IκB kinase-α coordinates BRD4 and JAK/STAT signaling to subvert DNA damage-based anticancer therapy.

Activation of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex has recurrently been linked to colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and progression. However, identification of downstream effectors other than NF-κB has remained elusive. Here, analysis of IKK-dependent substrates in CRC cells after UV treatment revealed that phosphorylation of BRD4 by IKK-α is required for its chromatin-binding at target genes upon DNA damage. Moreover, IKK-α induces the NF-κB-dependent transcription of the cytokine LIF, leading to STAT3 activation, association with BRD4 and recruitment to specific target genes. IKK-α abrogation results in defective BRD4 and STAT3 functions and consequently irreparable DNA damage and apoptotic cell death upon different stimuli. Simultaneous inhibition of BRAF-dependent IKK-α activity, BRD4, and the JAK/STAT pathway enhanced the therapeutic potential of 5-fluorouracil combined with irinotecan in CRC cells and is curative in a chemotherapy-resistant xenograft model. Finally, coordinated expression of LIF and IKK-α is a poor prognosis marker for CRC patients. Our data uncover a functional link between IKK-α, BRD4, and JAK/STAT signaling with clinical relevance.

IKKα Kinase Regulates the DNA Damage Response and Drives Chemo-resistance in Cancer.

Phosphorylated IKKα(p45) is a nuclear active form of the IKKα kinase that is induced by the MAP kinases BRAF and TAK1 and promotes tumor growth independent of canonical NF-κB signaling. Insights into the sources of IKKα(p45) activation and its downstream substrates in the nucleus remain to be defined. Here, we discover that IKKα(p45) is rapidly activated by DNA damage independent of ATM-ATR, but dependent on BRAF-TAK1-p38-MAPK, and is required for robust ATM activation and efficient DNA repair. Abolishing BRAF or IKKα activity attenuates ATM, Chk1, MDC1, Kap1, and 53BP1 phosphorylation, compromises 53BP1 and RIF1 co-recruitment to sites of DNA lesions, and inhibits 53BP1-dependent fusion of dysfunctional telomeres. Furthermore, IKKα or BRAF inhibition synergistically enhances the therapeutic potential of 5-FU and irinotecan to eradicate chemotherapy-resistant metastatic human tumors in vivo. Our results implicate BRAF and IKKα kinases in the DDR and reveal a combination strategy for cancer treatment.

Platelet-associated biomarkers in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Insights from a female cohort with obesity.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of noninvasive diagnostic methods for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the severe condition of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Platelet activation, evaluated through certain related parameters, is associated with liver disease and inflammation, but previous results are inconclusive. AIM: To investigate the potential utility of platelet-related indices as noninvasive diagnostic markers for the detection and prediction of MASLD, focusing on NASH. RESULTS: We found that mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT) and platelet distribution width (PDW) were increased in the severe and morbidly obese (SMO) group compared to the normal weight (NW) group. We found decreased levels of MPV in steatosis and NASH patients. MPV and PCT values were decreased in the presence of mild liver inflammation. Platelet count (PLA) and PCT values were lower in the presence of ballooning. We obtained an area under the ROC curve of 0.84 using MPV and three other variables to predict MASLD. CONCLUSIONS: Some platelet-related indices vary depending on liver condition. Here, we reported decreased MPV in MASLD presence. Moreover, we presented for the first time a predictive model using MPV, ALT levels and the presence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome to predict MASLD in obese women. Also, MPV is closely related to early liver inflammation in NASH, and PLA and PCT are related to hepatic ballooning. These indices could be widely used for the early detection of NASH since they are usually determined in routine laboratory tests.

Inferring pointwise diffusion properties of single trajectories with deep learning.

