La ingesta energética y el gasto energético eran los habituales en los futbolistas de élite adolescentes, aunque dos equipos tenían una ingesta energética inferior a sus necesidades. El consumo de micronutrientes era superior a las recomendaciones para la población normal. Los futbolistas ingerían comidas pre y post-ejercicio, con unas cantidades adecuadas de carbohidratos. Su alimentación se basaba fundamentalmente en el consumo de cereales, pastas y derivados; productos cárnicos; pescados; huevos; bollería industrial y golosinas. Además era muy pobre en frutas, verduras y productos lácteos. Conclusiones: la población de futbolistas estudiados no tuvo unos hábitos nutricionales óptimos. Sin embargo, fueron mejores que los que se vieron en otros estudios publicados. Los principales problemas nutricionales observados fueron que la dieta era elevada en proteínas, que en algunos casos era insuficiente para cubrir las demandas energéticas y que era poco variada. Así pues, se recomienda una educación nutricional para esos equipos de futbolistas (AU)

Centro de presión y patrones de actividad muscular durante la ejecución de una sentadilla monopodal isométrica realizada sobre una superficie esponjosa en mujeres jóvenes sanas / Center of pressure and patterns of muscular activity during the execution of an isometric single leg squat performed on a spongy surface in healthy young women / Centro de pressão e padrões de atividade muscular durante a execução de um agachamento isométrico uni podal realizado em uma superfície esponjosa por mulheres jovens saudáveis

Objetivo: Comparar la ejecución del ejercicio de sentadilla monopodal isométrica, en una superficie rígida versus una superficie esponjosa, en relación al centro de presión y los patrones de activación de la musculatura de la extremidad inferior dominante y la columna, en mujeres jóvenes sanas. Método: 12 mujeres sanas, realizaron la sentadilla monopodal isométrica en una superficie rígida (control) y una superficie esponjosa. Un posturógrafo registró el área y velocidad de desplazamiento del centro de presión. Un electromiógrafo de superficie evaluó la actividad muscular de multífido, glúteo mayor, glúteo medio, vasto medial y bíceps femoral de la pierna de apoyo. Resultados: El área y la velocidad de desplazamiento del centro de presión aumentó (p<0.05 y p<0.01 respectivamente) en superficie esponjosa. El bíceps femoral aumenta su actividad muscular en superficie esponjosa (p<0.05). Existe correlación entre la mayor actividad muscular del bíceps femoral y el área y la velocidad del centro de presión (p<0.01). Conclusión: La sentadilla monopodal isométrica realizada sobre una superficie esponjosa, produce una mayor perturbación del control postural y una mayor actividad del bíceps femoral en mujeres jóvenes sanas. El aumento de actividad de este músculo se relaciona directamente con el desplazamiento del centro de presión

Objective: To compare the performance of the isometric single leg squat exercise on a rigid surface versus a spongy surface in relation to the center of pressure and activation patterns of the muscles of the dominant lower limb and spine in healthy young women. Method: 12 healthy women performed the isometric single leg squat on a rigid surface (control) and a spongy surface. A posturograph recorded the area and velocity of displacement of the pressure center. A surface electromyograph evaluated the muscular activity of multifidus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, vastus medialis and biceps femoris of the supporting leg. Results: The area and the speed of displacement of the center of pressure increased (p <0.05 and p <0.01 respectively) in spongy surface. Femoral biceps increase its muscular activity on the spongy surface (p <0.05). There is a correlation between the greater muscular activity of the biceps femoris and the area and the velocity of the pressure center (p <0.01). Conclusion: Isometric single leg squat performed on a spongy surface, produces a greater disturbance of postural control and greater activity of the biceps femoris in healthy young women. The increased activity of this muscle is directly related to the displacement of the pressure center

Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho no agachamento isométrico uni podal em superfície rígida versus superfície esponjosa em relação ao centro de pressão e padrões de ativação dos músculos do membro inferior dominante e coluna vertebral em mulheres jovens saudáveis. Método: 12 mulheres saudáveis realizaram o agachamento isométrico uni podal em uma superfície rígida (controle) e uma superfície esponjosa. Um posturógrafo registrou a área e a velocidade de deslocamento do centro de pressão. Um eletromiógrafo de superfície avaliou a atividade muscular de multifidus, glúteo máximo, glúteo médio, vasto medial e bíceps femoral da perna de apoio. Resultados: A área e a velocidade de deslocamento do centro de pressão aumentaram (p <0.05 e p <0.01, respectivamente) na superfície esponjosa. O bíceps femoral aumenta sua atividade muscular na superfície esponjosa (p <0.05). Existe uma correlação entre a maior atividade muscular do bíceps femoral e a área e a velocidade do centro de pressão (p <0.01). Conclusão: Agachamento isométrico uni podal realizado em uma superfície esponjosa, produz uma maior perturbação do controle postural e uma maior atividade do bíceps femoral em mulheres jovens saudáveis. O aumento da atividade desse músculo está diretamente relacionado ao deslocamento do centro de pressão