Current understanding and future implications of sepsis-induced thrombocytopenia.

Sepsis is a global health burden that needs intensive medical care. Thrombocytopenia in sepsis is well known to increase morbidity as well as mortality. Several studies have been performed both in animal models and in humans to understand the mechanism by which sepsis causes thrombocytopenia. Recent studies have shown that inhibiting thrombocytopenia improves outcomes in sepsis patients. Understanding these mechanisms to identify targets in use of newer treatment modalities besides using resuscitation measures, antibiotics and removal of thrombocytopenia inducing agent could potentially help us improve outcomes in sepsis.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound to Identify the Source of Dyspnea in a Patient With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Point-of-care ultrasound can be used to help identify the source of dyspnea in patients presenting to the emergency department. We present a case of an adolescent girl with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus presenting to the emergency department with chest pain and dyspnea and found to have both pleural and pericardial effusions on point-of-care ultrasound.

Reliability of pediatric Rome IV criteria for the diagnosis of disorders of gut-brain interaction.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) in children is exclusively based on clinical criteria called the Rome criteria. The inter-rater reliability (IRR) measures how well two raters agree with a diagnosis using the same diagnostic tool. Previous versions of the Rome criteria showed only fair to moderate IRR. There have been no studies assessing the IRR of the current edition of the pediatric Rome criteria (Rome IV). This study sought to investigate the IRR of the pediatric Rome IV criteria and compare its reliability with the previous versions of the Rome criteria. We hypothesized that changes made to Rome IV would result in higher IRR than previous versions. METHODS: This study used the same methodology as the previous studies on Rome II and III, including identical clinical vignettes, number of raters, and levels of expertise. Participants included 10 pediatric gastroenterology fellows and 10 pediatric gastroenterology specialists. IRR was assessed using the percentage of agreement and Cohen's kappa coefficient to account for possible agreement by chance. RESULTS: The average IRR percentage of agreement using the Rome IV criteria was 55% for pediatric gastroenterologists and 48.5% for fellows, indicating moderate agreement (k = 0.54 for specialists, k = 0.47 for fellows). The results demonstrated higher percentages of agreement and kappa coefficients compared to the Rome II and III criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate improved reliability in Rome IV compared to Rome II and III, suggesting that the changes incorporated into the Rome IV criteria have enhanced diagnostic consistency. Despite the advancements, the reliability is still moderate, indicating the need for further refinement of future versions of the Rome criteria.

Patient perspective on exercise practices, preferences, and barriers in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A multicenter survey.

Background/Aims: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent among children, and lifestyle modification is the primary treatment approach. However, the optimal exercise duration, frequency, and intensity for managing NAFLD remain undefined. This study aimed to gain insights from the patient perspective by examining exercise behaviors, preferences, and barriers in children with NAFLD. Methods: A multicenter survey was conducted among children 8-18 years with NAFLD in pediatric gastroenterology clinics. Participants completed a questionnaire on exercise practices, preferences, and barriers, while parents completed a questionnaire on their willingness and ability to support their child's exercise. Data were analyzed using χ 2 test with Yates' correction and two-sample t test. Results: The study included 408 children with NAFLD, with a mean age of 13.8 years. Approximately 52.5% of participants had physical education classes at school, while 59.5% engaged in extracurricular exercise, averaging 3.7 days per week. However, 11.5% reported no physical activity. A significant majority (81.1%) expressed interest in increasing their exercise levels, primarily driven by health-related factors. Time-related constraints were the most cited barriers to exercise (53.7%). Approximately 80% of parents demonstrated willingness and ability to support their child's exercise regimen. Conclusion: This study provides insights into exercise behaviors, preferences, and barriers among children with NAFLD. Half of the children lacked exercise opportunities at school but expressed interest in increasing their physical activity. Time limitation was the major obstacle cited. Parents are motivated to support increased physical activity. Exercise intervention programs for NAFLD should consider the perspective of the children and their families.

Diarrhea Is Associated with Increased Severity of Disease in COVID-19: Systemic Review and Metaanalysis.

COVID-19 has become a pandemic since its emergence in Wuhan, China. The disease process was initially defined by presence of respiratory symptoms; however, it is now well studied and shown in evidence that this is a multisystem process. Involvement of gastrointestinal (GI) system has been identified, and GI symptoms can be the only presenting symptoms in some patients. Hence, it is important to identify and understand the GI symptoms associated with COVID-19 for appropriate care of patient. We conducted a systematic review and metaanalysis to identify the GI symptoms of COVID-19 and identify association of diarrhea with severity of COVID-19. We performed extensive search of Medline and Embase from December 2019 to May 2020 to identify articles reporting GI symptoms in COVID-19 patients. The primary outcome was prevalence of GI symptoms in COVID-19 patients, and secondary outcome was the association of diarrhea with disease severity. A total of 38 studies with 8407 patients were included. Of the total patients, 15.47% patients had at least one GI symptom. The pooled prevalence of nausea/vomiting was 7.53% and diarrhea was 11.52%. On metaanalysis, patients with diarrhea as one of the presenting symptoms were more likely to have severe disease (OR 1.63, 95% CI: 1.11-3.38, p = 0.01). Our systematic review and metaanalysis demonstrated that GI symptoms are common in COVID-19. Presence of diarrhea as a presenting symptom is associated with increased disease severity and likely worse prognosis. Early recognition of patients is needed for prompt management of this at-risk population. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42399-020-00662-w.

Psychiatric Comorbidities in Patients with Deliberate Self-Harm in a Tertiary Care Center.

INTRODUCTION: Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is one of the common psychiatric emergencies in medical practice. It has become a global health problem with rates increasing over time. Very few studies have been conducted on this important health issue in Nepal. We conducted a hospital based study to evaluate the cause, mode and psychiatric comorbidities present in patients of DSH. METHODS: This cross sectional study was performed on 200 cases of deliberate self-harm in a tertiary referral centre in Eastern Nepal from April 2012 to July 2012 by the data collected from the medical records of these patients. Various sociodemographic data and psychiatric comorbidities prevalent in them were studied. RESULTS: Most of the patients (77%) were below the age of 35. The female-to-male ratio was 1.35:1. 76% of the patients had received formal education. Majority (73.5%) were married. By occupation, 38% were housewives and 25.5% were students. 72.5% of cases had consumed organophosphates/-chlorides. Interpersonal conflict (72%) was the major cause for DSH. Psychiatric disorders according to ICD-10 criteria were found in 37% of cases and premorbid personality problems were found in 20% of cases. The most prevalent psychiatric disorder was adjustment disorder (13.5%) followed by mood disorder (11%). CONCLUSION: Majority of DSH cases were of younger generation. Psychiatric disorders and comorbid personality problems were commonly seen in DSH patients. This has significance for proper evaluation and management.