RESUMEN
Age is a significant risk factor for common noncommunicable diseases, yet the physiological alterations of aging are poorly understood. We were interested in metabolic patterns between cross-sectional cohorts of different age ranges with particular emphasis on waist circumference. We recruited three cohorts of healthy subjects with different age ranges (adolescents 18-25 years, adults 40-65 years, and older citizens 75-85 years) and stratified these based on waist circumference. Using targeted LC-MS/MS metabolite profiling, we analyzed 112 analytes in plasma (amino acids, acylcarnitines, and derivatives). We associated age-related alterations with various anthropometric and functional parameters such as insulin sensitivity and handgrip strength. Strongest age-dependent increases were found for fatty acid-derived acylcarnitines. Amino acid-derived acylcarnitines displayed increased associations with BMI and adiposity. Some essential amino acids changed in opposite directions, being lower at increased age and higher with increasing adiposity. τ-methylhistidine was elevated in older subjects, especially on an adiposity background, suggesting an increased protein turnover. Both aging and adiposity are associated with impaired insulin sensitivity. Skeletal muscle mass decreased with age and increased with adiposity. Profound differences in the metabolite signatures during healthy aging and elevated waist circumference/body weight were found. Opposite changes in skeletal muscle mass as well as possible differences in insulin signaling (relative insulin deficiency in older subjects versus hyperinsulinemia associated with adiposity), might be underlying origins for the observed metabolite signatures. We describe novel associations between metabolites and anthropometric factors during aging which underlines the complex interplay of aging, insulin resistance, and metabolic health.
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Resistencia a la Insulina , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adolescente , Humanos , Adulto Joven , Anciano , Adulto , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Estudios Transversales , Cromatografía Liquida , Fuerza de la Mano , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Obesidad , Insulina , Adiposidad/fisiología , Aminoácidos , Índice de Masa CorporalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Evidence suggests that people react differently to the same diet due to inter-individual differences. However, few studies have investigated variation in response to dietary interventions based on individuals' baseline metabolic characteristics. This study aims to examine the differential reaction of metabotype subgroups to an OGTT and a dietary fiber intervention. METHODS AND RESULTS: We assigned 356 healthy participants of an OGTT sub-study and a 12-week dietary fiber intervention sub-study within the enable cluster to three metabotype subgroups previously identified in the KORA F4 study population. To explore the association between plasma glucose level and metabotype subgroups, we used linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, and physical activity. Individuals in different metabotype subgroups showed differential responses to OGTT. Compared to the healthy metabotype (metabotype 1), participants in intermediate metabotype (metabotype 2) and unfavorable metabotype (metabotype 3) had significantly higher plasma glucose concentrations at 120 min after glucose bolus (ß = 7.881, p = 0.005; ß = 32.79, p < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, the linear regression model showed that the Area under the curve (AUC) of plasma glucose concentrations was significantly different across the metabotype subgroups. The associations between metabotype subgroups and metabolic parameters among fiber intervention participants remained insignificant in the multivariate-adjusted linear model. However, the metabotype 3 had the highest mean reduction in insulin, cholesterol parameters (TC, LDLc, and non-HDLc), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the end of the intervention period. CONCLUSION: This study supports the use of the metabotype concept to identify metabolically similar subgroups and to develop targeted dietary interventions at the metabotype subgroup level for the primary prevention of diet-related diseases.
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Glucemia , Alimentos Fortificados , Glucemia/metabolismo , Colesterol , Fibras de la Dieta , Glucosa , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Humanos , InsulinaRESUMEN
Effective policies to address poor food choices and dietary patterns need to consider the complex set of motives affecting eating behavior. This study examined how different eating motives are associated with anthropometry, body composition, and dietary intake. Our analysis is based on a cross-sectional sample with 429 healthy adults in three different age groups collected in Germany from 2016 to 2018. Dietary intake, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by standardized methods. Eating motives were measured using The Eating Motivation Scale (TEMS). Regressing dietary intakes and anthropometric indicators on TEMS motives, we identify the main sources of variation in diet and nutritional status separately for men and women. Results indicated the Health motive to be positively associated with FFM (B±SE=1.72±0.44) and negatively with WC (B±SE=-3.23±0.81) for men. For women, the Need & Hunger motive was positively associated with FFM (B±SE=1.63±0.44) and negatively with WC (B±SE=-2.46±0.81). While Liking and Habits were the most frequently stated eating motives, we did not find them to be significantly related to the nutritional status. Other motives were associated with dietary intake but not anthropometry or body composition. The Price motive was positively and the Convenience motive was negatively associated with energy (B±SE=63.77±19.98;B±SE=-46.96±17.12) and carbohydrate intake (B±SE=7.15±2.65;B±SE=-5.98±2.27) for men. The results highlight the need for more differentiated analyses of eating motives, beyond comparing the relative importance of motives based on mean values, towards the association of motives with dietary intake and nutritional status.
