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Despite the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a cause of invasive diseases in Brazil. This study provides the distribution of serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for pneumococcal isolates before and during the years of the COVID-19 pandemic in two age groups, <5 and ≥50 years. This is a national laboratory-based surveillance study that uses data from the Brazilian national laboratory for invasive S. pneumoniae from the pre-COVID-19 (January 2016 to January 2020) and COVID-19 (February 2020 to May 2022) periods. Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration. The year 2020 was marked by a 44.6% reduction in isolates received and was followed by an upward trend from 2021 onwards, which became evident in 2022. No differences were observed in serotypes distribution between the studied periods. The COVID-19 period was marked by the high prevalence of serotypes 19A, 3, and 6C in both age groups. Serotypes 19A and 6C were related to non-antimicrobial susceptibility. We observed a reduction in S. pneumoniae, without changes in serotypes distribution and epidemiological capsular switch during the COVID-19 period. We observed elevated resistance rates, mainly to penicillin and ceftriaxone for non-meningitis cases in children under 5 years of age.
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INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease is a severe parasitic illness that is prevalent in Latin America and often goes unaddressed. Early detection and treatment are critical in preventing the progression of the illness and its associated life-threatening complications. In recent years, machine learning algorithms have emerged as powerful tools for disease prediction and diagnosis. METHODS: In this study, we developed machine learning algorithms to predict the risk of Chagas disease based on five general factors: age, gender, history of living in a mud or wooden house, history of being bitten by a triatomine bug, and family history of Chagas disease. We analyzed data from the Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study (REDS) to train five popular machine learning algorithms. The sample comprised 2,006 patients, divided into 75% for training and 25% for testing algorithm performance. We evaluated the model performance using precision, recall, and AUC-ROC metrics. RESULTS: The Adaboost algorithm yielded an AUC-ROC of 0.772, a precision of 0.199, and a recall of 0.612. We simulated the decision boundary using various thresholds and observed that in this dataset a threshold of 0.45 resulted in a 100% recall. This finding suggests that employing such a threshold could potentially save 22.5% of the cost associated with mass testing of Chagas disease. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the potential of applying machine learning to improve the sensitivity and effectiveness of Chagas disease diagnosis and prevention. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of integrating socio-demographic and environmental factors into neglected disease prediction models to enhance their performance.
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Enfermedad de Chagas , Aprendizaje Automático , Población Rural , Humanos , Enfermedad de Chagas/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Chagas/diagnóstico , Brasil/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Adolescente , Algoritmos , Niño , Factores de Riesgo , Anciano , PreescolarRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chagas Disease (CD) can cause Chagas cardiomyopathy. The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) also affects the cardiovascular system and may worsen Chagas cardiomyopathy. However, the cardiac evolution of patients with CD infected by COVID-19 is not known. Thus, the objective of this study is to assess, within one year, whether there was cardiac progression after COVID-19 in CD. METHODS: Longitudinal study with CD patients. The outcome was cardiac progression, defined as the appearance of new major changes in the current ECG compared to the previous ECG considered from the comparison of electrocardiograms (ECGs) performed with an interval of one year. Positive Anti-SARS-CoV2 Serology was the independent variable of interest. For each analysis, a final multiple model was constructed, adjusted for sociodemographic, clinical, and pandemic-related characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 404 individuals included, 22.8 % had positive serology for COVID-19 and 10.9 % had cardiac progression. In the final model, positive serology for COVID-19 was the only factor associated with cardiac progression in the group as a whole (OR = 2.65; 95 % CI = 1.27-5.53) and for new-onset cardiomyopathy in the group with normal previous ECG (OR = 3.50; 95 % CI = 1.21-10.13). CONCLUSION: Our study shows an association between COVID-19 and progression of Chagas cardiomyopathy, evaluated by repeated ECGs, suggesting that COVID-19 accelerated the natural history of CD.
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RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade dos registros hospitalares (SIH) em adicionar informações úteis e complementares ao Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) no entendimento da mortalidade materna. Calcular e comparar a Razão de Mortalidade Materna (RMM) hospitalar e a RMM do SIM dos óbitos maternos ocorridos em hospitais, por faixa etária e por região, para demonstrar diferenças entre os grupos e avaliar a cobertura de óbitos maternos do SIM em relação ao SIH. Métodos: As internações obstétricas foram definidas com base em três critérios (códigos da 10a Revisão da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde — CID-10 nos diagnósticos; procedimentos; cobrança de parto). As RMM hospitalar e do SIM foram calculadas dividindo-se os óbitos maternos ocorridos nos hospitais conveniados ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) pelos nascidos vivos (Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos — SINASC) desses estabelecimentos. Resultados: Em 2019, identificamos 2.497.957 registros de internações obstétricas, 0,04% (946) com óbito hospitalar. Os três critérios localizaram 98% das internações obstétricas e 83% das internações com óbitos, revelando inconsistências entre diagnósticos e procedimentos. A comparação entre a RMM do SIH (45,5, intervalo de confiança — IC95%, 42,7-48,5) e a do SIM (49,7, IC95%, 46,7-52,8) não foi estatisticamente significante (p-valor 0,053). Conclusão: A análise do SIH foi capaz de prover informações adicionais ao monitoramento e vigilância da saúde materna no Brasil. Embora haja diferenças entre as RMM, o SIH como sistema de informação complementar ao SIM pode ser válido nos estudos sobre mortalidade e morbidade materna.
