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Background: Mpox is a rare zoonotic disease caused by the Mpox virus. On May 21, 2022, WHO announced the emergence of confirmed Mpox cases in countries outside the endemic areas in Central and West Africa. Methods: This multicentre study was performed through the Infectious Diseases International Research Initiative network. Nineteen collaborating centres in 16 countries participated in the study. Consecutive cases with positive Mpoxv-DNA results by the polymerase chain reaction test were included in the study. Results: The mean age of 647 patients included in the study was 34.5.98.6% of cases were males, 95.3% were homosexual-bisexual, and 92.2% had a history of sexual contact. History of smallpox vaccination was present in 3.4% of cases. The median incubation period was 7.0 days. The most common symptoms and signs were rashes in 99.5%, lymphadenopathy in 65.1%, and fever in 54.9%. HIV infection was present in 93.8% of cases, and 17.8% were followed up in the hospital for further treatment. In the two weeks before the rash, prodromal symptoms occurred in 52.8% of cases. The incubation period was 3.5 days shorter in HIV-infected Mpox cases with CD4 count <200/µL, we disclosed the presence of lymphadenopathy, a characteristic finding for Mpox, accompanied the disease to a lesser extent in cases with smallpox vaccination. Conclusions: Mpox disseminates globally, not just in the endemic areas. Knowledge of clinical features, disease transmission kinetics, and rapid and effective implementation of public health measures are paramount, as reflected by our findings in this study.
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Introducción: el dengue, transmitido por el mosquito Aedes aegypti, es un problema de salud pública global creciente, especialmente en Cochabamba, donde factores climáticos y urbanización favorecen su proliferación. Entre 2020 y 2023, los casos aumentaron alarmantemente, subrayando la necesidad de vigilancia y prevención. Este estudio analizará las tendencias de 2019 a 2024, relacionando incidencia y lluvias. Metodología: este estudio cuantitativo, longitudinal y retrospectivo analizó las tendencias de casos sospechosos de dengue en Cochabamba de 2019 a 2024. Utilizó datos del formulario 302 del SNIS Bolivia, abarcando períodos epidemiológicos y de lluvia. Se realizó análisis descriptivo con SPSS y comparación con estudios previos para validar resultados y formular políticas de salud. Resultados: los datos semanales de dengue en Cochabamba, divididos en períodos inter-epidémicos y de lluvias, muestran un aumento significativo de casos en 2023-2024 (13,940 casos) comparado con años anteriores. Los picos más altos se observan durante el final del período de lluvias, especialmente en la semana 21 de 2023-2024, destacando la estacionalidad de la enfermedad. Discusión: el análisis de los casos sospechosos de dengue en Cochabamba (2019-2024) muestra un drástico aumento en 2023-2024, con 13,940 casos. Este incremento puede estar influenciado por el cambio climático, crecimiento urbano y variaciones en vigilancia epidemiológica. Los picos se concentran durante la temporada de lluvias, subrayando la necesidad de fortalecer medidas de control y prevención.
Introduction: dengue, transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, is a growing global public health problem, particularly in Cochabamba, where climatic factors and urbanization favor its proliferation. Between 2020 and 2023, cases increased alarmingly, underscoring the need for surveillance and prevention. This study will analyze trends from 2019 to 2024, correlating incidence with rainfall. Methodology: this quantitative, longitudinal, and retrospective study analyzed trends in suspected dengue cases in Cochabamba from 2019 to 2024. It used data from Form 302 of the SNIS Bolivia, covering epidemiological and rainy periods. Descriptive analysis was performed with SPSS and compared with previous studies to validate results and formulate health policies. Results: weekly dengue data in Cochabamba, divided into inter-epidemic and rainy periods, show a significant increase in cases in 20232024 (13,940 cases) compared to previous years. The highest peaks are observed during the end of the rainy period, especially in week 21 of 2023-2024, highlighting the seasonality of the disease. Discussion: the analysis of suspected dengue cases in Cochabamba (2019-2024) shows a drastic increase in 20232024, with 13,940 cases. This increase may be influenced by climate change, urban growth, and variations in epidemiological surveillance. The peaks are concentrated in the rainy season, emphasizing the need to strengthen control and prevention measures.
