The Validity of YouTube Videos on Pediatric BLS and CPR.

BACKGROUND: There are few data regarding the validity of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and basic life support (BLS) videos on YouTube in the medical literature, and those that do are only analyzing adult CPR videos. The present study aimed to determine the reliability and accuracy of pediatric CPR and BLS videos as to whether they are consistent with the 2010 CPR guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: YouTube was scanned in January 2015 using the key words "Pediatric CPR Pediatric BLS" without any filters. The raw data collected in the study included sources that uploaded the videos, the record time, the number of viewers in the study period, and inclusion of human or mannequins. Furthermore, the contents of the videos were evaluated as to whether they are consistent with the 2010 resuscitation guidelines. All videos were seen by two independent researchers (emergency physicians) and scored between 0 and 8. RESULTS: In total, 1,200 videos were evaluated regarding the exclusion criteria, which yielded 232 eligible ones. Most of the videos were found to be uploaded by individuals with unspecified credentials (34.1%). Of the videos, 15.5% have content inconsistent with the 2010 guidelines. The median score of all the videos are not high enough (5 [interquartile range (IQR), 4-7]), and only one-third of the videos have optimal quality with scores of 7 or 8. The downloaded number of videos compatible with guidelines was significantly higher relative to the videos not compatible with the guidelines (15,389 [IQR, 881-31515] versus 477 [IQR, 108-3,797); p = 0.0001). The videos downloaded more than 10,000 times had a higher score than the others (median scores of 7 and 5, respectively; p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate numbers of YouTube videos purporting to be about pediatric life support have optimal quality, and few of them are perfect. Furthermore, YouTube videos uploaded by news programs with an insufficient quality have the highest download rates.

Is there a potential role for echocardiography in adult patients with CAP?

BACKGROUND: The role of echocardiography in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has not been tested in a clinical trial. The aim of the study was to assess the cardiac changes secondary to CAP by echocardiography and to find out the correlation between echocardiographic findings and the severity of CAP. METHODS: A total of 111 unselected consecutive adult patients hospitalized with CAP were enrolled. The control group consisted of 100 consecutive sex- and age-matched patients. The severity of CAP was evaluated with the pneumonia severity index and the CURB-65 (confusion, urea, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure and age) score. Blood samples were taken and echocardiography was performed within the first 48 hours. RESULTS: White blood count, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and red blood cell distribution width were significantly higher in the CAP group compared with the control group. The 2 groups did not differ in terms of left and right ventricle ejection fraction, left atrial diameter, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter. However, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (21.1 ± 4.3 vs 22.3 ± 4.1 mm; P = .04), aortic distensibility (2.5 ± 0.9 vs 3.5 ± 0.9 cm(2):dyne:10, P < .001), and aortic strain (5.8% ± 2% vs 6.5% ± 1.9%, P = .009) were significantly reduced in CAP group than in controls. The plasma concentration of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide correlated with aortic strain, aortic distensibility, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, pneumonia severity index score, and CURB-65 score. CONCLUSIONS: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and elastic properties of aorta may play a role in the diagnosis and clinical assessment of CAP severity, which could potentially guide the development of new prognostic models.

[Fracture of the glenoid fossa without mandibular condylar dislocation or fracture: two case reports]. / Mandibüler kondil çikigi ve kirigi olmaksizin glenoid fossa kirigi: Iki olgu sunumu.

The mandibular condyle region which protects the middle cranial fossa from facial and jaw traumas has an excellent osteomuscular structure. Condylar structures reduce or limit the force of trauma. Most importantly, the condylar neck is the weakest part of the mandible and is easily fractured without dislocation. Generally, this mechanism prevents condylar penetration into the middle cranial fossa; however, there are condylar penetration into the middle cranial fossa can be rarely. Glenoid fossa fractures without mandibular condylar fracture and dislocation can be made. In this article, we present two cases to assess the isolated glenoid fossa fractures of the temporal bone.

