Exploring the experiences and preferences of South Asian patients' of primary care in England since COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: Remote (digital and/or telephone) access and consultation models are being driven by national policy with the goal being that the National Health Service operate on a remote-first (digital-first) basis by 2029. Previous research has suggested that remote methods of access to care and consulting may act to widen health inequalities for certain patients and/or groups such as those from ethnic minorities. South Asian (SA) patients comprise the largest ethnic minority group in England. Understanding the experiences and needs of this group is critical to ensuring that general practice can deliver equitable, quality health care. METHODS: Qualitative study. 37 participants (from Indian, Pakistani and/or Bangladeshi background) were recruited to take part in either in-person preferred language focus groups or remote semistructured interviews in the English language. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify themes in the qualitative data. FINDINGS: Three major interlinked themes were identified: (1) reduced access, (2) reduced patient choice and (3) quality and safety concerns. The findings highlight access issues split by (i) general issues with appointment access via any remote means and (ii) specific issues related to language barriers creating additional barriers to access and care. Some patients valued the convenience of remote access but also raised concerns regarding appointment availability and reduced patient choice. Face-to-face consultations were preferable but less available. The findings underscore how participants perceived remote care to be of lesser quality and less safe. Concerns were greatest for those with limited English proficiency (LEP), with the removal of non-verbal aspects of communication and 'hands-on' care leading to perceptions of reduced psycho-social safety. CONCLUSION: SA patients' experiences of remote-led primary care access and care delivery were negative with only a minority viewing it positively and for certain limited scenarios. Face-to-face models of care remain the preferred mode of consultation, particularly for those with LEP. Hybrid models of access offer patients the greatest choice, and are likely to meet the varying needs of the South-Asian patient population going forwards. The remote first approach to primary care may be achievable as a service ideal, but its limitations need to be recognised and accounted for to ensure that primary care can be an equitable service, both now and in the future. PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Members of the public were involved in all phases of research in the study. This included co-working in partnership throughout the study including, reviewing patient-facing documents, recruiting participants, data facilitation, translation work, interpretation of the data and co-authors on this manuscript. The key to the success of our study was collaborative teamwork, which involved experienced members of the public with SA cultural knowledge working together with and integral to the research team for all components.

Erythrocyte ENT1-AMPD3 Axis is an Essential Purinergic Hypoxia Sensor and Energy Regulator Combating CKD in a Mouse Model.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hypoxia drives kidney damage and progression of CKD. Although erythrocytes respond rapidly to hypoxia, their role and the specific molecules sensing and responding to hypoxia in CKD remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated in a mouse model that erythrocyte ENT1-AMPD3 is a master energy regulator of the intracellular purinergic hypoxic compensatory response that promotes rapid energy supply from extracellular adenosine, eAMPK-dependent metabolic reprogramming, and O 2 delivery, which combat renal hypoxia and progression of CKD. ENT1-AMPD3-AMPK-BPGM comprise a group of circulating erythroid-specific biomarkers, providing early diagnostic and novel therapeutic targets for CKD. BACKGROUND: Hypoxia drives kidney damage and progression of CKD. Although erythrocytes respond rapidly to hypoxia, their role and the specific molecules sensing and responding to hypoxia in CKD remain unclear. METHODS: Mice with an erythrocyte-specific deficiency in equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 ( eEnt1-/- ) and a global deficiency in AMP deaminase 3 ( Ampd3-/- ) were generated to define their function in two independent CKD models, including angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Unbiased metabolomics, isotopic adenosine flux, and various biochemical and cell culture analyses coupled with genetic studies were performed. Translational studies in patients with CKD and cultured human erythrocytes examined the role of ENT1 and AMPD3 in erythrocyte function and metabolism. RESULTS: eEnt1-/- mice display severe renal hypoxia, kidney damage, and fibrosis in both CKD models. The loss of eENT1-mediated adenosine uptake reduces intracellular AMP and thus abolishes the activation of AMPK α and bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM). This results in reduced 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and glutathione, leading to overwhelming oxidative stress in eEnt1-/- mice. Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) activates AMPD3, resulting in metabolic reprogramming and reduced O 2 delivery, leading to severe renal hypoxia in eEnt1-/- mice. By contrast, genetic ablation of AMPD3 preserves the erythrocyte adenine nucleotide pool, inducing AMPK-BPGM activation, O 2 delivery, and antioxidative stress capacity, which protect against Ang II-induced renal hypoxia, damage, and CKD progression. Translational studies recapitulated the findings in mice. CONCLUSION: eENT1-AMPD3, two highly enriched erythrocyte purinergic components that sense hypoxia, promote eAMPK-BPGM-dependent metabolic reprogramming, O 2 delivery, energy supply, and antioxidative stress capacity, which mitigates renal hypoxia and CKD progression.

