Analysis of the PKR-eIF2alpha phosphorylation homology domain (PePHD) of hepatitis C virus genotype 1 in HIV-coinfected patients by ultra-deep pyrosequencing and its relationship to responses to pegylated interferon-ribavirin treatment.

Chronic coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is among the greatest challenges facing public health worldwide. In this population, the response to hepatitis C therapy by treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin (PEG-IFN+RBV) is lower than in HCV-monoinfected patients, particularly in those infected by HCV genotype 1. A PKR/eIF-2α phosphorylation homology domain (PePHD) within the E2 protein has been found to interact with PKR and inhibit PKR in vitro, suggesting a possible mechanism for HCV to evade the antiviral effects of IFN. The aim of this work was to analyze the amino acid conservation in the HCV-E2-PePHD and quasispecies diversity among HCV-HIV-coinfected patients exhibiting sustained virological response, non-response, or partial response with viral relapse to PEG-IFN+RBV by ultra-deep pyrosequencing. For this purpose, HCV-E2-PePHD PCR products were generated and sequenced directly for four patients with a sustained response, seven patients with no virological response, and four patients with viral relapse before and after treatment with PEG-IFN+RBV. HCV-E2-PePHD amino acid sequences were obtained for isolates from serum collected before and during treatment (24 h, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks). Quasispecies analysis of the HCV-E2-PePHD and flanking genomic regions was performed using 454/Roche pyrosequencing, analyzing 39,364 sequence reads in total. The HCV-E2-PePHD sequence at the amino acid and nucleotide level was highly conserved among HCV genotype 1 strains, irrespective of the PEG-IFN+RBV response. This high degree of amino acid conservation and sporadic mutations in the HCV-E2-PePHD domain do not appear to be associated with treatment outcome. The HCV-E2-PePHD sequence before or during treatment cannot be used to predict reliably the outcome of treatment in patients coinfected with HCV genotype 1 and HIV.

Molecular characterization of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 sequences in HIV-coinfected patients from Argentina.

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 (HCV-4) is increasing in different parts of the World but in Latin America the data are still scarce. We aimed to characterize HCV-4 isolates from 383 HIV-coinfected patients in Argentina. Sequence analyses were based on the non-structural 5B region of HCV. Results from 18 patients indicated a genetic heterogeneity that involved three genotype 4 subtypes. Sequences were ascribed to subtype 4d (67%), 4a (22%), and 4m (11%). In spite of different sources of transmission were defined among patients, no statistical association was found with the genotype 4 subtype. The scenario is also compatible with multiple importation of the epidemic and there is no evidence for transmission-specific clusters or network-like transmission of HCV-4. This HCV-4 does not represent a recent introduction in Argentina, it circulates in all transmission groups and its presence is increasing among HIV-infected patients.

HCV RNA decline in the first 24 h exhibits high negative predictive value of sustained virologic response in HIV/HCV genotype 1 co-infected patients treated with peginterferon and ribavirin.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with Peg-interferon and ribavirin (PEG-IFN/RBV) for HIV patients co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 has suboptimal rates of response. Viral kinetics has emerged as one of the best prognostic factors of treatment outcome. METHODS: Twenty HIV/HCV genotype 1 co-infected patients in treatment with PEG-IFN/RBV, had blood drawn at baseline, 24 h, 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 weeks. HCV-RNA levels were evaluated at each time point. ROC curves were used to evaluate the log10 HCV-RNA decay at 24 h that exhibits the best predictive value of achieving response. Genomic characterization of HCV NS5A at both interferon sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) and protein-kinase binding (PKRBD) domains were performed in order to evaluate its heterogeneity and association with 24 h HCV-RNA decay and SVR. RESULTS: Non-responder patients exhibited a mean of 0.7 log10 (SD 0.74 log10) HCV-RNA decay at 24 h, whereas responder-patients presented 1.6 log10 (SD 0.28 log10), p = 0.04. A reduction in HCV viral load from baseline to 24 h of < 1.4 had a negative predictive value for achieving SVR of 100% and a positive predictive value of 50%. HCV genotype 1 isolates from patients with a decrease of HCV-RNA at 24 h > 1.4 log10, exhibited 3.1(SD 1.5) amino acids substitutions in ISDR and 4.8(SD 2.3) in PKRBD regions and 1.6(SD 0.7) and 2.4(SD 1.3), respectively, in those patients presenting lower reduction in HCV-RNA. CONCLUSIONS: HIV/HCV genotype 1 co-infected patients with a decrease in HCV-VL at 24 h > 1.4 log10 are more likely to achieve SVR when treated with PEG-IFN/RBV than those with lower levels of HCV-RNA decay. Along with other host-related and viral-related prognostic factors in HIV/HCV co-infected patients, this very early time point of evaluation could be of relevance in the management of HCV-specific treatment.

No reduction of HCV viral load in HIV patients co-infected with HCV genotype 1 during a 30 days course of nitazoxanide monotherapy.

There are two new drugs approved and several in development for treatment of chronic HCV; among them nitazoxanide (NTZ). Twelve HIV/HCV genotype 1 co-infected patients were enrolled prospectively to receive a 30 days course of oral NTZ 500 mg bid. This therapy was well tolerated in this group of HIV patients co-infected with HCV genotype 1. Nevertheless no changes in HCV viral load were observed during treatment in none of the patients evaluated. This data suggests that despite the promising results reported for HCV genotype 4 mono-infected patients, NTZ exhibit poor activity as monotherapy in HIV/HCV co-infected patients with genotype 1.