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Ingestión de Alimentos , Motivación , Adulto , Antropometría , Composición Corporal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is characterized by a preoccupation to eat healthily and restrictive eating habits despite negative psychosocial and physical consequences. As a relatively new construct, its prevalence and correlates in the general population and the associated utilization of mental health services are unclear. METHODS: Adults from the general population completed the Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale (DOS), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), the Short Eating Disorder Examination (SEED). RESULTS: Five-hundred eleven (63.4% female) participants with a mean age of 43.39 (SD = 18.06) completed the questionnaires. The prevalence of ON according to the DOS was 2.3%. Considering only effects of at least intermediate size, independent samples t-tests suggested higher DOS scores for persons with bulimia nervosa (p < .001, Cohen's d = 1.14), somatoform syndrome (p = .012, d = .60), and major depressive syndrome (compared p < .001, d = 1.78) according to PHQ as well as those who reported to always experience fear of gaining weight (p < .001, d = 1.78). The DOS score correlated moderately strong and positively with the PHQ depression (r = .37, p < .001) and stress (r = .33, p < .001) scores as well as the SEED bulimia score (r = .32, p < .001). In multivariate logistic regression analyses, only PHQ depression scores were associated with past psychotherapeutic or psychiatric treatment (OR = 1.20, p = .002) and intake of psychotropic medication in the last year (OR = 1.22, p = .013). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ON was low compared to international studies but is in line with other non-representative German studies. Orthorexic tendencies related to general mental distress and eating disorder symptoms but were no independent reason for seeking treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos , Servicios de Salud Mental , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Vegetarianism and semi-vegetarianism (i.e., overly vegetarian diet with rare consumption of meat) have been repeatedly linked with depression. As the nature of this association is unclear, we explored whether orthorexic (i.e., pathologically healthful eating) tendencies and ecological/ethical motives to follow a vegetarian diet may moderate the relationship between (semi-)vegetarian diets and depressive symptoms. METHODS: Five-hundred eleven adults (63.4% females; 71.2% omnivores, 19.2% semi-vegetarians, 9.6% vegetarians) completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) questionnaire-measuring depressive symptoms-and the Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale (DOS)-measuring orthorexic tendencies. Based on respective questions, participants were categorized as omnivores, semi-vegetarians, and vegetarians (including vegans) and were asked to indicate whether they chose their diet based on ecological/ethical motives. Moderation analyses were carried out with PROCESS. RESULTS: Adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index, there was a statistically significant interaction effect between diet (omnivore vs. semi-vegetarianism vs. vegetarianism) and DOS scores when predicting PHQ depression scores. At low or medium DOS scores, diets did not differ in PHQ depression scores (all ps > 0.05). At high DOS scores, however, semi-vegetarians had higher PHQ depression scores than both omnivores (p = 0.002) and vegetarians (p < 0.001). The interaction between diet and ecological/ethical eating motives when predicting PHQ depression scores was not statistically significant (p = 0.41). CONCLUSION: Semi-vegetarians with strong orthorexic tendencies show more depressive symptoms than omnivores and vegetarians. The complex nature of the relationship between vegetarianism and depression requires further investigation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, case-control analytic studies.