13C15N: glucagon-based novel isotope dilution mass spectrometry method for measurement of glucagon metabolism in humans.

BACKGROUND: Glucagon serves as an important regulatory hormone for regulating blood glucose concentration with tight feedback control exerted by insulin and glucose. There are critical gaps in our understanding of glucagon kinetics, pancreatic α cell function and intra-islet feedback network that are disrupted in type 1 diabetes. This is important for translational research applications of evolving dual-hormone (insulin + glucagon) closed-loop artificial pancreas algorithms and their usage in type 1 diabetes. Thus, it is important to accurately measure glucagon kinetics in vivo and to develop robust models of glucose-insulin-glucagon interplay that could inform next generation of artificial pancreas algorithms. METHODS: Here, we describe the administration of novel 13C15N heavy isotope-containing glucagon tracers-FF glucagon [(Phe 6 13C9,15N; Phe 22 13C9,15N)] and FFLA glucagon [(Phe 6 13C9,15N; Phe 22 13C9,15N; Leu 14 13C6,15N; Ala 19 13C3)] followed by anti-glucagon antibody-based enrichment and LC-MS/MS based-targeted assays using high-resolution mass spectrometry to determine levels of infused glucagon in plasma samples. The optimized assay results were applied for measurement of glucagon turnover in subjects with and without type 1 diabetes infused with isotopically labeled glucagon tracers. RESULTS: The limit of quantitation was found to be 1.56 pg/ml using stable isotope-labeled glucagon as an internal standard. Intra and inter-assay variability was < 6% and < 16%, respectively, for FF glucagon while it was < 5% and < 23%, respectively, for FFLA glucagon. Further, we carried out a novel isotope dilution technique using glucagon tracers for studying glucagon kinetics in type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The methods described in this study for simultaneous detection and quantitation of glucagon tracers have clinical utility for investigating glucagon kinetics in vivo in humans.

Erythrocyte Metabolic Reprogramming by Sphingosine 1-Phosphate in Chronic Kidney Disease and Therapies.

RATIONALE: Hypoxia promotes renal damage and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The erythrocyte is the only cell type for oxygen (O2) delivery. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-a highly enriched biolipid in erythrocytes-is recently reported to be induced under high altitude in normal humans to enhance O2 delivery. However, nothing is known about erythrocyte S1P in CKD. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the function and metabolic basis of erythrocyte S1P in CKD with a goal to explore potential therapeutics. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using erythrocyte-specific SphK1 (sphingosine kinase 1; the only enzyme to produce S1P in erythrocytes) knockout mice (eSphK1-/-) in an experimental model of hypertensive CKD with Ang II (angiotensin II) infusion, we found severe renal hypoxia, hypertension, proteinuria, and fibrosis in Ang II-infused eSphk1-/- mice compared with controls. Untargeted metabolomics profiling and in vivo U-13C6 isotopically labeled glucose flux analysis revealed that SphK1 is required for channeling glucose metabolism toward glycolysis versus pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in enhanced erythroid-specific Rapoport-Luebering shunt in Ang II-infused mice. Mechanistically, increased erythrocyte S1P functioning intracellularly activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) 1α and BPGM (bisphosphoglycerate mutase) by reducing ceramide/S1P ratio and inhibiting PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A), leading to increased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (an erythrocyte-specific metabolite negatively regulating Hb [hemoglobin]-O2-binding affinity) production and thus more O2 delivery to counteract kidney hypoxia and progression to CKD. Preclinical studies revealed that an AMPK agonist or a PP2A inhibitor rescued the severe CKD phenotype in Ang II-infused eSphK1-/- mice and prevented development of CKD in the control mice by inducing 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate production and thus enhancing renal oxygenation. Translational research validated mouse findings in erythrocytes of hypertensive CKD patients and cultured human erythrocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study elucidates the beneficial role of eSphk1-S1P in hypertensive CKD by channeling glucose metabolism toward Rapoport-Luebering shunt and inducing 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate production and O2 delivery via a PP2A-AMPK1α signaling pathway. These findings reveal the metabolic and molecular basis of erythrocyte S1P in CKD and new therapeutic avenues.