Liver laceration related to cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is recognized as a medical procedure performed to maintain vital functions of a person whose cardiac and respiratory functions have stopped. Chest compression is the most essential component of CPR and it is performed on the lower half of the sternum. During CPR, many complications may occur because of chest compressions, especially chest injuries including sternum and rib fractures. Rarely tracheal injury, rupture of the stomach, or liver or spleen injury may also occur as complications. In this study, we present two cases of liver injury caused by resuscitation. With this article, we want to emphasize the importance of making correct chest compressions.

Chest X-rays in detecting injuries caused by blunt trauma.

BACKGROUND: The appropriate sequence of different imagings and indications of thoracic computed tomography (TCT) in evaluating chest trauma have not yet been clarified at present. The current study was undertaken to determine the value of chest X-ray (CXR) in detecting chest injuries in patients with blunt trauma. METHODS: A total of 447 patients with blunt thoracic trauma who had been admitted to the emergency department (ED) in the period of 2009-2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients met inclusion criteria (age>8 years, blunt injury to the chest, hemodynamically stable, and neurologically intact) and underwent both TCT and upright CXR in the ED. Radiological imagings were re-interpreted after they were collected from the hospital database by two skilled radiologists. RESULTS: Of the 447 patients, 309 (69.1%) were male. The mean age of the 447 patients was 39.5±19.2 (range 9 and 87 years). 158 (35.3%) patients were injured in motor vehicle accidents (MVA). CXR showed the highest sensitivity in detecting clavicle fractures [95%CI 78.3 (63.6-89)] but the lowest in pneuomediastinum [95%CI 11.8 (1.5-36.4)]. The specificity of CXR was close to 100% in detecting a wide array of entities. CONCLUSION: CXR remains to be the first choice in hemodynamically unstable patients with blunt chest trauma. Moreover, stable patients with normal CXR are candidates who should undergo TCT if significant injury has not been ruled out.

YouTube as a source of information on varicose veins.

BACKGROUND: There has been little investigation of videos related to varicose veins in Internet media. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and scientific accuracy of the videos related to varicose veins which were uploaded to the youtube.com website. METHODS: The YouTube site was searched in October 2014 using the keywords varicose vein, varicose veins, and varicosis with no filter. The contents of the reviewed videos were assigned to three groups as useful, partly useful, and not useful by using the criteria including the scientific contents of the videos, contemporariness and accuracy of the insight, and presentation of the data particularly regarding the visual features. The statistical analysis was based only on the videos rated as 'useful.' RESULTS: In total, 1519 (84.4%) of 1800 videos evaluated were excluded. Many of the sources uploading videos to the website were healthcare professionals (32.7% n = 92). Regarding the source of the upload, those from official institutions/associations were viewed statistically significantly more often than videos uploaded by all others (p = 0.001). The rated usefulness was significantly higher for videos uploaded by official institutions/associations (100%) than those uploaded by others (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Official institutions/associations should be encouraged to produce and upload videos including up-to-date and comprehensive information regarding the disease. Likewise, additional search tools would be useful to locate videos uploaded by academic figures and institutions.

Laboratory markers has many valuable parameters in the discrimination between acute appendicitis and renal colic.