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the capability of hospital records in the Hospital Information System (SIH) to add valuable and complementary information to the Mortality Information System (SIM) in studies on maternal mortality. We calculated and compared the maternal mortality ratio from the SIH and SIM databases, by age group and region, to highlight differences between groups and assess the coverage of maternal deaths using SIH compared with SIM. Methods: Obstetric hospitalizations were defined based on three sources (codes ICD-10 in diagnoses; procedures; billing information). Hospital and SIM mortality ratios were calculated by dividing maternal deaths in hospitals affiliated to the Unified Brazilian Health System (SUS) per live births (SINASC) in the same hospitals. Results: In 2019, we identified 2,497,957 obstetric admissions, 0.04% (946) with in-hospital mortality as outcome. The presence of three criteria identified 98% of obstetric hospitalizations and 83% of obstetric hospitalizations with death as outcome. The comparison of mortality ratios between SIH (45.5 MMR; 95%CI 42.7 - 48.5) and SIM (49.7 MMR; 95%CI 46.7 - 52.8) was not statistically significant (p-value: 0.053). Conclusion: The analysis of SIH was able to provide additional information for the monitoring and surveillance of maternal health in Brazil. Although there are differences between the mortality rates, the SIH, as a complementary information system to the SIM, may be valid in studies on maternal mortality and morbidity.
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Background: Chronic conditions increase the risk of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). Pneumococcal vaccination remarkably reduced IPD morbimortality in vulnerable populations. In Brazil, pneumococcal vaccines are included in the National Immunization Program (PNI): PCV10 for < 2 years-old, and PPV23 for high risk-patients aged ≥ 2 years and institutionalized ≥ 60 years. PCV13 is available in private clinics and recommended in the PNI for individuals with certain underlying conditions. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using clinical data from all inpatients from five hospitals with IPD from 2016 to 2018 and the corresponding data on serotype and antimicrobial-non-susceptibility of pneumococcus. Vaccine-serotype-coverage was estimated. Patients were classified according to presence of comorbidities: healthy, without comorbidities; at-risk, included immunocompetent persons with specific medical conditions; high-risk, with immunocompromising conditions and others RESULTS: 406 IPD cases were evaluated. Among 324 cases with information on medical conditions, children < 5 years were mostly healthy (55.9%), while presence of comorbidity prevailed in adults ≥ 18 years old (> 82.0%). Presence of ≥1 risk condition was reported in ≥ 34.8% of adults. High-risk conditions were more frequent than at-risk in all age groups. Among high-risk comorbidity (n = 211), cancer (28%), HIV/AIDS (25.7%) and hematological diseases (24.5%) were the most frequent. Among at-risk conditions (n = 89), asthma (16.5%) and diabetes (8.1%) were the most frequent. Among 404 isolates, 42.9% belonged to five serotypes: 19A (14.1%), 3 (8.7%), 6C (7.7%), 4 and 8 (6.2% each); 19A and 6C expressed antimicrobial-non-susceptibility. The vaccine-serotype-coverage was: PCV10, 19.1%, PCV13, 43.8%; PCV15, 47.8%; PCV20, 62.9%; PCV21, 65.8%, and PPV23, 67.3%. Information on hospital outcome was available for 283 patients, of which 28.6% died. Mortality was 54.2% for those with meningitis. Conclusion: Vaccine with expanded valence of serotypes is necessary to offer broad prevention to IPD. The present data contribute to pneumococcal vaccination public health policies for vulnerable patients, mainly those with comorbidity and the elderly. Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Chronic diseases; Comorbidity; Invasive pneumococcal diseases; Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; Pneumococcal serotypes; Pneumococcal vaccine.
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Asma , Streptococcus pneumoniae , VIH , Vacunas Conjugadas , MeningitisRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Background: Chronic conditions increase the risk of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). Pneumococcal vaccination remarkably reduced IPD morbimortality in vulnerable populations. In Brazil, pneumococcal vaccines are included in the National Immunization Program (PNI): PCV10 for < 2 years-old, and PPV23 for high risk-patients aged ≥ 2 years and institutionalized ≥ 60 years. PCV13 is available in private clinics and recommended in the PNI for individuals with certain underlying conditions. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using clinical data from all inpatients from five hospitals with IPD from 2016 to 2018 and the corresponding data on serotype and antimicrobial-non-susceptibility of pneumococcus. Vaccine-serotype-coverage was estimated. Patients were classified according to presence of comorbidities: healthy, without comorbidities; at-risk, included immunocompetent persons with specific medical conditions; high-risk, with immunocompromising conditions and others Results: 406 IPD cases were evaluated. Among 324 cases with information on medical conditions, children < 5 years were mostly healthy (55.9%), while presence of comorbidity prevailed in adults ≥ 18 years old (> 82.0%). Presence of ≥1 risk condition was reported in ≥ 34.8% of adults. High-risk conditions were more frequent than at-risk in all age groups. Among high-risk comorbidity (n = 211), cancer (28%), HIV/AIDS (25.7%) and hematological diseases (24.5%) were the most frequent. Among at-risk conditions (n = 89), asthma (16.5%) and diabetes (8.1%) were the most frequent. Among 404 isolates, 42.9% belonged to five serotypes: 19A (14.1%), 3 (8.7%), 6C (7.7%), 4 and 8 (6.2% each); 19A and 6C expressed antimicrobial-non-susceptibility. The vaccine-serotype-coverage was: PCV10, 19.1%, PCV13, 43.8%; PCV15, 47.8%; PCV20, 62.9%; PCV21, 65.8%, and PPV23, 67.3%. Information on hospital outcome was available for 283 patients, of which 28.6% died. Mortality was 54.2% for those with meningitis. Conclusion: Vaccine with expanded valence of serotypes is necessary to offer broad prevention to IPD. The present data contribute to pneumococcal vaccination public health policies for vulnerable patients, mainly those with comorbidity and the elderly.