Understanding How the Design and Implementation of Online Consultations Affect Primary Care Quality: Systematic Review of Evidence With Recommendations for Designers, Providers, and Researchers.

BACKGROUND: Online consultations (OCs) allow patients to contact their care providers on the web. Worldwide, OCs have been rolled out in primary care rapidly owing to policy initiatives and COVID-19. There is a lack of evidence regarding how OC design and implementation influence care quality. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to synthesize research on the impacts of OCs on primary care quality, and how these are influenced by system design and implementation. METHODS: We searched databases from January 2010 to February 2022. We included quantitative and qualitative studies of real-world OC use in primary care. Quantitative data were transformed into qualitative themes. We used thematic synthesis informed by the Institute of Medicine domains of health care quality, and framework analysis informed by the nonadoption, abandonment, scale-up, spread, and sustainability framework. Strength of evidence was judged using the GRADE-CERQual approach. RESULTS: We synthesized 63 studies from 9 countries covering 31 OC systems, 14 (22%) of which used artificial intelligence; 41% (26/63) of studies were published from 2020 onward, and 17% (11/63) were published after the COVID-19 pandemic. There was no quantitative evidence for negative impacts of OCs on patient safety, and qualitative studies suggested varied perceptions of their safety. Some participants believed OCs improved safety, particularly when patients could describe their queries using free text. Staff workload decreased when sufficient resources were allocated to implement OCs and patients used them for simple problems or could describe their queries using free text. Staff workload increased when OCs were not integrated with other software or organizational workflows and patients used them for complex queries. OC systems that required patients to describe their queries using multiple-choice questionnaires increased workload for patients and staff. Health costs decreased when patients used OCs for simple queries and increased when patients used them for complex queries. Patients using OCs were more likely to be female, younger, and native speakers, with higher socioeconomic status. OCs increased primary care access for patients with mental health conditions, verbal communication difficulties, and barriers to attending in-person appointments. Access also increased by providing a timely response to patients' queries. Patient satisfaction increased when using OCs owing to better primary care access, although it decreased when using multiple-choice questionnaire formats. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first theoretically informed synthesis of research on OCs in primary care and includes studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. It contributes new knowledge that, in addition to having positive impacts on care quality such as increased access, OCs also have negative impacts such as increased workload. Negative impacts can be mitigated through appropriate OC system design (eg, free text format), incorporation of advanced technologies (eg, artificial intelligence), and integration into technical infrastructure (eg, software) and organizational workflows (eg, timely responses). TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020191802; https://tinyurl.com/2p84ezjy.

Protein-L-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase is required for in vivo control of oxidative damage in red blood cells.

Red blood cells have the special challenge of a large amount of reactive oxygen species (from their substantial iron load and Fenton reactions) combined with the inability to synthesize new gene products. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating the multiple pathways by which red blood cells neutralize reactive oxygen species via NADPH driven redox reactions. However, far less is known about how red blood cells repair the inevitable damage that does occur when reactive oxygen species break through anti-oxidant defenses. When structural and functional proteins become oxidized, the only remedy available to red blood cells is direct repair of the damaged molecules, as red blood cells cannot synthesize new proteins. Amongst the most common amino acid targets of oxidative damage is the conversion of asparagine and aspartate side chains into a succinimidyl group through deamidation or dehydration, respectively. Red blood cells express an L-Isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT, gene name PCMT1) that can convert succinimidyl groups back to an aspartate. Herein, we report that deletion of PCMT1 significantly alters red blood cell metabolism in a healthy state, but does not impair the circulatory lifespan of red blood cells. Through a combination of genetic ablation, bone marrow transplantation and oxidant stimulation with phenylhydrazine in vivo or blood storage ex vivo, we use omics approaches to show that, when animals are exposed to oxidative stress, red blood cells from PCMT1 knockout undergo significant metabolic reprogramming and increased hemolysis. This is the first report of an essential role of PCMT1 for normal RBC circulation during oxidative stress.