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Depresión , Preferencias Alimentarias , Adulto , Dieta Vegetariana , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Veganos , VegetarianosRESUMEN
Orthorexia nervosa is characterized by a preoccupation to eat healthily. However, reliability and validity of some of the existing measures of orthorexic symptomatology are questionable. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine internal reliability of and intercorrelations between four of the most popular self-report scales for measuring orthorexia nervosa: Bratman's Orthorexia Test (BOT), the ORTO-15, the Eating Habits Questionnaire (EHQ), and the Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale (DOS). Five-hundred and eleven adults (63% female) completed all four instruments. Model fit of the originally proposed factor structures of the BOT, DOS, and EHQ was good but was unacceptable for the ORTO-15. Similarly, internal reliability was good for the BOT, EHQ, and DOS, but was unacceptable for the ORTO-15. The BOT, EHQ, and DOS were highly correlated with each other while correlations with the ORTO-15 were of medium size. A subsequent exploratory item analysis suggested that the poor psychometric properties of the ORTO-15 are largely due to the originally proposed scoring procedure. In conclusion, the BOT, EHQ, and DOS are internally reliable instruments that seem to measure the same construct-orthorexic eating behavior. In line with previous suggestions, we conclude that the ORTO-15 cannot be recommended for the measurement of orthorexia nervosa, at least not when the originally proposed scoring procedure is used.
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Conducta Alimentaria/psicología , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/estadística & datos numéricos , Autoinforme/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/normas , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Autoinforme/normas , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Gaining a better understanding which motives play a role in daily eating is crucial in order to develop personalized interventions promoting adequate diet. The Eating Motivation Survey (TEMS) is a comprehensive tool to assess manifold reasons for eating but has not been specifically applied in an older sample including very old persons and persons differing in functional status. Therefore, the first step of the study was to investigate whether the basic motives of TEMS are consistent in an older sample and comparable across older adults with and without functional impairments. Second, the study aimed at describing which motives underlie eating behavior in older age most often as well as to analyze the relationship between eating motives and functional status. 376 community-dwelling older persons aged 70 years and older filled in the brief survey version (15 motives à 3 items) of TEMS. The sample comprises 149 unimpaired and 227 impaired participants in terms of physical function. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded good model fit with RMSEA 0.036 and SRMR 0.048. Furthermore, multi-group analysis revealed a generally invariant factor structure across participants with and without functional impairments. Liking was rated to underlie eating behavior most often, followed by Health and Natural Concerns. Considering gender, age and BMI, significant associations between functional status and the motive Sociability emerged. Since the results suggest that the fifteen basic eating motives are generalizable in older age and across different functional states, TEMS might be a valuable tool in nutrition-related health promotion to developing individualized approaches considering health aspects as well as hedonistic factors.
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Conducta Alimentaria/psicología , Motivación , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Preferencias Alimentarias , Alemania , Humanos , Masculino , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Certain micronutrients exhibit immunomodulatory effects. However, no intervention has yet investigated the effect of individualized supplementation on the severity of upper respiratory tract infections (URIs). Therefore, we investigated whether a personalized supplementation moderates the incidence and severity of URI. Selenium, zinc, and vitamin D were measured in dried blood spots from 59 healthy participants. Accordingly, a personalized supplement was provided with or without the respective micronutrients. We used WURSS-21 questionnaires to assess the disease status. The blood values converged during the intervention and micronutrients no longer differed between treated and untreated volunteers at the end of the intervention period. The incidence and severity of the illness did not significantly differ between the groups. However, when analyzing the WURSS-21 scores by the intention to treat, the initially randomized treatment arm revealed a significantly higher score than the placebo arm. Upon acute administration, individualized combinations of selenium, zinc and vitamin D do not reduce the number, or contribute to a milder course of URIs. Therefore, supplementation in acute infectious situations seems questionable. Further studies must address the habitual diet in more detail, to better understand the impact of individual micronutrient status on the prevention of URI.
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Suplementos Dietéticos , Micronutrientes , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio , Selenio , Vitamina D , Zinc , Humanos , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/prevención & control , Masculino , Femenino , Micronutrientes/administración & dosificación , Zinc/sangre , Zinc/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Selenio/sangre , Selenio/administración & dosificación , Vitamina D/sangre , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Beneficial gut bacteria are indispensable for developing colonic mucus and fully establishing its protective function against intestinal microorganisms. Low-fiber diet consumption alters the gut bacterial configuration and disturbs this microbe-mucus interaction, but the specific bacteria and microbial metabolites responsible for maintaining mucus function remain poorly understood. By using human-to-mouse microbiota transplantation and ex vivo analysis of colonic mucus function, we here show as a proof-of-concept that individuals who increase their daily dietary fiber intake can improve the capacity of their gut microbiota to prevent diet-mediated mucus defects. Mucus growth, a critical feature of intact colonic mucus, correlated with the abundance of the gut commensal Blautia, and supplementation of Blautia coccoides to mice confirmed its mucus-stimulating capacity. Mechanistically, B. coccoides stimulated mucus growth through the production of the short-chain fatty acids propionate and acetate via activation of the short-chain fatty acid receptor Ffar2, which could serve as a new target to restore mucus growth during mucus-associated lifestyle diseases.