To characterize the mechanisms governing the diffusion of particles in biological scenarios, it is essential to accurately determine their diffusive properties. To do so, we propose a machine-learning method to characterize diffusion processes with time-dependent properties at the experimental time resolution. Our approach operates at the single-trajectory level predicting the properties of interest, such as the diffusion coefficient or the anomalous diffusion exponent, at every time step of the trajectory. In this way, changes in the diffusive properties occurring along the trajectory emerge naturally in the prediction and thus allow the characterization without any prior knowledge or assumption about the system. We first benchmark the method on synthetic trajectories simulated under several conditions. We show that our approach can successfully characterize both abrupt and continuous changes in the diffusion coefficient or the anomalous diffusion exponent. Finally, we leverage the method to analyze experiments of single-molecule diffusion of two membrane proteins in living cells: the pathogen-recognition receptor DC-SIGN and the integrin α5ß1. The analysis allows us to characterize physical parameters and diffusive states with unprecedented accuracy, shedding new light on the underlying mechanisms.

Dynamic chromatin association of IκBα is regulated by acetylation and cleavage of histone H4.

IκBs exert principal functions as cytoplasmic inhibitors of NF-kB transcription factors. Additional roles for IκB homologues have been described, including chromatin association and transcriptional regulation. Phosphorylated and SUMOylated IκBα (pS-IκBα) binds to histones H2A and H4 in the stem cell and progenitor cell compartment of skin and intestine, but the mechanisms controlling its recruitment to chromatin are largely unknown. Here, we show that serine 32-36 phosphorylation of IκBα favors its binding to nucleosomes and demonstrate that p-IκBα association with H4 depends on the acetylation of specific H4 lysine residues. The N-terminal tail of H4 is removed during intestinal cell differentiation by proteolytic cleavage by trypsin or chymotrypsin at residues 17-19, which reduces p-IκBα binding. Inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in HT29 cells increases p-IκBα chromatin binding but, paradoxically, impaired goblet cell differentiation, comparable to IκBα deletion. Taken together, our results indicate that dynamic binding of IκBα to chromatin is a requirement for intestinal cell differentiation and provide a molecular basis for the understanding of the restricted nuclear distribution of p-IκBα in specific stem cell compartments.

LC/MS-Based Untargeted Metabolomics Study in Women with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Associated with Morbid Obesity.

This study investigated the importance of a metabolomic analysis in a complex disease such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) associated with obesity. Using an untargeted metabolomics technique, we studied blood metabolites in 216 morbidly obese women with liver histological diagnosis. A total of 172 patients were diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and 44 were diagnosed with normal liver (NL). Patients with NAFLD were classified into simple steatosis (n = 66) and NASH (n = 106) categories. A comparative analysis of metabolites levels between NASH and NL demonstrated significant differences in lipid metabolites and derivatives, mainly from the phospholipid group. In NASH, there were increased levels of several phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidylethanolamines, as well as isolated metabolites such as diacylglycerol 34:1, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine 20:3 and sphingomyelin 38:1. By contrast, there were decreased levels of acylcarnitines, sphingomyelins and linoleic acid. These findings may facilitate identification studies of the main pathogenic metabolic pathways related to NASH and may also have a possible applicability in a panel of metabolites to be used as biomarkers in future algorithms of the disease diagnosis and its follow-up. Further confirmatory studies in groups with different ages and sexes are necessary.

IκBα deficiency imposes a fetal phenotype to intestinal stem cells.

The intestinal epithelium is a paradigm of adult tissue in constant regeneration that is supported by intestinal stem cells (ISCs). The mechanisms regulating ISC homeostasis after injury are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that IκBα, the main regulator of NF-κB, exerts alternative nuclear functions as cytokine sensor in a subset of PRC2-regulated genes. Here, we show that nuclear IκBα is present in the ISC compartment. Mice deficient for IκBα show altered intestinal cell differentiation with persistence of a fetal-like ISC phenotype, associated with aberrant PRC2 activity at specific loci. Moreover, IκBα-deficient intestinal cells produce morphologically aberrant organoids carrying a PRC2-dependent fetal-like transcriptional signature. DSS treatment, which induces acute damage in the colonic epithelium of mice, results in a temporary loss of nuclear P-IκBα and its subsequent accumulation in early CD44-positive regenerating areas. Importantly, IκBα-deficient mice show higher resistance to damage, likely due to the persistent fetal-like ISC phenotype. These results highlight intestinal IκBα as a chromatin sensor of inflammation in the ISC compartment.

Kemp Elimination Reaction Catalyzed by Electric Fields.