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ABSTRACT Numerous tests employed to predict cardiac and functional status are expensive and not widely accessible for a considerable number of patients, particularly those diagnosed with Chagas disease (CD) residing in remote and endemic regions. To date, there is no knowledge of studies that have validated instruments that address functionality in an expanded way, including the biopsychosocial factors in patients with CD. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0), in its 12-item shortened version (WHODAS-12) when applied to patients with CD. This is a cross-sectional study of a prospective cohort that follows individuals with CD (SaMi-Trop). Data collection took place between October 2019 and March 2020. In the interviews, sociodemographic information, life habits, clinical information, and indicators of disability measured by WHODAS-12 were collected. Descriptive analysis, internal consistency and construct validity of the instrument were performed. A total of 628 patients with CD were interviewed, most were women (69.5%), their mean age was of 57 years, and most declared an average self-perception of health (43.4%). The 12 items of WHODAS-12 were distributed into three factors, which together account for 61% of the variance. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index was 0.90, indicating adequacy of the sample for factor analysis. The internal consistency of the global scale showed alpha = 0.87. The percentage of incapacity was 16.05%, indicating mild incapacity for the evaluated patients. WHODAS-12 is a valid and reliable measure to assess the disability of the Brazilian population with CD.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Excess Mortality by all causes considers deaths directly related to COVID-19 and those attributed to conditions caused by the pandemic. When stratified by social dimensions, such as race/color, it allows for the evaluation of more vulnerable populations. The study estimated the excess mortality by natural causes, separating the white and black populations in 2020. METHODS Public civil registration data on deaths observed in 2020, corrected for under registration, were used. The expected number of deaths was estimated based on the mortality rates observed in 2019, applied to the estimated population in 2020. The difference between the values expected and observed and the proportion of excess was considered the excess mortality. RESULTS: The present study found an excess of 270,321 deaths (22.2% above the expected) in 2020. Every state of Brazil reported deaths above the corresponding expected figure. The excess was higher for men (25.2%) than for women (19.0%). Blacks showed an excess of 27.8%, as compared to whites at 17.6%. In both sexes and all age groups, excess was higher in the black population, especially in the South, Southeast, and Midwest regions. São Paulo, the largest in population number, had twice as much excess death in the black population (25.1%) than in the white population (11.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed racial disparities in excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The higher excess found for the black suggests an intrinsic relationship with the socioeconomic situation, further exposing the Brazilian reality, in which social and structural inequality is evident.
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Abstract Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate if neutralizing antibody responses induced by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 strain that was dominant at the beginning of the pandemic or by the Gamma variant was effective against the Omicron variant. Methods: Convalescent sera from 109 individuals, never exposed to a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, who had mild or moderate symptoms not requiring hospitalization following either a documented SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain infection or a Gamma variant infection, were assayed for in vitro neutralizing antibody activity against their original strains and the Omicron variant. Results: Following an infection with the ancestral strain, 56 (93.3%), 45 (77.6%) and 1 (1.7%) serum sample were positive for neutralizing antibodies against the ancestral, Gamma variant, and Omicron variant, respectively. After infection with the Gamma variant, 43 (87.8%) and 2 (4.1%) sera were positive for neutralizing antibodies against the Gamma and Omicron variants, respectively. Conclusions: Neutralizing antibodies generated following mild or moderate infection with the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain or the Gamma variant are not protective against the Omicron variant. HIGHLIGHTS Individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain do not develop neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant. Omicron variant escapes immune response after SARS CoV-2 previous infection with the SARS CoV-2 Gamma variant. Individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain or with SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant will likely have little protection if subsequently exposed to the Omicron variant.
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Resumo Este estudo investigou a subnotificação de óbitos por Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) no Brasil, utilizando o produto do pareamento entre o Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e o Sistema de Informação Hospitalar (SIH) para os anos de 2008 a 2012. A hipótese era de que houvesse óbitos registrados no SIM que deveriam ter a AIDS como causa básica da morte, mas que tinham causas mal classificadas. Muitos desses falecidos tiveram internações anteriores devido à doença. Os óbitos por AIDS subnotificados foram definidos levando-se em consideração as regras de codificação da Classificação Internacional de Doenças 10ª Revisão, com vistas a discriminar os óbitos por AIDS daqueles devido a outras causas em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS. Nesse período, 60.362 falecidos tiveram a AIDS como causa básica, e encontramos outros 2.671 (4,2%) como causas subnotificadas. Os óbitos subnotificados aumentaram a taxa média de mortalidade por AIDS no período de 6,3/100.000 para 6,6/100.000. Em conclusão, este estudo demonstrou que, através do pareamento entre o SIH e o SIM, é possível encontrar subnotificação de óbitos por AIDS no Brasil. Esses resultados servem de alerta para a necessidade de ações que promovam uma melhor certificação das causas de óbitos entre os pacientes com AIDS.
Abstract This study investigated the underreporting of deaths due to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Brazil, using the product of the linkage between the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Hospital Information System (SIH) for the years 2008 to 2012. The hypothesis was that there were deaths recorded in the SIM that should have AIDS as the underlying cause of death, but that had been poorly classified. Many of the decedents had previous hospitalizations due to the illness. Underreported AIDS deaths were defined taking into account the coding rules of the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision, in order to discriminate AIDS deaths from those due to other causes in people living with HIV / AIDS. In this period, 60,362 deceased had AIDS as the underlying cause, and we found another 2,671 (4.2%) as underreported causes. Underreported deaths increased the average AIDS mortality rate from 6.3/100,000 to 6.6/100,000. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that, through linkage in between SIH and SIM, it is possible to find underreporting of AIDS deaths in Brazil. These results serve as a warning for the need for actions that would promote a better certification of the causes of death among AIDS patients.