Patient experiences of an online consultation system: a qualitative study in English primary care post-COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Online consultation systems (OCSs) allow patients to contact their healthcare teams online. Since 2020 they have been rapidly rolled out in primary care following policy initiatives and the COVID-19 pandemic. In-depth research of patients' experiences using OCSs is lacking. AIM: Explore patients' experiences of using an OCS. DESIGN AND SETTING: Qualitative study in English GP practices using the Patchs OCS (www.Patchs.ai) from March 2020 to July 2022. METHOD: Thematic analysis of 25 patient interviews and 21 467 written comments from 11 851 patients who used the OCS from nine and 240 GP practices, respectively. RESULTS: Patients cited benefits of using the OCS as speed, flexibility, and efficiency. Nevertheless, some patients desired a return to traditional consultation methods. GP practices often did not clearly advertise the OCS or use it as patients expected, which caused frustration. Patients reported advantages of having a written record of consultations and the opportunity to communicate detailed queries in free text. Views differed on how the OCS influenced clinical safety and discussions of sensitive topics. Patients who struggled to communicate in traditional consultations often preferred using the OCS, and male patients reported being more likely to use it. CONCLUSION: Globally, this is the largest in-depth study of patient experiences of an OCS. It contributes new knowledge that the patient experience of using OCSs can be influenced by previously unreported patient characteristics and the conditions they consult about. Further, it contributes recommendations on the design and implementation of the OCS in practice.

Best practice guidance for antibiotic audit and feedback interventions in primary care: a modified Delphi study from the Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial resistance: Primary Care Antibiotic Audit and Feedback Network (JPIAMR-PAAN).

BACKGROUND: Primary care is a critical partner for antimicrobial stewardship efforts given its high human antibiotic usage. Peer comparison audit and feedback (A&F) is often used to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. The design and implementation of A&F may impact its effectiveness. There are no best practice guidelines for peer comparison A&F in antibiotic prescribing in primary care. OBJECTIVE: To develop best practice guidelines for peer comparison A&F for antibiotic prescribing in primary care in high income countries by leveraging international expertise via the Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance-Primary Care Antibiotic Audit and Feedback Network. METHODS: We used a modified Delphi process to achieve convergence of expert opinions on best practice statements for peer comparison A&F based on existing evidence and theory. Three rounds were performed, each with online surveys and virtual meetings to enable discussion and rating of each best practice statement. A five-point Likert scale was used to rate consensus with a median threshold score of 4 to indicate a consensus statement. RESULTS: The final set of guidelines include 13 best practice statements in four categories: general considerations (n = 3), selecting feedback recipients (n = 1), data and indicator selection (n = 4), and feedback delivery (n = 5). CONCLUSION: We report an expert-derived best practice recommendations for designing and evaluating peer comparison A&F for antibiotic prescribing in primary care. These 13 statements can be used by A&F designers to optimize the impact of their quality improvement interventions, and improve antibiotic prescribing in primary care.

Erythrocyte transglutaminase-2 combats hypoxia and chronic kidney disease by promoting oxygen delivery and carnitine homeostasis.

Due to lack of nuclei and de novo protein synthesis, post-translational modification (PTM) is imperative for erythrocytes to regulate oxygen (O2) delivery and combat tissue hypoxia. Here, we report that erythrocyte transglutminase-2 (eTG2)-mediated PTM is essential to trigger O2 delivery by promoting bisphosphoglycerate mutase proteostasis and the Rapoport-Luebering glycolytic shunt for adaptation to hypoxia, in healthy humans ascending to high altitude and in two distinct murine models of hypoxia. In a pathological hypoxia model with chronic kidney disease (CKD), eTG2 is critical to combat renal hypoxia-induced reduction of Slc22a5 transcription and OCNT2 protein levels via HIF-1α-PPARα signaling to maintain carnitine homeostasis. Carnitine supplementation is an effective and safe therapeutic approach to counteract hypertension and progression of CKD by enhancing erythrocyte O2 delivery. Altogether, we reveal eTG2 as an erythrocyte protein stabilizer orchestrating O2 delivery and tissue adaptive metabolic reprogramming and identify carnitine-based therapy to mitigate hypoxia and CKD progression.