The Kemp elimination reaction is the most widely used in the de novo design of new enzymes. The effect of two different kinds of electric fields in the reactions of acetate as a base with benzisoxazole and 5-nitrobenzisoxazole as substrates have been theoretically studied. The effect of the solvent reaction field has been calculated using the SMD continuum model for several solvents; we have shown that solvents inhibit both reactions, the decrease of the reaction rate being larger as far as the dielectric constant is increased. The diminution of the reaction rate is especially remarkable between aprotic organic solvents and protic solvents as water, the electrostatic term of the hydrogen bonds being the main factor for the large inhibitory effect of water. The presence of an external electric field oriented in the direction of the charge transfer (z axis) increases it and, so, the reaction rate. In the reaction of the nitro compound, if the electric field is oriented in an orthogonal direction (x axis) the charge transfer to the NO2 group is favored and there is a subsequent increase of the reaction rate. However, this increase is smaller than the one produced by the field in the z axis. It is worthwhile mentioning that one of the main effects of external electric fields of intermediate intensity is the reorientation of the reactants. Finally, the implications of our results in the de novo design of enzymes are discussed.

Catalytic Effect of Electric Fields on the Kemp Elimination Reactions with Neutral Bases.

The effect of solvent reaction fields and oriented electric fields on the Kemp elimination reaction between methylamine or imidazole and 5-nitrobenzisoxazole has been theoretically studied. The Kemp reaction is the most widely used for the design of new enzymes. Our results, using the SMD continuous model for solvents, are in quite good agreement with the experimental fact that the rate of the analogous reaction with butylamine is one order of magnitude smaller in water than in acetonitrile. In the case of external electric fields, our results show that they can increase or decrease the energy barrier depending on the magnitude and orientation of the field. A duly oriented electric field may have a notable catalytic effect on the reaction. So, external electric fields and reaction fields due to the medium can contribute to the design of new enzymes. Several factors that must be taken into account to increase the catalytic effect are discussed.

Phosphoryl-Transfer Reaction in RNA under Alkaline Conditions.

The phosphoryl-transfer reaction in RNA under alkaline conditions by exploring the influence of several solvents theoretically was studied. The calculations were carried out by using the M06-2X functional and the solvents were taken as a continuum by using the solvent model density (SMD) method. The main findings show that the O2'-P-O5' angle in the reactants, the free activation energies, and the reaction mechanism are clearly dependent on the dielectric constant of the environment, thus showing that the electrostatic term is the determining factor for this chemical system with two negative charges. Our study seems to indicate that water, the solvent with the greatest dielectric constant, would be the solvent that increases the reaction rate the most. As this outcome was not the case in enzymatic catalysis, one has to conclude that, in the case of proteins as well as for ribozymes, the enzymatic catalysis is not mainly due to the solvent reaction field, but to local electrical fields as a result of enzyme preorganization.

Revealing the Origin of the Efficiency of the De Novo Designed Kemp Eliminase HG-3.17 by Comparison with the Former Developed HG-3.

The design of new biocatalysts is a goal in biotechnology to improve the rate, selectivity and environmental impact of industrial chemical processes. In this regard, the use of computational techniques has provided valuable assistance in the design of new enzymes with remarkable catalytic activity. In this paper, hybrid QM/MM molecular dynamics simulations have allowed insights to be gained on the origin of the limited efficiency of a computationally designed enzyme for the Kemp elimination; the HG-3. Comparison of results derived from this enzyme with those of a more evolved protein containing additional point mutations, HG-3.17, rendered important information that should be taken into account in the design of new enzymes. For this Kemp eliminase reaction, higher reactivity has been demonstrated to be related to a better electrostatic preorganisation of an environment that creates a more favourable electrostatic potential for the reaction to proceed. The limitations of HG-3 can be related to a lack of flexibility, a not well-fitted active site, and a lack of protein electrostatic preorganisation, which decrease the reorganisation around the oxyanion hole.

Phosphoryl Transfer Reaction in RNA: Is the Substrate-Assisted Catalysis a Possible Mechanism in Certain Solvents?

