RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Serum cystatin C (s-CC), an endogenous marker of kidney function, has also been proposed as a cardiovascular risk marker. However, it is unknown whether it is a direct marker of atherosclerosis, independently of kidney function. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to correlate s-CC with two surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 103 middle-aged (57.49 ± 11.7 years) hypertensive outpatients, being 60 female (58.25%), most with preserved kidney function. S-CC was correlated with carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery (FMD), both assessed by ultrasound, as well as with measured creatinine clearance and established cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: S-CC was neither significantly correlated with IMT (r = -0.024; p = 0.84) nor with FMD (r = -0.050 and p = 0.687) and no significant association was observed with conventional risk factors and inflammatory markers. In univariate analysis, s-CC was correlated with measured creatinine clearance (r = -0,498; p < 0,001), age (r = 0,408; p < 0,001), microalbuminuria (r = 0,291; p = 0,014), uric acid (r = 0,391; p < 0,001), ratio E/e' (r = 0,242; p = 0,049) and Framingham score (r = 0,359; p = 0,001). However, after multiple regression analysis, only the association with measured creatinine clearance remained significant (r = -0,491; p < 0,001). CONCLUSION: In middle-aged hypertensive outpatients, s-CC correlated with measured creatinine clearance, as expected, but no association was observed with markers of atherosclerosis neither with established cardiovascular risk factors.
Asunto(s)
Aterosclerosis/sangre , Cistatina C/sangre , Hipertensión/sangre , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores/sangre , Arteria Braquial/fisiopatología , Grosor Intima-Media Carotídeo , Creatinina/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Riñón/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Fundamentos: Tanto a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) como a disfunção endotelial representam importantes fatores de risco cardiovascular. No entanto, a correlação entre HVE e disfunção endotelial tem sido pouco explorada e ainda é motivo de controvérsias. Objetivo: Investigar a correlação entre o índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo (IMVE) e a dilatação mediada por fluxo de artéria braquial (DMF), adotada como estimativa da função endotelial, em indivíduos hipertensos. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal envolvendo 94 hipertensos sem doença cardiovascular manifesta, com média de idade de 56,99 ± 11,89 anos, sendo 68,1% do sexo feminino. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a exame clínico, pesquisa de fatores de risco cardiovascular, dosagens bioquímicas, ecodopplercardiografia para determinação do IMVE e pesquisa da DMF por ultra-sonografia de alta resolução. Utilizouse a regressão linear múltipla para pesquisa da associação entre IMVE e DMF. Resultados: A média do IMVE foi de 104,4 ± 26,2 g/m2 e a da DMF, de 5,2 ± 5,7%. Na análise de regressão linear simples, observou-se uma correlação inversa significativa entre o IMVE e a DMF (ß = -0,389, p = 0,007). Após análise de regressão multivariada, a associação persistiu independentemente da pressão arterial, tanto sistólica quanto diastólica, proteína C reativa ultrassensível (PCR-US) e de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular. Conclusão: Observou-se correlação inversa significativa entre IMVE e DMF em hipertensos sem doença cardiovascular manifesta, independentemente da pressão arterial e do status inflamatório.
Background: Both left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and endothelial dysfunction represent important cardiovascular risk factors. However, the correlation between LVH and endothelial dysfunction has been little explored and is still a matter of controversies. Objective: To investigate the correlation between left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of brachial artery , used as an estimative measure of endothelial dysfunction, in hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 94 middle-aged (56,99 ± 11,89 years) hypertensive outpatients without overt cardiovascular disease, being 68,1% female. All the participants underwent clinical examination, biochemical analyses, search for cardiovascular risk factors, transthoracic echocardiography for the determination of LVMI and assessment of FMD using a high-resolution Doppler B-mode ultrasound equipment. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyse the association between LVMI and DMF. Results: Mean LVMI was 104,4 ± 26,2 g/m2 and mean DMF, 5,2 ± 5,7%. Using simple linear regression, it was observed a significant inverse correlation between LVMI and FMD (ß = -0,389, p =0,007). This association remained significant even after adjustment for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and many other cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions: In these hypertensive patients without overt cardiovascular disease, it was observed a significant inverse correlation between LVMI and FMD, which was independent of blood pressure and inflammatory status.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Endotelio , Ventrículos Cardíacos , Hipertensión , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda , VasodilataciónRESUMEN
FUNDAMENTO: A cistatina C sérica (s-CC), um marcador endógeno da função renal, tem sido proposta também como um marcador de risco cardiovascular. No entanto, ainda não está estabelecido se se trata de um marcador direto de aterosclerose, independentemente da função renal. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar a s-CC com dois marcadores substitutos de aterosclerose subclínica. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal envolvendo 103 pacientes hipertensos ambulatoriais, de meia idade (57,49 ± 11,7 anos), sendo 60 do sexo feminino (58,25%) e a maioria com função renal preservada. A s-CC foi correlacionada com a espessura mediointimal carotídea (EMIc) e a dilatação mediada por fluxo de artéria braquial (DMF), ambas avaliadas por ultrassonografia, bem como com o clearance de creatinina medido e fatores de risco cardiovascular estabelecidos. RESULTADOS: A s-CC não se correlacionou significativamente nem com a EMIc (r = -0,024, p = 0,84) nem com a DMF (r = -0,050 e p = 0,687), e não foi observada também associação significativa com fatores de risco convencionais nem marcadores inflamatórios. Na análise univariada, a s-CC se correlacionou com o clearance de creatinina medido (r = - 0,498, p < 0,001), idade (r = 0,408, p < 0,001), microalbuminúria (r = 0,291, p = 0,014), ácido úrico (r = 0,391, p < 0,001), relação E/e' (r = 0,242, p = 0,049) e escore de Framingham (r = 0,359, p = 0,001). No entanto, após análise de regressão múltipla, apenas a associação com o clearance de creatinina medido permaneceu significativa (r = -0,491, p <0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes hipertensos ambulatoriais de meia idade, a s-CC se correlacionou com o clearance de creatinina medido,como esperado, mas não foi observada associação com marcadores de aterosclerose nem com fatores de risco cardiovascular estabelecidos.
BACKGROUND: Serum cystatin C (s-CC), an endogenous marker of kidney function, has also been proposed as a cardiovascular risk marker. However, it is unknown whether it is a direct marker of atherosclerosis, independently of kidney function. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to correlate s-CC with two surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 103 middle-aged (57.49 ± 11.7 years) hypertensive outpatients, being 60 female (58.25%), most with preserved kidney function. S-CC was correlated with carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery (FMD), both assessed by ultrasound, as well as with measured creatinine clearance and established cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: S-CC was neither significantly correlated with IMT (r = -0.024; p = 0.84) nor with FMD (r = -0.050 and p = 0.687) and no significant association was observed with conventional risk factors and inflammatory markers. In univariate analysis, s-CC was correlated with measured creatinine clearance (r = -0,498; p < 0,001), age (r = 0,408; p < 0,001), microalbuminuria (r = 0,291; p = 0,014), uric acid (r = 0,391; p < 0,001), ratio E/e' (r = 0,242; p = 0,049) and Framingham score (r = 0,359; p = 0,001). However, after multiple regression analysis, only the association with measured creatinine clearance remained significant (r = -0,491; p < 0,001). CONCLUSION: In middle-aged hypertensive outpatients, s-CC correlated with measured creatinine clearance, as expected, but no association was observed with markers of atherosclerosis neither with established cardiovascular risk factors.