Placental AA/EPA Ratio Is Associated with Obesity Risk Parameters in the Offspring at 6 Years of Age.

During pregnancy, maternal polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are transferred to the fetus through the placenta by specific FA transporters (FATP). A higher perinatal exposure to n-6 over n-3 PUFA could be linked to excess fat mass and obesity development later in life. In this context, we aimed to assess the associations between long chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs) (n-6, n-3, and n-6/n-3 ratios) measured in the placenta at term birth with obesity-related parameters in the offspring at 6 years of age and assess whether these associations are dependent on the placental relative expression of fatty acid transporters. As results, the PUFAn-6/PUFAn-3 ratio was 4/1, which scaled up to 15/1 when considering only the arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio (AA/EPA ratio). Positive associations between the AA/EPA ratio and offspring's obesity risk parameters were found with weight-SDS, BMI-SDS, percent fat mass-SDS, visceral fat, and HOMA-IR (r from 0.204 to 0.375; all p < 0.05). These associations were more noticeable in those subjects with higher expression of fatty acid transporters. Therefore, in conclusion, a higher placental AA/EPA ratio is positively associated with offspring's visceral adiposity and obesity risk parameters, which become more apparent in subjects with higher expressions of placental FATPs. Our results support the potential role of n-6 and n-3 LC-PUFA in the fetal programming of obesity risk in childhood. For the present study, 113 healthy pregnant women were recruited during the first trimester of pregnancy and their offspring were followed up at 6 years of age. The fatty acid profiles and the expression of fatty acid transporters (FATP1 and FATP4) were analyzed from placental samples at birth. Associations between LC-PUFA (n-6, n-3, and n-6/n-3 ratios) and obesity risk parameters (weight, body mass index (BMI), percent fat mass, visceral fat, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)) in the offspring at 6 years of age were examined.

Managing a Pregnancy in the Presence of the Rare Blood Group Antibody PP1Pk.

Pregnant women with p phenotype, who lack antigens P, P1, and Pk, spontaneously form anti-PP1Pk antibodies whose primary target is the placenta. The risk of miscarriage in these women is 50%-70% and reaches 87% in the second trimester. The therapies aim to reduce the titer of antibodies early in pregnancy. They also have risk of hemolytic transfusion reaction, with very few compatible red blood cell donors in the world. In this study, we present a case of successful pregnancy managed with autologous blood donations and plasmapheresis.

DNA Methylation Signatures in Paired Placenta and Umbilical Cord Samples: Relationship with Maternal Pregestational Body Mass Index and Offspring Metabolic Outcomes.

An epigenomic approach was used to study the impact of maternal pregestational body mass index (BMI) on the placenta and umbilical cord methylomes and their potential effect on the offspring's metabolic phenotype. DNA methylome was assessed in 24 paired placenta and umbilical cord samples. The differentially methylated CpGs associated with maternal pregestational BMI were identified and the metabolic pathways and the potentially related diseases affected by their annotated genes were determined. Two top differentially methylated CpGs were studied in 90 additional samples and the relationship with the offspring's metabolic phenotype was determined. The results showed that maternal pregestational BMI is associated with the methylation of genes involved in endocrine and developmental pathways with potential effects on type 2 diabetes and obesity. The methylation and expression of HADHA and SLC2A8 genes in placenta and umbilical cord were related to several metabolic parameters in the offspring at 6 years (weight SDS, height SDS, BMI SDS, Δ BW-BMI SDS, FM SDS, waist, SBP, TG, HOMA-IR, perirenal fat; all p < 0.05). Our data suggest that epigenetic analysis in placenta and umbilical cord may be useful for identifying individual vulnerability to later metabolic diseases.

Placental epigenetic marks related to gestational weight gain reveal potential genes associated with offspring obesity parameters.

OBJECTIVE: Offspring exposed to gestational obesity have an increased risk for chronic diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetics may play a mechanistic role in metabolic programming. This study aimed to identify placental DNA methylation marks associated with gestational weight gain (GWG) and to study their association with offspring obesity parameters at school age. METHODS: A global methylation array was performed in 24 placentas from mothers with different degrees of GWG (screening sample). The methylation percentage of four cytosine-guanine (CpG) sites and the relative expression of the respective annotated genes were studied in 90 additional placentas (validation sample). Associations of these epigenetic marks with clinical parameters in the offspring at 6 years of age were examined. RESULTS: The screening analysis identified 104 CpG sites (97 genes) associated with GWG. The validation analysis of four selected CpG sites (annotating for FRAT1, SNX5, and KCNK3 genes) showed that the upregulation of SNX5 methylation, the downregulation of FRAT1 methylation, and KCNK3 underexpression associated with an adverse metabolic phenotype in children of women with increased GWG. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that placental regulation of FRAT1, SNX5, and KCNK3 relates to obesity parameters in offspring exposed to excessive GWG and thereby could condition the risk for future metabolic disorders.