A proton shuttle mechanism for the phosphoryl transfer reaction in RNA, in which a proton is transferred from the nucleophile to the leaving group through a nonbridged oxygen atom of the phosphate, was explored using the MO6-2X density functional method and the solvent continuum model. This reaction is the initial step of the RNA hydrolysis. We used different solvents characterized by their dielectric constant, and, for each of them, we studied the nuclear and electronic relaxation, produced by the solvent reaction field, for the stationary points. Given that RNA has a poor leaving group, the bond breaking corresponds to the rate-determining step. If the O atom is substituted by a S atom, the leaving group is now good, and the rate-determining step is now the nucleophilic attack concerted with the proton transfer. The most relevant result we found is that none of the solvents we studied has a free energy of activation that is smaller than the one in water. This suggests that the enzyme catalysis following this mechanism must be due to the permanent electric field that is created by a preorganized charge distribution but not to the solvent reaction field.

Electrostatics as a Guiding Principle in Understanding and Designing Enzymes.

Enzyme design faces challenges related to the implementation of the basic principles that govern the catalytic activity in natural enzymes. In this work, we revisit basic electrostatic concepts that have been shown to explain the origin of enzymatic efficiency like preorganization and reorganization. Using magnitudes such as the electrostatic potential and the electric field generated by the protein, we explain how these concepts work in different enzymes and how they can be used to rationalize the consequences of point mutations. We also discuss examples of protein design in which electrostatic effects have been implemented. For the near future, molecular simulations, coupled with the use of machine learning methods, can be used to implement electrostatics as a guiding principle for enzyme designs.

The reuse of genetic information in research and informed consent.

Important advances in genetics research have been made in recent years. Such advances have facilitated the availability of huge amounts of genetic information that could potentially be reused beyond the original purpose for which such information was obtained. Any such reuse must meet certain ethical criteria to ensure that the dignity, integrity, and autonomy of the individual from whom that information was obtained are protected. The aim of this paper is to reflect on these criteria through a critical analysis of the literature. To guarantee these values, ethical criteria need to be established in several respects. For instance, the question must be posed whether the information requires special attention and protection (so-called genetic exceptionalism). Another aspect to bear in mind is the most appropriate type of consent to be given by the person involved, on the one hand favouring research and the reuse of genetic information while on the other protecting the autonomy of that person. Finally, there is a need to determine what protection such reuse should have in order to avoid detrimental consequences and protect the rights of the individual. The main conclusions are that genetic information requires special care and protection (genetic exceptionalism) and that broad consent is the most practical and trustworthy type of consent for the reuse of genetic information.

Haploinsufficiency of NFKBIA reshapes the epigenome antipodal to the IDH mutation and imparts disease fate in diffuse gliomas.

Genetic alterations help predict the clinical behavior of diffuse gliomas, but some variability remains uncorrelated. Here, we demonstrate that haploinsufficient deletions of chromatin-bound tumor suppressor NFKB inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA) display distinct patterns of occurrence in relation to other genetic markers and are disproportionately present at recurrence. NFKBIA haploinsufficiency is associated with unfavorable patient outcomes, independent of genetic and clinicopathologic predictors. NFKBIA deletions reshape the DNA and histone methylome antipodal to the IDH mutation and induce a transcriptome landscape partly reminiscent of H3K27M mutant pediatric gliomas. In IDH mutant gliomas, NFKBIA deletions are common in tumors with a clinical course similar to that of IDH wild-type tumors. An externally validated nomogram model for estimating individual patient survival in IDH mutant gliomas confirms that NFKBIA deletions predict comparatively brief survival. Thus, NFKBIA haploinsufficiency aligns with distinct epigenome changes, portends a poor prognosis, and should be incorporated into models predicting the disease fate of diffuse gliomas.

Quantum-mechanical study on the mechanism of peptide bond formation in the ribosome.

Ribosomes transform the genetic information encoded within genes into proteins. In recent years, there has been much progress in the study of this complex molecular machine, but the mechanism of peptide bond formation and the origin of the catalytic power of this ancient enzymatic system are still an unsolved puzzle. A quantum-mechanical study of different possible mechanisms of peptide synthesis in the ribosome has been carried out using the M06-2X density functional. The uncatalyzed processes in solution have been treated with the SMD solvation model. Concerted and two-step mechanisms have been explored. Three main points suggested in this work deserve to be deeply analyzed. First, no zwitterionic intermediates are found when the process takes place in the ribosome. Second, the proton shuttle mechanism is suggested to be efficient only through the participation of the A2451 2'-OH and two crystallographic water molecules. Finally, the mechanisms in solution and in the ribosome are very different, and this difference may help us to understand the origin of the efficient catalytic role played by the ribosome.

