RESUMEN
Microcephaly affects approximately 1% of the population and is associated with mental retardation, motor defects and, in some cases, seizures. We analyzed the mechanisms underlying brain size determination in a mouse model of human microcephaly. The Hertwig's anemia (an) mutant shows peripheral blood cytopenias, spontaneous aneuploidy and a predisposition to hematopoietic tumors. We found that the an mutation is a genomic inversion of exon 4 of Cdk5rap2, resulting in an in-frame deletion of exon 4 from the mRNA. The finding that CDK5RAP2 human mutations cause microcephaly prompted further analysis of Cdk5rap2(an/an) mice and we demonstrated that these mice exhibit microcephaly comparable to that of the human disease, resulting from striking neurogenic defects that include proliferative and survival defects in neuronal progenitors. Cdk5rap2(an/an) neuronal precursors exit the cell cycle prematurely and many undergo apoptosis. These defects are associated with impaired mitotic progression coupled with abnormal mitotic spindle pole number and mitotic orientation. Our findings suggest that the reduction in brain size observed in humans with mutations in CDK5RAP2 is associated with impaired centrosomal function and with changes in mitotic spindle orientation during progenitor proliferation.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Centrosoma/fisiología , Segregación Cromosómica/genética , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/genética , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Anemia/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/fisiología , Segregación Cromosómica/fisiología , Cartilla de ADN/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Exones , Femenino , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/deficiencia , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/fisiología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Mutantes , Microcefalia/genética , Microcefalia/patología , Mitosis/genética , Mitosis/fisiología , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/deficiencia , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/fisiología , Neurogénesis/genética , Neurogénesis/fisiología , Neuronas/patología , Embarazo , ARN Mensajero/genética , Eliminación de Secuencia , Células Madre/patologíaRESUMEN
Mutagenesis screens can establish mouse models of utility for the study of critical biological processes such as iron metabolism. Such screens can produce mutations in novel genes or establish novel alleles of known genes, both of which can be useful tools for study. In order to identify genes of relevance to hematologic as well as other phenotypes, we performed N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis in C57BL/6J mice. An anemic mouse was identified and a putative mutation was characterized by mapping, sequencing and in vitro activity analysis. The mouse strain was backcrossed for ten generations then phenotypically characterized with respect to a previously established null mouse strain. Potential modifying loci were identified by quantitative trait locus analysis. Mapping and sequencing in an anemic mouse termed hem8 identified an I286F substitution in Tmprss6, a serine protease essential for iron metabolism; this substitution impaired in vitro protease activity. After backcrossing to C57BL6/J for ten generations, the hem8(-/-) strain exhibited a phenotype similar in some but not all aspects to that of Tmprss6(-/-) mice. The hem8 and Tmprss6-null mutations were allelic. Both hem8(-/-) and Tmprss6(-/-) mice responded similarly to pharmacological modulators of bone morphogenetic protein signaling, a key regulator of iron metabolism. Quantitative trait locus analysis in the hem8 strain identified potential modifying loci on chromosomes 2, 4, 7 and 10. In conclusion, the hem8 mouse model carries a novel allele of Tmprss6. Potential uses for this strain in the study of iron metabolism are discussed.