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Colon , Fibras de la Dieta , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Mucosa Intestinal , Receptores de Superficie Celular , Animales , Fibras de la Dieta/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Ratones , Colon/metabolismo , Colon/microbiología , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiología , Masculino , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Femenino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Moco/metabolismo , Trasplante de Microbiota Fecal , Simbiosis , Propionatos/metabolismo , Clostridiales/metabolismo , Acetatos/metabolismo , AdultoRESUMEN
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are implicated in vascular aging due to their pro-inflammatory properties. Skin autofluorescence (SAF) is a measure to estimate their deposition. It is an easily quantifiable marker that has been shown to correlate with cardiovascular risk and parameters of metabolic diseases. Herein, we compared skin autofluorescence with other techniques indicating increased cardiovascular diseases, namely, pulse wave velocity (PWVao) and intima-media thickness (IMT). We also studied the impacts of other parameters in deeply phenotyped cohorts of young, middle-aged, and older individuals. SAF, aortic PWVao, and IMT proved to be significantly correlated with each other and with age. However, based on a moderator analysis, we could not show that these associations were affected by age. Some specific parameters such as creatinine and CRP were found to be significantly associated with skin AGE values after adjusting for confounding variables. In conclusion, SAF is a simple screening tool for vascular health with comparable power to more elaborated technical tests.
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Grosor Intima-Media Carotídeo , Análisis de la Onda del Pulso , Persona de Mediana Edad , Humanos , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Envejecimiento , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Piel/metabolismoRESUMEN
Consumption of fiber-rich foods is linked to beneficial effects on chronic diseases and gut health, while implications towards improving satiety and parameters of well-being remain unclear. A randomized placebo-controlled intervention study was conducted to compare the effects of fiber-enriched foods to their non-enriched counterparts in adults over a 12-week period on selected clinical parameters-satiety, quality of life, body sensation, and life satisfaction-subjective health status, and importance of diet for well-being. Quality of life (QOL) differed significantly between intervention and control groups at baseline, throughout, and at the end of the study. No effects on satiety, satisfaction with life, or the importance of diet for well-being could be shown between groups. With higher fiber intake, body sensation ratings increased. A higher BMI was significantly associated with lower-body sensation, subjective health status and quality of life. Fiber-enriched foods do not seem to affect feeling of satiety or parameters of well-being. Larger samples and additional methods are necessary to fully explore the effect of increased fiber intake on patient-related outcomes in more detail.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Calidad de Vida , Humanos , Adulto , Alimentos Fortificados , Estado de Salud , Autoevaluación DiagnósticaRESUMEN
Recent large-scale genomic association studies found evidence for a genetic link between increased risk of type 2 diabetes and decreased risk for adiposity-related traits, reminiscent of metabolically obese normal weight (MONW) association signatures. However, the target genes and cellular mechanisms driving such MONW associations remain to be identified. Here, we systematically identify the cellular programmes of one of the top-scoring MONW risk loci, the 2q24.3 risk locus, in subcutaneous adipocytes. We identify a causal genetic variant, rs6712203, an intronic single-nucleotide polymorphism in the COBLL1 gene, which changes the conserved transcription factor motif of POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2, and leads to differential COBLL1 gene expression by altering the enhancer activity at the locus in subcutaneous adipocytes. We then establish the cellular programme under the genetic control of the 2q24.3 MONW risk locus and the effector gene COBLL1, which is characterized by impaired actin cytoskeleton remodelling in differentiating subcutaneous adipocytes and subsequent failure of these cells to accumulate lipids and develop into metabolically active and insulin-sensitive adipocytes. Finally, we show that perturbations of the effector gene Cobll1 in a mouse model result in organismal phenotypes matching the MONW association signature, including decreased subcutaneous body fat mass and body weight along with impaired glucose tolerance. Taken together, our results provide a mechanistic link between the genetic risk for insulin resistance and low adiposity, providing a potential therapeutic hypothesis and a framework for future identification of causal relationships between genome associations and cellular programmes in other disorders.
