Programmed cell death-1 single-nucleotide polymorphism rs10204525 is associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA viral load in HIV-1-infected Moroccan subjects.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infections are characterized by dysfunctional cellular and humoral antiviral immune responses. The progressive loss of effector functions in chronic viral infection has been associated with the up-regulation of programmed death-1 (PD-1), a negative regulator of activated T cells and Natural Killer cells. In HIV-1 infection, increased levels of PD-1 expression correlate with CD8 + T-cell exhaustion. In vitro, PD-1 blockade using PD-1 antibodies led to an increase in HIV-1 specific CD8 + T and memory B cell proliferation. We aimed to investigate the impact of PDCD1 rs10204525 polymorphism on HIV-1 susceptibility, AIDS development, and treatment response outcomes in HIV-1 infection in a Moroccan population. A total of 214 HIV-1 seropositive and 250 seronegative subjects were enrolled to investigate the association between the between the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs10204525 of PDCD1 gene and HIV-1 pathogenesis using a predesigned TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. No significant association was found between rs10204525 and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and AIDS development (p > 0.05). Genotype frequencies were significantly associated with the viral load before ART (p = 0.0105). HIV-1 viral load was significantly higher among subjects with the CC compared to TT genotype (p = 0.0043). In treated subjects, the median of viral load levels was significantly higher in CC and CT groups than TT subjects (p < 0.005). However, analysis of the correlation between CD4 + T-cell levels and PDCD1 polymorphism before and after ART showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). Our results demonstrated that rs10204525 polymorphism does not affect HIV-1 infection. However, this polymorphism may affect the response to treatment as measured by RNA viral load levels.

Computational analysis of structural and functional evaluation of the deleterious missense variants in the human CTLA4 gene.

CTLA-4 is an immune checkpoint receptor that negatively regulates the T-cell function expressed after T-cell activation to break the immune response. The current study predicted the genomic analysis to explore the functional variations of missense SNPs in the human CTLA4 gene using PolyPhen2, SIFT, PANTHER, PROVEAN, Fathmm, Mutation Assessor, PhD-SNP, SNPs&GO, SNAP2, and MutPred2. Phylogenetic conservation protein was predicted by ConSurf. Protein structural analysis was carried out by I-Mutant3, MUpro, iStable2, PremPS, and ERIS servers. Molecular dynamics trajectory analysis (RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, H-bonds, and PCA) was performed to analyze the dynamic behavior of native and mutant CTLA-4 at the atomic level. Our in-silico analysis suggested that C58S, G118R, P137Q, P137R, P137L, P138T, and G146L variants were predicted to be the most deleterious missense variants and highly conserved residues. Moreover, the molecular dynamics analysis proposed a decrease in the protein stability and compactness with the P137R and P138T highlighting the impact of these variants on the function of the CTLA-4 protein.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Association between Methylene-Tetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Polymorphism and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Morocco.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection varies substantially among individuals. One of the factors influencing viral infection is genetic variability. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism is a genetic factor that has been correlated with different types of pathologies, including HIV-1. The MTHFR gene encodes the MTHFR enzyme, an essential factor in the folate metabolic pathway and in maintaining circulating folate and methionine at constant levels, thus preventing the homocysteine accumulation. Several studies have shown the role of folate on CD4+ T lymphocyte count among HIV-1 subjects. In this case-control study we aimed to determine the association between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and HIV-1 infection susceptibility, AIDS development, and therapeutic outcome among Moroccans. The C677T polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction followed by fragment length polymorphism digestion in 214 participants living with HIV-1 and 318 healthy controls. The results of the study revealed no statistically significant association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and HIV-1 infection (P > .05). After dividing HIV-1 subjects according to their AIDS status, no significant difference was observed between C677T polymorphism and AIDS development (P > .05). Furthermore, regarding the treatment response outcome, as measured by HIV-1 RNA viral load and CD4+ T cell counts, no statistically significant association was found with MTHFR C677T polymorphism. We conclude that, in the genetic context of the Moroccan population, MTHFR C677T polymorphism does not affect HIV-1 infection susceptibility, AIDS development, or response to treatment. However, more studies should be done to investigate both genetic and nutritional aspects for more conclusive results.