Ancestral function of Inhibitors-of-kappaB regulates Caenorhabditis elegans development.

Mammalian IκB proteins (IκBs) exert their main function as negative regulators of NF-κB, a central signaling pathway controlling immunity and inflammation. An alternative chromatin role for IκBs has been shown to affect stemness and cell differentiation. However, the involvement of NF-κB in this function has not been excluded. NFKI-1 and IKB-1 are IκB homologs in Caenorhabditis elegans, which lacks NF-κB nuclear effectors. We found that nfki-1 and ikb-1 mutants display developmental defects that phenocopy mutations in Polycomb and UTX-1 histone demethylase, suggesting a role for C. elegans IκBs in chromatin regulation. Further supporting this possibility (1) we detected NFKI-1 in the nucleus of cells; (2) NFKI-1 and IKB-1 bind to histones and Polycomb proteins, (3) and associate with chromatin in vivo, and (4) mutations in nfki-1 and ikb-1 alter chromatin marks. Based on these results, we propose that ancestral IκB inhibitors modulate Polycomb activity at specific gene subsets with an impact on development.

An analysis of the different behavior of DNA and RNA through the study of the mutual relationship between stacking and hydrogen bonding.

The mutual relationship between stacking and hydrogen bonding and the possible influence of stacking in the different behavior of DNA and RNA base pairs have been studied through complete DFT optimization of different structures of A-U and A-T dimers (i.e., A-U/U-A and A-T/T-A), using some functionals developed by the group of Truhlar. The results obtained in this work clearly show that stacking and hydrogen bonding are deeply connected. The different behavior of DNA and RNA when replacing uracil by thymine can be interpreted through the formation of a stabilizing CH/pi interaction between the methyl group of thymine and the five-member ring of adenine.

Ethical Challenges of Early Identification of Advanced Chronic Patients in Need of Palliative Care: The Catalan Experience.

Palliative care must be early applied to all types of advanced chronic and life limited prognosis patients, present in all health and social services. Patients' early identification and registry allows introducing palliative care gradually concomitant with other measures. Patients undergo a systematic and integrated care process, meant to improve their life quality, which includes multidimensional assessment of their needs, recognition of their values and preferences for advance care planning purposes, treatments review, family care, and case management. Leaded by the National Department of Health, a program for the early identification of these patients has been implemented in Catalonia (Spain). Although the overall benefits expected, the program has raised some ethical issues. In order to address these challenges, diverse institutions, including bioethics and ethics committees, have elaborated a proposal for the program's advantages. This paper describes the process of evaluation, elaboration of recommendations, and actions done in Catalonia.

Novel phosphorylated TAK1 species with functional impact on NF-κB and ß-catenin signaling in human Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) represent different subtypes of lymphoproliferative disorders with no curative therapies for the advanced forms of the disease (namely mycosis fungoides and the leukemic variant, Sézary syndrome). Molecular events leading to CTCL progression are heterogeneous, however recent DNA and RNA sequencing studies highlighted the importance of NF-κB and ß-catenin pathways. We here show that the kinase TAK1, known as essential in B-cell lymphoma, is constitutively activated in CTCL cells, but tempered by the MYPT1/PP1 phosphatase complex. Blocking PP1 activity, both pharmacologically and genetically, resulted in TAK1 hyperphosphorylation at residues T344, S389, T444, and T511, which have functional impact on canonical NF-κB signaling. Inhibition of TAK1 precluded NF-κB and ß-catenin signaling and induced apoptosis of CTCL cell lines and primary Sézary syndrome cells both in vitro and in vivo. Detection of phosphorylated TAK1 at T444 and T344 is associated with the presence of lymphoma in a set of 60 primary human samples correlating with NF-κB and ß-catenin activation. These results identified TAK1 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for CTCL therapy.