From ApoA1 upregulation to BET family bromodomain inhibition: discovery of I-BET151.

The discovery, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of 7-isoxazoloquinolines is described. Several analogs are shown to increase ApoA1 expression within the nanomolar range in the human hepatic cell line HepG2.

A Potent and Selective Kallikrein-5 Inhibitor Delivers High Pharmacological Activity in Skin from Patients with Netherton Syndrome.

Regulation of proteolytic activity in the skin plays a pivotal role in epidermal homeostasis. This is best exemplified in Netherton syndrome, a severe genetic skin condition caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 encoding lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor, a serine protease inhibitor that regulates kallikrein (KLK)-related peptidase 5, 7, and 14 activities. KLK5 plays a central role in stratum corneum shedding and inflammatory cell signaling, activates KLK7 and KLK14, and is therefore an optimal therapeutic target. We aimed to identify a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of KLK5 amenable to epidermal delivery. GSK951 was identified using a structure-based design strategy and showed a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 250 pM for KLK5 and greater than 100-fold selectivity over KLK7 and KLK14. Cocrystal structure analysis identified the critical catalytic site interactions to a surrogate for KLK5. Topical application of GSK951-containing cream inhibited KLK5 activity in TgKLK5 mouse skin, reduced transepidermal water loss, and decreased proinflammatory cytokine expression. GSK951 achieved high concentrations in healthy human epidermis following topical application in a cream formulation. Finally, KLK5 protease activity was increased in stratum corneum of patients with Netherton syndrome and significantly inhibited by GSK951. These findings unveil a KLK5-specific small-molecule inhibitor with a high therapeutic potential for patients with Netherton syndrome.

Intestine-specific regulation of PPARalpha gene transcription by liver X receptors.

Liver X receptor-alpha (LXRalpha) and LXRbeta are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. They have been identified as key players in cholesterol homeostasis and lipid and glucose metabolism as well as immune and inflammatory responses. In the small intestine, LXRs have been shown not only to regulate cholesterol absorption and excretion but also to promote high-density lipoprotein biogenesis via the ATP-binding cassette A1 signaling pathway. Here, using gene expression assays, we identified PPARalpha as an intestine-specific LXR target gene. Chronic administration of LXR synthetic agonists led to a significant increase of PPARalpha mRNA levels in the small intestine but not in the liver. In addition, this specific PPARalpha gene up-regulation occurred in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in a dose-dependent manner and translated at the protein level as demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, PPARalpha gene induction was completely abolished in LXR-deficient mice. Finally, the physiological relevance of LXR-mediated PPARalpha up-regulation in the small intestine was assessed in PPARalpha-deficient mice. Administration of a synthetic LXR agonist to wild-type mice led to the induction of several PPARalpha target genes including PDK4 and CPT1. Those effects were completely abolished in PPARalpha-deficient mice, demonstrating the biological relevance of this LXR-PPARalpha transcriptional cascade. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PPARalpha is an intestine-specific LXR target gene and suggest the existence of a transcriptional cross talk between those members of the nuclear receptor superfamily.

Design and evaluation of a novel series of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors with low systemic exposure, relationship between pharmacokinetic properties and ocular toxicity.

We describe the discovery of novel potent inhibitors of 2,3-oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase inhibitors (OSCi) from a focused pharmacophore-based screen. Optimization of the most tractable hits gave a series of compounds showing inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis at 2mg/kg in the rat with distinct pharmacokinetic profiles. Two compounds were selected for toxicological study in the rat for 21 days in order to test the hypothesis that low systemic exposure could be used as a strategy to avoid the ocular side effects previously described with OSCi. We demonstrate that for this series of inhibitors, a reduction of systemic exposure is not sufficient to circumvent cataract liabilities.

Discovery and Optimization of Potent, Selective, and in Vivo Efficacious 2-Aryl Benzimidazole BCATm Inhibitors.

To identify BCATm inhibitors suitable for in vivo study, Encoded Library Technology (ELT) was used to affinity screen a 117 million member benzimidazole based DNA encoded library, which identified an inhibitor series with both biochemical and cellular activities. Subsequent SAR studies led to the discovery of a highly potent and selective compound, 1-(3-(5-bromothiophene-2-carboxamido)cyclohexyl)-N-methyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamide (8b) with much improved PK properties. X-ray structure revealed that 8b binds to the active site of BACTm in a unique mode via multiple H-bond and van der Waals interactions. After oral administration, 8b raised mouse blood levels of all three branched chain amino acids as a consequence of BCATm inhibition.

The Discovery of in Vivo Active Mitochondrial Branched-Chain Aminotransferase (BCATm) Inhibitors by Hybridizing Fragment and HTS Hits.

The hybridization of hits, identified by complementary fragment and high throughput screens, enabled the discovery of the first series of potent inhibitors of mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase (BCATm) based on a 2-benzylamino-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinone-3-carbonitrile template. Structure-guided growth enabled rapid optimization of potency with maintenance of ligand efficiency, while the focus on physicochemical properties delivered compounds with excellent pharmacokinetic exposure that enabled a proof of concept experiment in mice. Oral administration of 2-((4-chloro-2,6-difluorobenzyl)amino)-7-oxo-5-propyl-4,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carbonitrile 61 significantly raised the circulating levels of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine in this acute study.

Up-regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor in human hepatocytes is induced by sequestration of free cholesterol in the endosomal/lysosomal compartment.

Up-regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) is a key mechanism to control elevated plasma LDL-cholesterol levels. In the present paper, we compare the ability of four distinct pharmacological drugs to up-regulate LDLr expression in human hepatocytes. HepG2 cells were treated with the steroidal analog GW707, the oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitor U18666A, the 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta(7)-reductase inhibitor AY-9944 and the vacuolar-type ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1. We found that the four compounds induced sequestration of free cholesterol in the endosomal/lysosomal compartment leading to a positive filipin staining pattern and a complete inhibition of cholesteryl ester synthesis. As a consequence of the sequestration of cholesterol, the expression and the activity of LDLr were strongly induced resulting from a transcriptional effect which was measured by a reporter gene assay. These effects were fully abolished when an exogenous water soluble cholesterol analog was added to the cells. These findings have led to the identification of a common mechanism to up-regulate LDLr expression in human hepatocytes and may represent an interesting alternative approach to identify new hypolipidemic drugs.

Discovery and characterization of small molecule inhibitors of the BET family bromodomains.

Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation have a profound role in normal development and disease processes. An integral part of this mechanism occurs through lysine acetylation of histone tails which are recognized by bromodomains. While the biological and structural characterization of many bromodomain containing proteins has advanced considerably, the therapeutic tractability of this protein family is only now becoming understood. This paper describes the discovery and molecular characterization of potent (nM) small molecule inhibitors that disrupt the function of the BET family of bromodomains (Brd2, Brd3, and Brd4). By using a combination of phenotypic screening, chemoproteomics, and biophysical studies, we have discovered that the protein-protein interactions between bromodomains and acetylated histones can be antagonized by selective small molecules that bind at the acetylated lysine recognition pocket. X-ray crystal structures of compounds bound into bromodomains of Brd2 and Brd4 elucidate the molecular interactions of binding and explain the precisely defined stereochemistry required for activity.