Fatty acids in the placenta of appropiate- versus small-for-gestational-age infants at term birth.

INTRODUCTION: Fatty acids are essential nutrients for the fetus and are supplied by the mother through the placenta. Desaturase and elongase enzymes play an important role in modulating the fatty acid composition of body tissues. We aimed to compare the fatty acid profile and the estimated desaturase and elongase activities in the placenta of appropriate (AGA) versus small-for-gestational-age (SGA), and to determine their relationship with the offspring size at birth. METHODS: The placental fatty acid profile was analyzed by gas chromatography in 84 infants (45 AGA and 30 SGA) from a prenatal cohort study. The estimated desaturase and elongase activities were calculated from product-precursor fatty acid ratios. Results were associated with maternal (age, body mass index and weight gain during gestation) and neonatal (gestational age, sex, birth weight and birth length) parameters. RESULTS: Differences in placental fatty acid composition between AGA and SGA infants rather than correlations thereof with neonatal parameters were observed. Placentas from SGA infants contained lower levels of omega-3 (ALA, EPA, DPA, and DHA) and high omega-6/omega-3 ratios (AA/DHA and LA/ALA), as well as low elongase (Elovl5) and high desaturase (D9Dn7 and D5Dn6) activity as compared to AGA infants (all p < 0.0001). DISCUSSION: Placentas of AGA and SGA infants differed in fatty acids profile as well as in estimated desaturase and elongase activities. A striking feature of SGA placentas was the low availability of omega-3. Hence, omega-3 fatty acid status deserves further attention, as a potential target of prenatal interventions.

La determinación de B-HCG el día 12 de la transferencia embrionaria como predictor del resultado gestacional en técnicas de Reproducción Asistida / B-HCG levels on day 12 after embryo transfer as a predictor of ongoing pregnancy in IVF cycles

OBJETIVOS: Encontrar un valor de β-HCG que prevea el resultado evolutivo de la gestación en una única determinación hormonal en nuestra población. Como objetivos secundarios nos planteamos valorar si ese valor tiene que ser ajustado en función del IMC y de la edad de la paciente. Ámbito: Pacientes sometidas a un ciclo FIV en nuestro centro Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, entre julio de 2010 y diciembre de 2013. DISEÑO: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyen 50 ciclos con β-HCG positiva a los 12 días de la transferencia embrionaria de un total de 139 pacientes sometidas a un ciclo FIV en nuestro centro entre julio de 2010 y diciembre de 2013. RESULTADOS: Las diferencias en el nivel de β-HCG el día 12 son estadísticamente significativas entre los diferentes grupos en función del resultado gestacional (p < 0.05). Si comparamos solamente las gestaciones viables con las gestaciones no viables las diferencias son todavía más significativas. Con una β-HCG media de 300,53 para las gestaciones viables y una B-HCG media de 88,66 para las no viables (p < 0,01). La curva ROC sugiere que un valor de β-HCG de 77 mUI/ml sería un buen nivel para prever una gestación viable, con una sensibilidad del 90,63% y una especificidad del 80%. No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas del valor de β-HCG en función del IMC ni de la edad. CONCLUSIONES: Con un valor de β-HCG igual o superior a 77mUI/ml podemos orientar mejor a la paciente, y prever una gestación exitosa, ayudando a planificar el manejo médico así como disminuir la ansiedad materna. Este valor, además, y según nuestro estudio, no necesita ser ajustado por edad o IMC de la pacientes

OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study is to find a value of β-HCG to predict the outcome of pregnancies in a single hormone determination in our population. As secondary objectives, we will assess whether this value has to be adjusted for BMI and age of the patient. SETTING: Patients subjected to an IVF cycle at our center Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, between July 2010 and December 2013. DESIGN: Retrospective and descriptive study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 50 cycles with a positive β-HCG the day 12 after the embryo tranfer were analyzed with respect to pregnancy outcome from a total of 139 patients subjected to an IVF cycle at our center between July 2010 and December 2013. RESULTS: The differences in the level of β-HCG at day 12 are statistically significant between different groups based on gestational outcome (p < 0,05). Comparing only viable pregnancies with nonviable pregnancies the differences are even more significant. With a β-HCG 300,53 average for viable pregnancies and average β-HCG for nonviable 88,66 (p < 0,01). The ROC curve suggests that a value of β-HCG 77 mIU / ml would be a good level to predict a viable pregnancy with a sensitivity of 90.63 % and a specificity of 80 %. There are not statistically significant differences in the value of β-HCG in terms of BMI or age. CONCLUSIONS: With a value of β-HCG of 77mUI/ml or more, we can better guide the patient and provide for a successful pregnancy, helping to plan medical management and reduce maternal anxiety. This value, in addition and according to our study, does not need to be adjusted for age or BMI of the patient