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Actinas , Adipocitos , Obesidad Metabólica Benigna , Humanos , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Actinas/metabolismo , Obesidad Metabólica Benigna/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Grasa Subcutánea/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Haplotipos , Ratones Noqueados , Masculino , Femenino , Ratones , AnimalesRESUMEN
Olfactory function and nutrition are closely related and may influence each other via metabolic parameters. However, the relationship between nutritional blood parameters and olfactory performance is still unclear. Inconclusive findings exist for specific blood parameters. In this extensive analysis, we examined the relationship between olfactory performance, measured with MONEX-40, as well as intensity and pleasantness ratings with 38 metabolic blood parameters, age, sex, and the anthropometric measurements body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP). Therefore, we included data of 418 healthy, well-phenotyped Caucasians of the Enable cohort. We replicated age-dependent olfactory identification scores (p < 0.001) and found slight evidence for a body fat dependence measured with BFP (BF10 = 10.466). We further identified a sex difference only in middle-aged adults (p < 0.001) that could be explained by environmental factors. Several blood parameters correlated significantly with the MONEX-40 score (p < 0.05 - p < 0.001). However, these effects diminished after adjusting for sex and age (p > 0.9) that were identified as confounders. The same applies for BFP. In addition, no parameters were identified to correlate significantly with perceived olfactory intensity or pleasantness score if controlled for sex and age (p > 0.08). Our results suggest that metabolic blood parameters are not related to olfactory identification performance in a relevant manner and highlight the importance of controlling for sex and age in chemosensory research.
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Trastornos del Olfato , Olfato , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , OdorantesRESUMEN
SCOPE: It is inconclusive which factors influence inter-individual variations of postprandial glucose response (PPGR). This study investigates whether the habitual diet is associated with PPGR. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from healthy adults (young adults with 18-25 years, middle-aged adults with 40-65 years, and older adults with 75-85 years) is collected at baseline and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) collected. Habitual diet is assessed by a food frequency questionnaire and two 24-h food lists. Associations between habitual diet and glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUCmin ) are examined by regression models. The intake of cereals and cereal products is negatively associated with glucose iAUCmin (p = 0.002) in the total cohort (N = 459, 50% women, 55 ± 21 years, BMI 26 ± 5 kg m- 2 ). Up to 9% of the variance in the glycemic response is explained by the respective dietary parameters identified in the models of the specific age groups. CONCLUSION: There are age-specific diet-related effects on PPGR. The usual intake of cereals and cereal products seems to play a greater role in PPGR in more than one age group. Further research is needed, to establish how diet can be optimized based on age and PPGR.
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Glucosa , Periodo Posprandial , Anciano , Glucemia , Dieta , Grano Comestible , Femenino , Humanos , Insulina , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Periodo Posprandial/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Aging is associated with reduced appetite as well as a slight increase in pro-inflammatory status, which both might contribute to the development of malnutrition. We aimed to evaluate the association between inflammation based on serum C-reactive protein (CRP), and appetite in healthy community-dwelling older adults. In this cross-sectional study of 158 healthy and non-smoking persons (aged 75-85 years), appetite was assessed in personal interviews by a single question with five answer categories. As nobody reported (very) poor appetite, the remaining three categories were dichotomised into "(very) good" and "moderate" appetite. Fasting serum CRP was analysed according to standard procedures, values ≥ 5.0 mg/L were considered as inflammation. The association between inflammation and appetite was examined by binary logistic regression, unadjusted and adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, leptin, depressive mood, number of medications, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Appetite was very good in 27.8%, good in 58.9%, and moderate in 13.3% of participants. Inflammation was present in 10.8% overall, in 8.8% of those with (very) good and in 23.8% of those with moderate appetite (p = 0.038). In the unadjusted model, participants with inflammation were 3.2 times more likely to have moderate appetite (95%CI: 1.01-10.44, p = 0.047). In the adjusted model, the odds of having moderate appetite was 3.7 times higher in participants with inflammation, but no longer significant (95%CI: 0.77-18.55, p = 0.102). In healthy older people, we found hints for a potential association between increased levels of CRP and a slightly reduced appetite. More studies in larger samples are needed.