A randomised fractional factorial screening experiment to predict effective features of audit and feedback.

BACKGROUND: Audit and feedback aims to improve patient care by comparing healthcare performance against explicit standards. It is used to monitor and improve patient care, including through National Clinical Audit (NCA) programmes in the UK. Variability in effectiveness of audit and feedback is attributed to intervention design; separate randomised trials to address multiple questions about how to optimise effectiveness would be inefficient. We evaluated different feedback modifications to identify leading candidates for further "real-world" evaluation. METHODS: Using an online fractional factorial screening experiment, we randomised recipients of feedback from five UK NCAs to different combinations of six feedback modifications applied within an audit report excerpt: use effective comparators, provide multimodal feedback, recommend specific actions, provide optional detail, incorporate the patient voice, and minimise cognitive load. Outcomes, assessed immediately after exposure to the online modifications, included intention to enact audit standards (primary outcome, ranked on a scale of -3 to +3, tailored to the NCA), comprehension, user experience, and engagement. RESULTS: We randomised 1241 participants (clinicians, managers, and audit staff) between April and October 2019. Inappropriate repeated participant completion occurred; we conservatively excluded participant entries during the relevant period, leaving a primary analysis population of 638 (51.4%) participants. None of the six feedback modifications had an independent effect on intention across the five NCAs. We observed both synergistic and antagonistic effects across outcomes when modifications were combined; the specific NCA and whether recipients had a clinical role had dominant influences on outcome, and there was an antagonistic interaction between multimodal feedback and optional detail. Among clinical participants, predicted intention ranged from 1.22 (95% confidence interval 0.72, 1.72) for the least effective combination in which multimodal feedback, optional detail, and reduced cognitive load were applied within the audit report, up to 2.40 (95% CI 1.88, 2.93) for the most effective combination including multimodal feedback, specific actions, patient voice, and reduced cognitive load. CONCLUSION: Potentially important synergistic and antagonistic effects were identified across combinations of feedback modifications, audit programmes, and recipients, suggesting that feedback designers must explicitly consider how different features of feedback may interact to achieve (or undermine) the desired effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number: ISRCTN41584028.

Hematologic and systemic metabolic alterations due to Mediterranean class II G6PD deficiency in mice.

Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the single most common enzymopathy, present in approximately 400 million humans (approximately 5%). Its prevalence is hypothesized to be due to conferring resistance to malaria. However, G6PD deficiency also results in hemolytic sequelae from oxidant stress. Moreover, G6PD deficiency is associated with kidney disease, diabetes, pulmonary hypertension, immunological defects, and neurodegenerative diseases. To date, the only available mouse models have decreased levels of WT stable G6PD caused by promoter mutations. However, human G6PD mutations are missense mutations that result in decreased enzymatic stability. As such, this results in very low activity in red blood cells (RBCs) that cannot synthesize new protein. To generate a more accurate model, the human sequence for a severe form of G6PD deficiency, Med(-), was knocked into the murine G6PD locus. As predicted, G6PD levels were extremely low in RBCs, and deficient mice had increased hemolytic sequelae to oxidant stress. Nonerythroid organs had metabolic changes consistent with mild G6PD deficiency, consistent with what has been observed in humans. Juxtaposition of G6PD-deficient and WT mice revealed altered lipid metabolism in multiple organ systems. Together, these findings both establish a mouse model of G6PD deficiency that more accurately reflects human G6PD deficiency and advance our basic understanding of altered metabolism in this setting.

Maturation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Enables Modeling of Human Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are a powerful platform for biomedical research. However, they are immature, which is a barrier to modeling adult-onset cardiovascular disease. Here, we sought to develop a simple method that could drive cultured hiPSC-CMs toward maturity across a number of phenotypes, with the aim of utilizing mature hiPSC-CMs to model human cardiovascular disease. hiPSC-CMs were cultured in fatty acid-based medium and plated on micropatterned surfaces. These cells display many characteristics of adult human cardiomyocytes, including elongated cell morphology, sarcomeric maturity, and increased myofibril contractile force. In addition, mature hiPSC-CMs develop pathological hypertrophy, with associated myofibril relaxation defects, in response to either a pro-hypertrophic agent or genetic mutations. The more mature hiPSC-CMs produced by these methods could serve as a useful in vitro platform for characterizing cardiovascular disease.