BACKGROUND: Only one diagnostic parameter is not available for acute appendicitis. For the establishment of diagnosis, combination of medical history, clinical, laboratory tests, and radiological imaging modalities are used so as to decrease the rates of negative laparotomy and morbidity secondary to delay in diagnosis. Thepresent study aimed to determine haematological and inflammatory markers which will be used in the discrimination of acute appendicitis (AA) and renal colic which are the most frequent and indistinguishable causes of abdominal pain in patients applying to the emergency service. METHODS: A total of 215 patients who presented with abdominal pain and who were histopathologically diagnosed as AA, and 200 patients who presented with abdominal pain and who were diagnosed as renal colic were included into the study. Control group consisted of 61 patients without any complaints who came to the outpatient clinics of internal medicine only for blood counts. Analyzed blood samples were WBC, RDW, Hb, MCV, MPV, neutrophil, lymphocyte, NLR and PLR. All differences associated with a chance probability of.05 or less were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A statistically significant intergroup difference was seen between AA and renal colic groups as for age, WBC, Hb, MCV, neutrophil, lymphocyte, NLR and PLR. A statistically significant intergroup difference was seen between AA and control groups regarding age, WBC, Hb, RDW, MPV, neutrophil, lymphocyte, NLR and PLR. A statistically significant intergroup difference was seen between renal colic and control groups as for age, WBC, RDW, MPV, neutrophil and NLR. In ROC curve analysis, the area under AUCs for WBC, neutrophil, NLR and PLR were 0.896, 0.916, 0.888 and 0.725, respectively (p≤0.05). CONCLUSION: In the discrimination between patients with renal colic and those without any illness, WBC, RDW, MPV, neutrophil and NLR; in the differentiation between the patients with AA and healthy individuals, WBC, RDW, MPV, neutrophil, lymphocyte, NLR and PLR; and more importantly in the discrimination between patients with AA and those with renal colic who presented to emergency services with abdominal pain WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, PLR and NLR can be useful parameters.

Spontaneous Retrobulbar Haematoma.

Background. Spontaneous orbital haemorrhage is a very rare condition and vision-threatening event. It may occur due to trauma, orbital surgery/injections, orbital vascular anomalies, and a variety of systemic predisposing factors. Signs of retrobulbar hemorrhage include proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, increased intraocular pressure, loss of pupillary reflexes, and optic disc or retinal pallor. Both Computed Tomography scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging may be performed in the diagnosis. Case Report. A 31-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with a complaint of headache and blurred vision following a strong sneeze. Ophthalmological examination revealed mild Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect in left eye. Computed Tomography revealed left hyperdense retrobulbar mass and displaced optic nerve. T1 weighted hypointense, T2 weighted hyperintense and non-enhanced round shape, sharply demarcated lesion measuring 18 × 15 × 14 × mm in diameter compatible with haematoma was detected by MRI. Surgically Caldwell-Luc procedure was performed. Histological examination confirmed haematoma. Follow-up Magnetic Resonance Imaging revealed a small reduction in the size of lesion but not complete resolution. The patient's complaint was regressed. She is now free of symptoms and is still under surveillance. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of retrobulbar haematoma caused by sneeze.

Resuscitation complications encountered in forensic autopsy cases performed in Mugla province.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine complications of resuscitation seen during autopsies and evaluate the effectiveness of basic life support training. METHODS: Autopsy case reports conducted in The Forensic Branch Manager of Mugla were retrospectively examined. Demographic data of the patients with resuscitation complications such as age, gender, manner of death, and kinds and features of the complications were recorded. RESULTS: In total, seventy-fourof the 100 cases with resuscitation complications were males. The autopsies in most of these cases were performed during the summer season. Among the patients, 68% died for non-traumatic reasons. Rib fractures were detected in seventy-one patients and sternum fractures in thirty-two patients. Moreover, damage to the pericardium (2%) and lung parenchymal (4%), heart lesions (4%), and liver lacerations (2%) were detected. Regarding rib fractures, fractures were found between the first and eighth ribs on both sides, with the highest numbers occurring in the fourth rib. CONCLUSION: Resuscitation complications are important since they can be presumed to have carried out for traumatic reasons.Resuscitation complications seen in autopsy cases with non-traumatic causes can be perceived as traumatic events. They can be assumed incorrectly as trauma symptoms. These complications can be reduced with a good resuscitation training of the health personnel.

Silibinin attenuates methotrexate-induced pulmonary injury by targeting oxidative stress.