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Humanos , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida , Brasil/epidemiología , Certificado de Defunción , Registros de Hospitales , Causas de MuerteRESUMEN
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is a serious public health problem and one of the most common cancer worldwide. Countries around the world have shown different trends. While incidence and mortality rates for colorectal cancer are on an upward trend in developing countries, these rates have been on a downward trend in most developed countries. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of morbimortality by colorectal cancer in Brazil between 2002 and 2016. METHODS: Descriptive, time series research. Data were extracted from the national information systems for hospitalizations and deaths of the respective years. RESULTS: There were increasing trends in hospital morbidity and mortality from colorectal cancer in all regions of the country, with the very elderly individuals dying at a higher rate. Women (52.1%) were more affected than men, but death rates were higher for males aged 60 years or more. Regional disparities were evident, with almost 80% of deaths occurring in the South and Southeast, with the largest annual increase in the South and the lowest in the North. Regarding hospitalization, South and Southeast presented higher annual growths. CONCLUSION: These data add knowledge about the profile of public hospitalizations and deaths, reaffirming that colorectal cancer contributes to an important burden of disease and mortality in Brazil. These elements have implications for the review of colorectal cancer prevention and control strategies, as well as for public health investments.
RESUMO CONTEXTO: O câncer colorretal é um grave problema de saúde pública e um dos tipos mais comuns de câncer no mundo. Diferentes tendências têm sido observadas nos países ao redor do mundo. Enquanto as taxas de incidência e mortalidade por câncer colorretal apresentam tendência crescente em países em desenvolvimento, essas taxas têm se mantido em tendência decrescente nos países mais desenvolvidos. OBJETIVO: Analisar a tendência temporal de morbimortalidade por câncer colorretal no Brasil, entre 2002 e 2016. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa descritiva de série temporal. Os dados foram extraídos dos sistemas nacionais de informação de Internações Hospitalares e Mortalidade, nos anos respectivos. RESULTADOS: Observou-se tendência crescente da morbidade hospitalar e mortalidade por câncer colorretal em todas as regiões do país, constatando-se que morrem mais idosos em idade avançada. As mulheres (52,1%) foram mais acometidas do que os homens, porém as taxas de óbito foram maiores para o sexo masculino a partir dos 60 anos de idade. As disparidades regionais ficaram evidentes, sendo que quase 80% das mortes ocorreram nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, com maior incremento anual na região Sul e menor na região Norte. Em relação à hospitalização, Sul e Sudeste apresentaram maior crescimento anual. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados agregam conhecimento sobre o perfil das hospitalizações públicas e mortes, reafirmando que o câncer colorretal contribui para uma importante carga de doença e mortalidade no Brasil. Esses elementos trazem implicações para a revisão das estratégias de prevenção e controle do câncer colorretal, bem como para os investimentos na saúde pública.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Neoplasias Colorrectales/epidemiología , Salud Pública , Brasil/epidemiología , Incidencia , Morbilidad , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias/mortalidadRESUMEN
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever características clínicas e sociodemográficas, estimar a incidência da tuberculose (TB), além de analisar fatores associados ao abandono e ao óbito na vigência do tratamento dos casos de TB notificados entre crianças e adolescentes indígenas, no Brasil, entre 2006-2016. Realizou-se análise da série histórica de incidência, segundo faixa etária e macrorregião e utilizou-se regressão logística multinomial para elucidar fatores associados ao abandono e ao óbito. Do total de 2.096 casos notificados, 88,2% tiveram cura, 7,2% abandonaram o tratamento e 4,6% evoluíram para óbito. Houve predomínio de casos em meninos de 15-19 anos e maior proporção de óbitos (55,7%) em < 4 anos. Considerando o conjunto de crianças e adolescentes indígenas com TB no Brasil, a incidência média foi 49,1/100 mil, variando de 21,5/100 mil a 97,6/100 mil nas regiões Nordeste e Centro-oeste, respectivamente. Os casos com acompanhamento insuficiente e regular tiveram maiores chances de abandono (OR = 11,1; IC95%: 5,2-24,8/OR = 4,4; IC95%: 1,9-10,3) e óbito (OR = 20,3; IC95%: 4,9-84,9/OR = 5,1; IC95%: 1,2-22,7). Os casos em retratamento (OR = 2,4; IC95%: 2,08-8,55) e com anti-HIV positivo (OR = 8,2; IC95%: 2,2-30,9) também mostraram-se associados ao abandono. As formas clínicas extrapulmonar (OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-3,3) e mista (OR = 5,6; IC95%: 2,8-11,4), os casos em < 4 anos (OR = 3,1; IC95%: 1,5-6,4) e os casos provenientes das regiões Norte (OR = 2,8; IC95%: 1,1-7,1) e Centro-oeste (OR = 2,8; IC95%: 1,1-7,0) mostraram-se associados ao óbito. Acreditamos que o controle da TB em crianças e adolescentes indígenas não poderá ser alcançado sem investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento e sem a redução das desigualdades sociais.
Abstract: The study aimed to describe clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, estimate incidence, and analyze factors associated with dropout and death during treatment of TB cases reported in indigenous children and adolescents in Brazil from 2006 to 2016. A historical case series was performed on incidence according to age bracket and major geographic region, and multinomial logistic regression was used to explain factors associated with treatment dropout and death. Of the 2,096 reported cases, 88.2% evolved to cure, 7.2% dropped out of treatment, and 4.6% evolved to death. There was a predominance of cases in boys 15-19 years of age and a higher proportion of deaths (55.7%) in children < 4 years. Considering indigenous children and adolescents with TB in Brazil as a whole, mean incidence was 49.1/100,000, ranging from 21.5/100,000 to 97.6/100,000 in the Northeast and Central, respectively. Cases with insufficient and irregular follow-up showed higher odds of dropout (OR = 11.1; 95%CI: 5.2-24.8/OR = 4.4; 95%CI: 1.9-10.3) and death (OR = 20.3; 95%CI: 4.9-84.9/OR = 5.1; 95%CI: 1.2-22.7). Cases in retreatment (OR = 2.4; 95%CI: 2.08-8.55) and with HIV coinfection (OR = 8.2; 95%CI: 2.2-30.9) were also associated with dropout. Extrapulmonary (OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-3.3) and mixed clinical forms (OR = 5.6; 95%CI: 2.8-11.4), age < 4 years (OR = 3.1; 95%CI: 1.5-6.4), and cases from the North (OR = 2.8; 95%CI: 1.1-7.1) and Central (OR = 2.8; 95%CI: 1.1-7.0) were associated with death. TB control in indigenous children and adolescents cannot be achieved without investments in research and development and without reducing social inequalities.
Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir características clínicas y sociodemográficas, estimar la incidencia de la tuberculosis (TB), además de analizar factores asociados al abandono y al óbito en la vigencia del tratamiento de los casos de TB, notificados entre niños y adolescentes indígenas, en Brasil entre 2006-2016. Se realizó un análisis de la serie histórica de incidencia, según la franja de edad y macrorregión y se utilizó la regresión logística multinomial para elucidar factores asociados al abandono y al óbito. Del total de 2.096 casos notificados, un 88,2% tuvieron cura, un 7,2% abandonaron el tratamiento y un 4,6% evolucionaron hacia óbito. Hubo un predominio de casos en chicos de 15-19 años y mayor proporción de óbitos (55,7%) en < 4 años. Considerando el conjunto de niños y adolescentes indígenas con TB en Brasil, la incidencia media fue 49,1/100.000, variando de 21,5/100.000 a 97,6/100.000 en las regiones Nordeste y Centro-oeste, respectivamente. Los casos con un seguimiento insuficiente y regular tuvieron mayores oportunidades de abandono (OR = 11,1; IC95%: 5,2-24,8/OR = 4,4; IC95%: 1,9-10,3) y óbito (OR = 20,3; IC95%: 4,9-84,9/OR = 5,1; IC95%: 1,2-22,7). Los casos de retorno al tratamiento (OR = 2,4; IC95%: 2,08-8,55) y con anti-VIH positivo (OR = 8,2; IC95%: 2,2-30,9) también se mostraron asociados al abandono. Las formas clínicas extrapulmonares (OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-3,3) y mixta (OR = 5,6; IC95%: 2,8-11,4), los casos en < 4 años (OR = 3,1; IC95%: 1,5-6,4) y los casos procedentes de las regiones Norte (OR = 2,8; IC95%: 1,1-7,1) y Centro-oeste (OR = 2,8; IC95%: 1,1-7,0) se mostraron asociados al óbito. Creemos que el control de la TB en niños y adolescentes indígenas no se podrá alcanzar sin inversiones en investigación y desarrollo y sin la reducción de las desigualdades sociales.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Pacientes Desistentes del Tratamiento/estadística & datos numéricos , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Indígenas Sudamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Notificación de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Muerte , Pacientes Desistentes del Tratamiento/etnología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/etnología , Tuberculosis/mortalidad , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/etiología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Incidencia , Distribución por Sexo , Distribución por Edad , Continuidad de la Atención al Paciente/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Heart failure is considered a garbage code when assigned as the underlying cause of death. Reassigning garbage codes to plausible causes reduces bias and increases comparability of mortality data. Two redistribution methods were applied to Brazilian data, from 2008 to 2012, for decedents aged 55 years and older. In the multiple causes of death method, heart failure deaths were redistributed based on the proportion of underlying causes found in matched deaths that had heart failure listed as an intermediate cause. In the hospitalization data method, heart failure deaths were redistributed based on data from the decedents' corresponding hospitalization record. There were 123,269 (3.7%) heart failure deaths. The method with multiple causes of death redistributed 25.3% to hypertensive heart and kidney diseases, 22.6% to coronary heart diseases and 9.6% to diabetes. The total of 41,324 heart failure deaths were linked to hospitalization records. Heart failure was listed as the principal diagnosis in 45.8% of the corresponding hospitalization records. For those, no redistribution occurred. For the remaining ones, the hospitalization data method redistributed 21.2% to a group with other (non-cardiac) diseases, 6.5% to lower respiratory infections and 9.3% to other garbage codes. Heart failure is a frequently used garbage code in Brazil. We used two redistribution methods, which were straightforwardly applied but led to different results. These methods need to be validated, which can be done in the wake of a recent national study that will investigate a big sample of hospital deaths with garbage codes listed as underlying causes.
A insuficiência cardíaca, quando atribuída como a causa básica de morte, é considerada um código lixo. A reatribuição de códigos lixo a causas plausíveis tem por objetivo reduzir viés e aumentar a comparabilidade de dados sobre mortalidade. Dois modelos de redistribuição foram aplicados a dados brasileiros de 2008 a 2012, para pacientes falecidos de 55 anos de idade ou mais. No modelo de causas múltiplas de morte, óbitos por insuficiência cardíaca foram redistribuídos com base na proporção de causas básicas identificadas em óbitos pareados que tinham insuficiência cardíaca listada como causa intermediária. No método de dados hospitalares, óbitos por insuficiência cardíaca foram redistribuídos com base nos dados dos registros de hospitalização dos pacientes falecidos. Houve 123.269 (3,7%) óbitos por insuficiência cardíaca. O método de causas múltiplas de morte redistribuiu 25,3% para doenças cardíacas hipertensivas e doenças renais, 22,6% para doenças cardíacas coronarianas e 9,6% para diabetes. Houve 41.324 óbitos por insuficiência cardíaca relacionados com registros de hospitalização. A insuficiência cardíaca foi listada como o diagnóstico principal em 45,8% dos registros de hospitalização correspondentes. Para estes, não foi feita redistribuição. Para os óbitos remanescentes, o método de dados hospitalares redistribuiu 21,2% para outras doenças (não cardíacas), 6,5% para infecções das vias aéreas inferiores e 9,3% para outros códigos lixo. A insuficiência cardíaca é um código lixo frequentemente usado no Brasil. Nós usamos dois métodos de redistribuição, aplicados de forma simples, mas que levaram a resultados distintos. É importante que esses métodos sejam validados, o que pode ser feito a partir de um estudo nacional recente que investigará uma grande amostra de óbitos hospitalares com códigos lixo listados como causas básicas.