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INTRODUCTION: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) serves to produce heat by nonshivering thermogenesis. Activation of BAT increases energy expenditure and is seen as a putative strategy to treat obesity. There are conflicting data on the capacity for cold-induced thermogenesis in individuals with higher BMI. METHODS: To investigate the effect of BMI on cold-induced stimulation of energy expenditure, changes in the metabolic profile, and the expression of browning markers in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT), healthy adults (N = 173, 50.9% females) with a median age of 26.0 (interquartile range [IQR]: 23.0; 28.0) years and a median body mass index (BMI) of 23.6 [IQR: 21.9; 26.6] kg/m2 were exposed to short-term mild cold exposure (CE). Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry and blood sampling was conducted at baseline and after CE. In a subgroup of participants with obesity, subcutaneous abdominal fat biopsies were taken before and after CE. RESULTS: The cold-induced median increase in REE was 74 (IQR: -28; 241) kcal/day (p < 0.001). This increase negatively correlated with BMI (p < 0.001). Participants with BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 displayed a significant median increase of 103 kcal/day (p < 0.001), participants with overweight or obesity were not able to increase REE (23, p = 0.468 or -30 kcal/day, p = 0.917, respectively). In participants with obesity, expression of cell death activator in scWAT after CE was upregulated in females (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Persons with overweight and obesity do not increase REE in response to CE, presumably reflecting lower BAT activity. Likewise, the metabolic response to cold is diminished in participants with elevated BMI.
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Sobrepeso , Termogénesis , Tejido Adiposo Pardo/metabolismo , Adulto , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Índice de Masa Corporal , Metabolismo Energético , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad/metabolismo , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Termogénesis/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Previous efforts to increase fiber intake in the general population were disappointing despite growing awareness of the multiple benefits of a high fiber intake. Aim of the study was to investigate the acceptance and consumption of fiber-enriched foods. METHODS: One hundred and fifteen middle-aged healthy individuals with and without elevated waist circumference (> 102 cm in males and > 88 cm in females) were recruited and randomized to an intervention or an age- and sex-matched control group. Subjects assigned to the intervention group were invited to select fiber-enriched foods from a broad portfolio of products to increase fiber intake by 10 g/day. Control subjects could choose items from the same food basket without fiber enrichment. The primary outcome was the increase in dietary fiber intake, and secondary outcomes were changes in cardiometabolic risk factors, microbiota composition, food choices, and consumer acceptance of the fiber-enriched foods. RESULTS: Compared to baseline, daily fiber intake increased from 22.5 ± 8.0 to 34.0 ± 9.6 g/day after 4 weeks (p < 0.001) and to 36.0 ± 8.9 g/day after 12 weeks (p < 0.001) in the intervention group, whereas fiber intake remained unchanged in the control group. Participants rated the taste of the food products as pleasant without group differences. In both groups, the most liked foods included popular convenience foods such as pretzel breadstick, pizza salami, and pizza vegetarian. After 12 weeks of intervention, there were minor improvements in plasma lipids and parameters of glucose metabolism in both the intervention and control group compared to baseline, but no differences between the two groups. Increased fiber consumption resulted in an increased (p < 0.001) relative abundance of Tannerellaceae. CONCLUSIONS: Fiber-enrichment of popular foods increases fiber intake in a middle-aged population with and without cardiometabolic risk and may provide a simple, novel strategy to increase fiber intake in the population.