Maternal erythrocyte ENT1-mediated AMPK activation counteracts placental hypoxia and supports fetal growth.

Insufficient O2 supply is frequently associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR), a leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Although the erythrocyte is the most abundant and only cell type to deliver O2 in our body, its function and regulatory mechanism in FGR remain unknown. Here, we report that genetic ablation of mouse erythrocyte equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (eENT1) in dams, but not placentas or fetuses, results in FGR. Unbiased high-throughput metabolic profiling coupled with in vitro and in vivo flux analyses with isotopically labeled tracers led us to discover that maternal eENT1-dependent adenosine uptake is critical in activating AMPK by controlling the AMP/ATP ratio and its downstream target, bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM); in turn, BPGM mediates 2,3-BPG production, which enhances O2 delivery to maintain placental oxygenation. Mechanistically and functionally, we revealed that genetic ablation of maternal eENT1 increases placental HIF-1α; preferentially reduces placental large neutral aa transporter 1 (LAT1) expression, activity, and aa supply; and induces FGR. Translationally, we revealed that elevated HIF-1α directly reduces LAT1 gene expression in cultured human trophoblasts. We demonstrate the importance and molecular insight of maternal eENT1 in fetal growth and open up potentially new diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities for FGR.

Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects the scalp more commonly than any other site. Scalp psoriasis causes significant psychosocial disability as it is highly visible and can, on occasion, extend onto the face. Furthermore, current treatment regimens are messy, time consuming and, in some instances, ineffective, leading to a high level of non-compliance. The majority of current evidence for topical treatments for this condition comes from open-label, uncontrolled studies. From such studies, there are data to support the use of topical corticosteroids in a number of different formulations and topical vitamin D analogues. However, these studies have not addressed issues such as the need for keratolytics, which may be required to remove adherent scale before a topical corticosteroid or vitamin D analogue may prove efficacious. There is an urgent need for well designed, controlled trials to assess the efficacy of existing and new treatment regimens for scalp psoriasis. The aim of this review is to critically assess the relative effectiveness and tolerability of available topical therapies for this problematic condition and provide recommendations for selection of treatment.

The patient-reported impact of scars measure: development and validation.

BACKGROUND: Skin scars have a unique impact on patients' lives. Quantification with disease-specific patient-reported outcome measures is essential for assessing disease severity. This study aimed to develop and validate the first scar-specific patient-reported outcome measure. METHODS: Instrument content was derived from qualitative interviews with scar patients. Quotes were identified from transcripts for use as instrument items. This draft measure was field tested in cognitive debriefing interviews. The final instrument was determined using Rasch analysis in a large-scale validation survey. RESULTS: Five hundred sixty-seven potential items were extracted from interviews (n = 34 patients; 24 women; mean age, 35.7 years). Patients primarily reported physical symptoms and impacts on quality of life. Consequently, a symptom scale (16 items) and quality-of-life scale (36 items) were created. Cognitive debriefing (n = 16 patients; 10 women; mean age, 32.8 years) indicated the draft measure was relevant, clear, and practical. Two quality-of-life items, considered too extreme by patients, were deleted. Ten quality-of-life and three symptom items were removed as a result of the validation survey (n = 103 patients; 69 women; mean age, 35.5 years). Final Rasch analysis confirmed two unidimensional scales (p > 0.05) with good internal consistency (0.85 for the symptom scale and 0.93 for the quality-of-life scale). Reproducibility was adequate for the symptom scale (0.83) and good for the quality-of-life scale (0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The Patient-Reported Impact of Scars Measure is the first scientifically rigorous, scar-specific, patient-reported outcome measure. It has two unidimensional scales with good psychometric and scaling properties. It is well accepted by patients and easy to use, and should prove valuable for assessing scar disease severity in clinical trials and in general and specialty clinics.