MBL2 gene polymorphisms related to HIV-1 infection susceptibility and treatment response.

Human Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a protein encoded by MBL2 gene involved in the activation of the lectin-complement pathway. Several studies emphasized the role of MBL2 gene in several infectious diseases' susceptibility, including HIV-1 infection. We aim to investigate the impact of 10 MBL2 gene polymorphisms located in the promoter, 5'UTR and exon 1 regions on HIV-1 physiopathology. The polymorphisms genotyping of 400 individuals, which 200 were HIV-1 positive patients and 200 were controls, was performed by PCR-sequencing. Our results showed that rs503037 and rs1800451 polymorphisms are associated with a high risk of HIV-1 infection susceptibility while rs7096206 and rs11003123 showed a protective effect. A significant association between haplotype CGA and HIV-1 infection susceptibility was also found in the exon 1 region. Moreover, rs11003124, rs7084554, rs36014597 and rs11003123 polymorphisms revealed an association with treatment response outcome as measured by RNA viral load. This study highlights the importance of MBL2 polymorphisms in the modulation of HIV-1 infection susceptibility and the contribution to treatment response outcomes among Moroccan subjects.

In Silico Analysis of High-Risk Missense Variants in Human ACE2 Gene and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus uses for entry to human host cells a SARS-CoV receptor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin II into angiotensin (1-7). To understand the effect of ACE2 missense variants on protein structure, stability, and function, various bioinformatics tools were used including SIFT, PANTHER, PROVEAN, PolyPhen2.0, I. Mutant Suite, MUpro, SWISS-MODEL, Project HOPE, ModPred, QMEAN, ConSurf, and STRING. All twelve ACE2 nsSNPs were analyzed. Six ACE2 high-risk pathogenic nsSNPs (D427Y, R514G, R708W, R710C, R716C, and R768W) were found to be the most damaging by at least six software tools (cumulative score between 6 and 7) and exert deleterious effect on the ACE2 protein structure and likely function. Additionally, they revealed high conservation, less stability, and having a role in posttranslation modifications such a proteolytic cleavage or ADP-ribosylation. This in silico analysis provides information about functional nucleotide variants that have an impact on the ACE2 protein structure and function and therefore susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2.

Computational Analysis of Missense Variants in the Human Transmembrane Protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and SARS-CoV-2.

The human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) protein plays an important role in prostate cancer progression. It also facilitates viral entry into target cells by proteolytically cleaving and activating the S protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the current study, we used different available tools like SIFT, PolyPhen2.0, PROVEAN, SNAP2, PMut, MutPred2, I-Mutant Suite, MUpro, iStable, ConSurf, ModPred, SwissModel, PROCHECK, Verify3D, and TM-align to identify the most deleterious variants and to explore possible effects on the TMPRSS2 stability, structure, and function. The six missense variants tested were evaluated to have deleterious effects on the protein by SIFT, PolyPhen2.0, PROVEAN, SNAP2, and PMut. Additionally, V160M, G181R, R240C, P335L, G432A, and D435Y variants showed a decrease in stability by at least 2 servers; G181R, G432A, and D435Y are highly conserved and identified posttranslational modifications sites (PTMs) for proteolytic cleavage and ADP-ribosylation using ConSurf and ModPred servers. The 3D structure of TMPRSS2 native and mutants was generated using 7 meq as a template from the SwissModeller group, refined by ModRefiner, and validated using the Ramachandran plot. Hence, this paper can be advantageous to understand the association between these missense variants rs12329760, rs781089181, rs762108701, rs1185182900, rs570454392, and rs867186402 and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2.