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16S rRNA gene profiling is currently the most widely used technique in microbiome research and allows the study of microbial diversity, taxonomic profiling, phylogenetics, functional and network analysis. While a plethora of tools have been developed for the analysis of 16S rRNA gene data, only a few platforms offer a user-friendly interface and none comprehensively covers the whole analysis pipeline from raw data processing down to complex analysis. We introduce Namco, an R shiny application that offers a streamlined interface and serves as a one-stop solution for microbiome analysis. We demonstrate Namco's capabilities by studying the association between a rich fibre diet and the gut microbiota composition. Namco helped to prove the hypothesis that butyrate-producing bacteria are prompted by fibre-enriched intervention. Namco provides a broad range of features from raw data processing and basic statistics down to machine learning and network analysis, thus covering complex data analysis tasks that are not comprehensively covered elsewhere. Namco is freely available at https://exbio.wzw.tum.de/namco/.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbiota , Bacterias/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Microbiota/genética , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genéticaRESUMEN
Background: Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a group of fatty acids with potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. The blood levels of FAHFAs and their regulation in humans have hardly been studied. Objective: We aimed to investigate serum FAHFA levels in well-characterized human cohorts, to evaluate associations with age, sex, BMI, weight loss, diabetic status, and diet. Methods: We analyzed levels of stearic-acid-9-hydroxy-stearic-acid (9-SAHSA), oleic-acid-9-hydroxy-stearic-acid (9-OAHSA) and palmitic-acid-9-hydroxy-palmitic-acid (9-PAHPA) as well as different palmitic acid-hydroxy-stearic-acids (PAHSAs) by HPLC-MS/MS with the use of an internal standard in various cohorts: A cohort of different age groups (18-25y; 40-65y; 75-85y; Σ n = 60); severely obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and non-obese controls (Σ n = 36); obese patients with and without diabetes (Σ n = 20); vegetarians/vegans (n = 10) and omnivores (n = 9); and young men before and after acute overfeeding with saturated fatty acids (SFA) (n = 15). Results: Omnivores had substantially higher FAHFA levels than vegetarians/vegans [median (25th percentile; 75th percentile) tFAHFAs = 12.82 (7.57; 14.86) vs. 5.86 (5.10; 6.71) nmol/L; P < 0.05]. Dietary overfeeding by supplementation of SFAs caused a significant increase within 1 week [median tFAHFAs = 4.31 (3.31; 5.27) vs. 6.96 (6.50; 7.76) nmol/L; P < 0.001]. Moreover, obese patients had lower FAHFA levels than non-obese controls [median tFAHFAs = 3.24 (2.80; 4.30) vs. 5.22 (4.18; 7.46) nmol/L; P < 0.01] and surgery-induced weight loss increased 9-OAHSA level while other FAHFAs were not affected. Furthermore, significant differences in some FAHFA levels were found between adolescents and adults or elderly, while no differences between sexes and between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals were detected. Conclusions: FAHFA serum levels are strongly affected by high SFA intake and reduced in severe obesity. Age also may influence FAHFA levels, whereas there was no detectable relation with sex and diabetic status. The physiological role of FAHFAs in humans remains to be better elucidated. Trial Registration: All studies referring to these analyses were registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (https://www.drks.de/drks_web/) with the numbers DRKS00009008, DRKS00010133, DRKS00006211, and DRKS00009797.
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BACKGROUND: Numerous studies acknowledged the importance of an adequate vegetable consumption for human health. However, current methods to estimate vegetable intake are often prone to measurement errors due to self-reporting and/or insufficient detail. More objective intake biomarkers for vegetables, using biological specimens, are preferred. The only concentration biomarkers currently available are blood carotenoids and vitamin C, covering total fruit and vegetable intake. Identification of biomarkers for specific vegetables is needed for a better understanding of their relative importance for human health. Within the FoodBAll Project under the Joint Programming Initiative "A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life", an ambitious action was undertaken to identify candidate intake biomarkers for all major food groups consumed in Europe by systematically reviewing the existent literature. This study describes the review on candidate biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) for leafy, bulb, and stem vegetables, which was conducted within PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for studies published through March 2019. RESULTS: In total, 65 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility for leafy vegetables, and 6 full-text articles were screened for bulb and stem vegetables. Putative BFIs were identified for spinach, lettuce, endive, asparagus, artichoke, and celery, but not for rocket salad. However, after critical evaluation through a validation scheme developed by the FoodBAll consortium, none of the putative biomarkers appeared to be a promising BFI. The food chemistry data indicate that some candidate BFIs may be revealed by further studies. CONCLUSION: Future randomized controlled feeding studies combined with observational studies, applying a non-targeted metabolomics approach, are needed in order to identify valuable BFIs for the intake of leafy, bulb, and stem vegetables.