The aim of the present study was to assess the protective effect of silibinin against methotrexate (MTX)-induced pulmonary toxicity. Rats were divided into four groups (MTX, MTX + silibinin, silibinin and control. MTX was injected intraperitoneally (i.p) into female Wistar rats (10 mg/kg/day for 3 days), which resulted in significant increases in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and oxidant enzymes, including nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase. Furthermore, significant reductions were detected in the serum activity levels of the antioxidative enzymes, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, when compared with the control group. However, administration of silibinin (100 mg/kg/day for 10 days, i.p.) was shown to ameliorate the MTX-induced pulmonary toxicity, as indicated by the normalization of the oxidative stress parameters. Furthermore, silibinin treatment was demonstrated to reduce the histopathological changes associated with MTX. In conclusion, silibinin exhibited protective effects against MTX-induced pulmonary toxicity, which may be attributed to its antioxidant activity.

Evaluation of the protective effect of silibinin in rats with liver damage caused by itraconazole.

Itraconazole (ITZ) belongs to the triazole group of antifungals with potent keratinophilic and lipophilic features. Hepatotoxicity is one of its most remarkable features. Silibinin (SIL) is a plant used worldwide which is used in the treatment of many liver diseases and it is especially very well known for its hepatoprotective-cytoprotective effect. The aim of our study was to research the protective effect of SIL in ITZ-induced hepatotoxicity using biochemical and pathological tests. Liver enzymes and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured spectrophotometrically by using commercial kits. ALT and AST levels in ITZ group were significantly increased compared to the group, while the activities of GSH-Px and SOD had decreased (p < 0.05). When ITZ group was compared to ITZ + SIL group, AST, ALT, and levels of NO and MPO were significantly decreased, while the activities of GSH-Px and SOD were increased (p < 0.05). Histopathological evaluation showed that SIL significantly decreased periportal inflammation and parenchymal hepatocyte apoptosis in ITZ and ITZ + SIL groups (p < 0.05). Eventhough not statistically significant, partial improvement with the use of SIL has been detected (p > 0.05) in hepatocyte degeneration and multinuclear giant cell formation. According to the evaluation performed with comet assay method, ITZ leads to DNA damage, and the use of SIL significantly decreases DNA damage (p < 0.05). We have detected that the use of ITZ increases oxidative stress (MPO, NO), decreases antioxidant activity (SOD and GSH-Px), and leads to DNA damage and histopathological liver damage, whereas the use of SIL has a cytoprotective effect on the liver by increasing the antioxidant effect (SOD, GSH-Px) and by decreasing the oxidative stress (NO, MPO). ITZ causes the generation of ROS and leads to DNA damage and liver damage. SIL has a cytoprotective effect on the liver by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, preventing the formation of ROS.

A Case Report of Prilocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia after Liposuction Procedure.

Prilocaine-induced methemoglobinemia is a rarely seen condition. In this paper, a case is presented with methemoglobinemia developed secondary to prilocaine use in a liposuction procedure, and the importance of this rarely seen condition is emphasized. A 20-year-old female patient presented with complaints of prostration, lassitude, shivering, shortness of breath, and cyanosis. It was learned that the patient underwent nearly 1000 mg prilocaine infiltration 8 hours priorly during a liposuction procedure. At admission, her blood pressure (130/80 mmHg), pulse rate (140 bpm), body temperature (36°C), and respiratory rate (40/min) were recorded. The patient had marked acrocyanosis. The arterial blood gas methemoglobin level was measured as 40%. The patient received oxygen therapy with a mask and was administered vitamin C in normal saline (500 mg tid), N-acetylcysteine (300 mg tid), and 50 mg 10% methylene blue in the intensive care unit of the internal medicine department. Methemoglobin level dropped down to 2% after her treatment with methylene blue and she was clinically cured and discharged 2 days later. Emergency service physicians should remember to consider methemoglobinemia when making a differential diagnosis between dyspnea and cyanosis developing after prilocaine infiltration performed for liposuctions in the adult age group.

Evaluation of the protective effect of silibinin against diazinon induced hepatotoxicity and free-radical damage in rat liver.