El fallo cardíaco, cuando es asignado como causa subyacente de la muerte está considerado como código basura. El objetivo de este estudio es reasignar códigos basura de fallecimiento, con el fin de reducir sesgos e incrementar la comparabilidad de los datos de mortalidad. Se aplicaron dos métodos de redistribución en los datos brasileños de 2008 a 2012, para fallecidos de 55 años y mayores. En el método de causas múltiples de muerte, las muertes por fallo cardiaco fueron redistribuidas basándose en la proporción de causas subyacentes encontradas en las muertes compatibles que contaban con un fallo cardiaco descrito como causa intermedia. En el método de datos de hospitalización, las muertes por fallo cardiaco fueron redistribuidas basándose en datos del historial de hospitalización de los fallecimientos. Hubo 123.269 (3,7%) muertes por fallo cardíaco. El método de múltiples causas de fallecimiento redistribuyó un 25,3% a problemas de hipertensión cardiaca y enfermedades de riñón, un 22,6% a enfermedades coronarias de corazón y un 9,6% a diabetes. Hubo 41.324 muertes por fallos cardiacos vinculadas a los registros de hospitalización. El fallo cardíaco fue listado como diagnóstico principal en un 45,8% de los registros de hospitalización correspondientes. Para estos últimos, no se produjo redistribución. En el caso de los restantes, el método de datos de hospitalización redistribuyó un 21,2% a un grupo con otras enfermedades (no-cardíacas), un 6,5% a infecciones en las vías respiratorias bajas y un 9,3% a otros códigos basura. El fallo cardíaco es frecuentemente usado en Brasil como código basura. Usamos dos métodos de redistribución, que fueron directamente aplicados, pero que condujeron a resultados diferentes. Es importante validar estos métodos, que como consecuencia de un estudio nacional recientemente iniciado es posible que se pueda hacer, además de investigar una gran muestra de muertes hospitalarias registradas con códigos basura procedentes de causas subyacentes.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Sistemas de Información , Certificado de Defunción , Registro Médico Coordinado/métodos , Mortalidad , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/mortalidad , Registros de Hospitales , Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades , Causas de Muerte , Exactitud de los DatosRESUMEN
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the accuracy of deterministic and probabilistic record linkage to identify TB duplicate records, as well as the characteristics of discordant pairs. METHODS The study analyzed all TB records from 2009 to 2011 in the state of Rio de Janeiro. A deterministic record linkage algorithm was developed using a set of 70 rules, based on the combination of fragments of the key variables with or without modification (Soundex or substring). Each rule was formed by three or more fragments. The probabilistic approach required a cutoff point for the score, above which the links would be automatically classified as belonging to the same individual. The cutoff point was obtained by linkage of the Notifiable Diseases Information System - Tuberculosis database with itself, subsequent manual review and ROC curves and precision-recall. Sensitivity and specificity for accurate analysis were calculated. RESULTS Accuracy ranged from 87.2% to 95.2% for sensitivity and 99.8% to 99.9% for specificity for probabilistic and deterministic record linkage, respectively. The occurrence of missing values for the key variables and the low percentage of similarity measure for name and date of birth were mainly responsible for the failure to identify records of the same individual with the techniques used. CONCLUSIONS The two techniques showed a high level of correlation for pair classification. Although deterministic linkage identified more duplicate records than probabilistic linkage, the latter retrieved records not identified by the former. User need and experience should be considered when choosing the best technique to be used.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a acurácia das técnicas determinística e probabilística para identificação de registros duplicados de tuberculose, assim como as características dos pares discordantes. MÉTODOS Foram analisados todos os registros de tuberculose no período de 2009 a 2011 do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foi desenvolvido algoritmo para relacionamento determinístico, usando conjunto de 70 regras, a partir da combinação de fragmentos das variáveis-chave com ou sem modificações (Soundex ou substring). Cada regra era formada por três ou mais fragmentos. Para a abordagem probabilística, foi necessário estabelecer ponto de corte para o escore, acima do qual os links seriam classificados automaticamente como pertencentes ao mesmo indivíduo. O ponto de corte foi obtido por meio do relacionamento da base de dados Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - Tuberculose com ela mesma, posterior revisão manual e curvas ROC e precision-recall. Foram calculadas a sensibilidade e especificidade para análise de acurácia. RESULTADOS A acurácia variou de 87,2% a 95,2% para sensibilidade e 99,8% a 99,9% para especificidade para as técnicas probabilística e determinística, respectivamente. A presença de valores faltantes para as variáveis-chave e o baixo percentual da medida de similaridade para o nome e data de nascimento foram os principais responsáveis pela não identificação dos registros do mesmo indivíduo pelas técnicas utilizadas. CONCLUSÕES As duas técnicas apresentam alta concordância para a classificação como par. Apesar de a técnica determinística ter identificado mais registros duplicados que a probabilística, a segunda recuperou registros não identificados pela primeira. A necessidade e a experiência do usuário devem ser consideradas para a escolha da técnica a ser utilizada.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Registro Médico Coordinado , Brasil/epidemiología , Sistemas de Información , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Exactitud de los DatosRESUMEN
The occurrence of leprosy has decreased in the world but the perspective of its elimination has been questioned. A proposed control measure is the use of post-exposure chemoprophylaxis (PEP) among contacts, but there are still questions about its operational aspects. In this text we discuss the evidence available in literature, explain some concepts in epidemiology commonly used in the research on this topic, analyze the appropriateness of implementing PEP in the context of Brazil, and answer a set of key questions. We argue some points: (1) the number of contacts that need to receive PEP in order to prevent one additional case of disease is not easy to be generalized from the studies; (2) areas covered by the family health program are the priority settings where PEP could be implemented; (3) there is no need for a second dose; (4) risk for drug resistance seems to be very small; (5) the usefulness of a serological test to identify a higher risk group of individuals among contacts is questionable. Given that, we recommend that, if it is decided to start PEP in Brazil, it should start on a small scale and, as new evidence can be generated in terms of feasibility, sustainability and impact, it could move up a scale, or not, for a wider intervention.
A ocorrência de hanseníase tem diminuído no mundo apesar de que a perspectiva de sua eliminação tem sido questionada. Uma proposta para o controle da endemia é a quimioprofilaxia pós-exposição entre contatos (post-exposure chemoprophylaxis, PEP), embora ainda existam dúvidas quanto aos seus aspectos operacionais e generalização de resultados. Nesse texto nós discutimos as evidências disponíveis na literatura, explicamos alguns conceitos epidemiológicos comumente encontrados em pesquisa sobre PEP e a implantação da PEP no contexto brasileiro. Nós argumentamos que: (1) a estimativa em diferentes estudos do numero de contatos necessário para receber PEP para prevenir um novo caso de hanseníase (number needed to treat, NNT) não é facilmente generalizável; (2) áreas cobertas pelo programa de saúde da família são as áreas prioritárias onde PEP poderia ser implantado; (3) não existe necessidade de segunda dose da quimioprofilaxia; (4) o risco de resistência à droga usada na PEP parece ser muito pequeno; (5) questionamos a necessidade de teste sorológico para identificar indivíduos entre os contatos que tenham maior risco de doença. Nós opinamos que, se houver uma decisão para se iniciar PEP no Brasil, essa intervenção deveria ser iniciada em pequena escala e, à proporção que novas evidências são geradas sobre a factibilidade, sustentabilidade e impacto da intervenção, a intervenção com PEP poderia ou não ser usada em larga escala.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Implementación de Plan de Salud/normas , Leprostáticos/uso terapéutico , Lepra/tratamiento farmacológico , Lepra/prevención & control , Profilaxis Posexposición/métodos , Brasil/epidemiología , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia/normas , Salud de la Familia , Programas Nacionales de Salud , Números Necesarios a Tratar/normas , Factores de Riesgo , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
The probabilistic record linkage (PRL) is based on a likelihood score that measures the degree of similarity of several matching variables. Screening test results for different diseases are available for the blood donor population. In this paper, we describe the accuracy of a PRL process used to track blood donors from the Fundação Pró-Sangue (FPS) in the Mortality Information System (SIM), in order that future studies might determine the blood donor’s cause of death. The databases used for linkage were SIM and the database made up of individuals that were living (200 blood donors in 2007) and dead (196 from the Hospital das Clinicas de São Paulo that died in 2001-2005). The method consists of cleaning and linking the databases using three blocking steps comparing the variables “Name/Mother’s Name/ Date of Birth” to determine a cut-off score. For a cut-off score of 7.06, the sensitivity and specificity of the method is 94.4% (95%CI: 90.0-97.0) and 100% (95%CI: 98.0-100.0), respectively. This method can be used in studies that aim to track blood donors from the FPS database in SIM.
O relacionamento probabilístico se baseia em um escore que é calculado levando em consideração a similaridade do pareamento de diversas variáveis. Dados de resultados de testes de triagem para diferentes doenças estão disponíveis para a população de doadores de sangue. Neste artigo descrevemos a acurácia de um processo de relacionamento probabilístico para identificar doadores de sangue da Fundação Pró-Sangue (FPS) no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Os bancos utilizados para o relacionamento foram o SIM e o banco formado por indivíduos vivos (200 doadores de sangue em 2007) e mortos (196 pacientes do Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo que morreram entre 2001-2005). O método consistiu em limpar e relacionar probabilísticamente os bancos em três passos de blocagem comparando as variáveis “Nome/Nome Mãe /Data de Nascimento” para determinar um escore de corte. Para um escore de corte de 7,06 a sensibilidade e especificidade do método é de 94,4% (IC95%: 90-97) e 100% (IC95%: 98-100), respectivamente. Este método pode ser utilizado em estudos para identificar pacientes da FPS no SIM.