BACKGROUND: Diazinon (0,0-Diethyl 0-(1-6-methyl-2-isoprophyl 4 pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate) (DI) is a very effective organophosphate pesticide, used widely in agriculture. Consequently, data on poisoning cases secondary to DI exposure are important. The DI may affect a variety of tissues, including liver. Silibinin is a pharmacologically active constitute of Silybum marianum, with documented antioxidant activity. OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to evaluate both histopathologically and biochemically whether silibinin is protective in DI induced liver damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty two Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups, as follows: 1) control group - oral corn oil was given; 2) DI group - rats were administered orally 335 mg/kg in the corn oil solution; 3) Silibinin group - 100 mg/kg/day silibinin was given alone orally, every 24 hours for 7 days; 4) Silibinin + DI group - DI plus silibinin was given. All rats were sacrificed at the end of experiment. Superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were investigated in serum and liver tissue. In addition, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activities were evaluated. The liver tissue was evaluated histopathologically with Hematoxilin & Eosin dye. RESULTS: Biochemically, ALT, AST, NO, MPO in serum and NO, MPO in liver tissue were found to be significantly higher in DI group, compared to control group (P < 0.001). In Group Silibinin + DI, serum AST, ALT, NO, MPO levels were significantly lower (P < 0.01), and both serum and tissue SOD activities were significantly higher, compared to DI group (P < 0.001). Diazinon induced histopathological changes in liver tissue were: severe sinusoidal dilatation, moderate disruption of the radial alignment of hepatocytes around the central vein, severe vacuolization in the hepatocyte cytoplasm, inflammation around central vein and portal region. In rats receiving both DI and silibinin, the DI induced changes accounted for less sinusoidal dilatation, vacuolization in the hepatocyte cytoplasm and the inflammation around central vein and portal region (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The DI was found to induce liver damage by oxidative stress mechanisms. Silibinin reduced the oxidative stress by inducing antioxidant mechanisms, thereby showing protective effect against DI induced liver damage. Further studies with silibinin should be performed regarding DI toxicity.

Single center experience on causes of cancer patients visiting the emergency department in southwest Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Emergency departments are visited by cancer patients for palliation of cancer-related symptoms, management of treatment-related side effects, oncologic emergencies, co-morbidities, and/or end of life care. In this study, we aimed to identify the characteristics of cancer patients admitted to an emergency medicine department in Southwest Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective descriptive study, a total of 304 emergency department admissions of 102 patients with cancer due to medical conditions were evaluated. Descriptive statistical methods, statistical analysis for correlation, Student's t-test, chi-square tests and logistic regression test were used. RESULTS: The majority of patients visiting to emergency departments were male (n=66, 65%) and over 65 years of age (53, 52%). Some 30% (n=31) had a lung cancer diagnosis, 32% (n=33) presentation with dyspnea, 53% (n=55) with metastasis, 30% (n=16) with multiple metastatic lesions in lung, and 68% (n=70) had a poor ECOG performance status (score 3 to 4). CONCLUSIONS: Emergency departments have valuable roles in managing and caring for patients with malignancies.

An ECG changed the life of a young boy: a case of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a progressive condition with the right ventricular myocardium being replaced by fibrofatty tissue. It is a hereditary disorder mostly caused by desmosome gene mutations. The prevalence of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is about 1/1000-5000. Clinical presentation is usually related to ventricular tachycardias, syncope, presyncope or ventricular fibrillation leading to cardiac arrest, mostly in young people and athletes. We report a case of a 17-year-old boy from Turkey, who was referred to our cardiology department for an ECG, required of him prior to joining a football team.

Giant concha bullosa.

Concha bullosa is the most frequently encountered anatomical variation of the lateral nasal wall characterised with pneumatisation of the middle concha. The incidence of middle concha bullosa varies between 14% and 53%. Patients may often complain of nasal congestion and may in some cases suffer episodes of recurrent acute rhinosinusitis. In this article we present a case of nasal obstruction with an unusually large concha bullosa.