La relación probabilística (RP) se basa en una puntuación que se calcula en función de la similitud entre variables de emparejamiento. Los resultados de los tests sobre diferentes enfermedades están a disposición de la población de donantes de sangre. En el presente artículo se describe la precisión de un proceso de RP para identificar a donantes de sangre de la Fundação Pró-Sangue (FPS) en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM). Se llevó a cabo la RP del SIM y de un banco compuesto por individuos vivos (200 donantes de sangre en 2007) y muertos (196 pacientes del Hospital de Clínicas de São Paulo, que murieron entre 2001 y 2005). El método consistió en depurar los bancos de datos y RP en tres etapas de bloqueo, comparando las variables nombre, nombre de la madre y fecha de nacimiento para determinar un punto de corte. Para el punto de corte 7:06, la especificidad y sensibilidad del método fue de un 94,4% (IC95%: 90,0-97,0) y 100% (IC95%: 98,0-100,0), respectivamente. Este método puede ser utilizado en más estudios con el fin de identificar a los pacientes FPS en el SIM.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Donantes de Sangre/estadística & datos numéricos , Sistemas de Información/estadística & datos numéricos , Mortalidad , Registro Médico Coordinado/métodos , Brasil , Causas de Muerte , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Probabilidad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Analisar a subnotificação da comorbidade tuberculose (TB) e aids. MÉTODOS: Estudo de vigilância utilizando os registros do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação de Tuberculose e de aids no Brasil de 2000 a 2005. Registros de TB sem informação da presença de aids foram considerados subnotificações da comorbidade quando pareados a registros de aids que apresentassem ano de diagnóstico de aids igual ou anterior ao ano de notificação da TB, assim como os registros de um mesmo paciente cujos registros anteriores apresentavam essa informação. Criou-se um indicador: comorbidade TB-aids reconhecida, a partir dos registros de TB com a informação de presença de aids. RESULTADOS: A subnotificação de TB-aids foi de 17,7 por cento. Esse percentual variou entre estados. A incorporação dos registros subnotificados aos previamente reconhecidos elevou a proporção de TB-aids no Brasil de 6,9 por cento para 8,4 por cento. As maiores proporções de subnotificação foram observadas no Acre, Alagoas, Maranhão e Piauí (mais de 35 por cento cada) e as menores em São Paulo e Goiás (cerca de 10 por cento cada). CONCLUSÕES: A subnotificação da comorbidade TB-aids encontrada no Brasil deve deflagrar modificações no sistema de vigilância para prover informações aos programas nacionais.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the underreporting of the tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS comorbidity. METHODS: Surveillance study using records from the Notifiable Diseases Information System - Tuberculosis and AIDS in Brazil from 2000 to 2005. Records of TB without information on the presence of Aids were considered to be underreporting of the comorbidity when paired off with AIDS records in which the year of diagnosis of AIDS was the same or previous to the year of reporting of TB, as well as records from the same patient whose previous records had this information. An indicator was created: recognized TB-AIDS comorbidity, based on the TB records that had information on the presence of AIDS. RESULTS: The underreporting of TB-AIDS was 17.7 percent. This percentage varied between states. The incorporation of the underreported records into the previously recognized ones increased the proportion of TB-AIDS in Brazil from 6.9 percent to 8.4 percent. The highest proportions of underreporting were noted in Acre (Northern), Alagoas, Maranhão and Piauí (Northeastern) (more than 35 percent each) and the lowest in São Paulo (Southeastern) and Goiás (Central-western) (around 10 percent each). CONCLUSIONS: The underreporting of the TB-AIDS comorbidity found in Brazil will probably trigger modifications in the surveillance system in order to provide information for the national programs.
OBJETIVO: Analizar la subnotificación de la comorbilidad tuberculosis (TB) y sida. MÉTODOS: Estudio de vigilancia utilizando los registros del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación de Tuberculosis y de sida en Brasil de 2000 a 2005. Registros de TB sin información de la presencia de sida fueron consideradas subnotificaciones de la comorbilidad cuando se parearon a registros de sida que presentaron año de diagnóstico de sida igual o anterior al año de notificación de la TB, así como los registros de un mismo paciente cuyos registros anteriores presentaban esa información. Se creó un indicador: comorbilidad TB-sida reconocida, a partir de los registros de TB con la información de presencia de sida. RESULTADOS: La subnotificación de TB-sida fue de 17,7 por ciento. Este porcentaje varió entre estados. La incorporación de los registros subnotificados a los previamente reconocidos elevó la proporción de TB-sida en Brasil de 6,9 por ciento a 8,4 por ciento. Las mayores proporciones de subnotificación fueron observadas en Acre, Alagoas, Maranhao y Piauí (más de 35 por ciento en cada uno) y las menores en Sao Paulo y Goiás (cerca de 10 por ciento en cada uno). CONCLUSIONES: La subnotificación de la comorbilidad TB-sida encontrada en Brasil debe deflagrar modificaciones en el sistema de vigilancia para proveer informaciones a los programas nacionales.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida , Notificación de Enfermedades , Tuberculosis Pulmonar , Brasil , Comorbilidad , Bases de Datos Factuales , Registro Médico Coordinado , Sistema de RegistrosAsunto(s)
Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Diagnóstico por Imagen , Etnicidad , Predicción , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Estudios de Seguimiento , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Morbilidad/tendencias , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Tasa de Supervivencia/tendenciasRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil atual e as tendências da mortalidade por tuberculose no Brasil, de 1980 a 2004. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo de tuberculose como causa básica ou associada de óbito do Brasil. Foram utilizados dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Houve redução inconstante do número e da taxa de mortalidade por tuberculose ao longo do período estudado, de 5,8 em 1980 para 2,8 por 100 mil habitantes, em 2004. Foi observada redução acentuada da mortalidade até 1985, mais evidente nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Houve tendência de aumento da mortalidade por tuberculose em idades mais avançadas. Em 2004, foram notificados no Brasil 4.981 óbitos por tuberculose como causa básica, valor que aumentaria para 50 por cento se fossem incluídos os óbitos por tuberculose como causa associada e por seqüela de tuberculose como causa básica. Em 2004, as maiores taxas padronizadas foram dos estados de Pernambuco (5,4) e Rio de Janeiro (5,0), e das capitais Recife (7,7) e Belém (5,8). CONCLUSÕES: Dada a conhecida associação entre tuberculose e Aids, a influência da epidemia de Aids reflete indiretamente nas tendências de mortalidade de tuberculose.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the current profile and trends of tuberculosis mortality in Brazil between 1980 and 2004. METHODS: Descriptive study of tuberculosis as underlying or associate cause of death based on secondary data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. RESULTS: An irregular reduction in the number of tuberculosis deaths and mortality rates along the study period, from 5.8 in 1980 to 2.3 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004, was seen. An accelerated reduction in mortality trend was seen until 1985 mostly in the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. There was a trend towards mortality occurring in older ages. In 2004, 4,981 tuberculosis cases were notified as underlying cause of death in Brazil but it would increase by 50 percent if tuberculosis as associate cause and tuberculosis sequelae as underlying cause of death were added. In 2004, the highest mortality rates were found in the states of Pernambuco (5.4) and Rio de Janeiro (5.0) and in state capitals such as Recife (7.7) and Belém (5.8). CONCLUSIONS: Given the well-known association between tuberculosis and Aids, the impact of AIDS epidemic indirectly reflects on the mortality trends of tuberculosis.