Introdução: a dengue, transmitida pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti, é um crescente problema de saúde pública global, especialmente em Cochabamba, onde fatores climáticos e urbanização favorecem sua proliferação. Entre 2020 e 2023, os casos aumentaram alarmantemente, sublinhando a necessidade de vigilância e prevenção. Este estudo analisará as tendências de 2019 a 2024, correlacionando incidência e chuvas. Metodologia: este estudo quantitativo, longitudinal e retrospectivo analisou as tendências de casos suspeitos de dengue em Cochabamba de 2019 a 2024. Utilizou dados do formulário 302 do SNIS Bolívia, abrangendo períodos epidemiológicos e de chuva. Foi realizada análise descritiva com SPSS e comparação com estudos anteriores para validar os resultados e formular políticas de saúde. Resultados: os dados semanais de dengue em Cochabamba, divididos em períodos inter-epidêmicos e de chuvas, mostram um aumento significativo de casos em 2023-2024 (13.940 casos) em comparação com anos anteriores. Os picos mais altos são observados durante o final do período de chuvas, especialmente na semana 21 de 2023-2024, destacando a sazonalidade da doença. Discussão: A análise dos casos suspeitos de dengue em Cochabamba (2019-2024) mostra um aumento drástico em 2023-2024, com 13.940 casos. Este aumento pode estar influenciado pelas mudanças climáticas, crescimento urbano e variações na vigilância epidemiológica. Os picos se concentram durante a temporada de chuvas, sublinhando a necessidade de fortalecer as medidas de controle e prevenção
RESUMEN
Objetivo: proporcionar datos de la adaptación del Aedes aegypti en altitudes superiores a los de su hábitat natural en el departamento de Cochabamba. Métodos: la notificación así como la vigilancia entomológica, permitieron caracterizar taxonómicamente y geográficamente la infestación por Aedes aegypti, en municipios del eje metropolitano del departamento de Cochabamba y observar el cambio de escenario epidemiológico producido. La utilización de materiales de investigación entomológica, además del estudio integral permitió identificar factores predisponentes para la colonización del vector. Resultados: se encontró la presencia del vector en diferentes altitudes geográficas y en varios municipios del departamento de Cochabamba, en los que anteriormente no se encontraba. Se observó una variación de temperatura inusitada y lluvia en el mes de enero de 2016, que proporcionó climáticas favorables para la proliferación de Aedes aegypti y otros vectores. Se identificó una mayor infestación en la zona sur de la ciudad de Cochabamba, además de ser el área que ha presentado más factores de riesgo como son la presencia de criaderos artificiales comunes y no comunes, con presencia incalculable de desechos inservibles intradomiciliarios. Conclusiones: observar la presencia del vector en municipios grandes como Cercado, denota Riesgo de gran magnitud para la población por lo que representa un ESPII-ESPIN. El cambio climático como uno de los factores para la variación de los diversos nichos ecológicos, ha permitido que los Valles hayan brindado condiciones propicias para la colonización del Aedes aegypti y que este se adapte a altitudes mayores a 2 200 m s.n.m. La ciudad de Cochabamba es un punto importante de entrada para el ingreso de personas provenientes de áreas endémicas de trasmisión de Dengue, Zika y Chikungunya, tanto del exterior como del interior, lo que representa alto riesgo para la transmisión de estas enfermedades en las nuevas áreas de dispersión del vector. Hasta el momento julio 2016 solo se evidencio la presentación autóctona de un caso en la ciudad de Cochabamba. La dificultad en la provisión y almacenamiento de agua en las viviendas, son factores fundamentales para la proliferación de criaderos potenciales para Aedes aegypti.
Objetive: to provide data of the adaptation of Aedes aegypti at higher altitudes than its natural habitat in the department Cochabamba. Methods: notification as well as Entomological Surveillance allowed taxonomic and geographic characterization of Aedes aegypti infestation in municipalities of the metropolitan axis of Cochabamba department and to observe the change in the epidemiological scenario produced. The use of entomological research materials, besides the integral study allowed to identify predisposing factors for the colonization of the vector. Results: the presence of the vector was found at different geographic altitudes and in several municipalities in the department of Cochabamba, where it was previously not found. An unusual temperature variation and rainfall in January 2016 provided favorable climatic conditions for the proliferation of Aedes aegypti and other vectors. Greater infestation was identified in the southern area of the city of Cochabamba, besides being the area that has presented more risk factors such as the presence of common and non-common artificial breeding grounds, with an incalculable presence of intradomiciliary waste. Conclusions: observing the presence of the vector in large municipalities such as Cercado, denotes a high risk for the population, which represents an ESPII-ESPIN. Climate change as one of the factors for the variation of the various ecological niches has allowed the Valleys to provide conditions conducive to the colonization of Aedes aegypti and that it overcomes adaptation to altitudes higher than 2200 m s.n.m. The city of Cochabamba is an important entry point for the entry of people from endemic areas of Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya transmission, both from the outside and the interior, which represents a high risk for the transmission of these diseases in the new areas of vector dispersion. Until July 2016 only the autochthonous presentation of a case in the city of Cochabamba was evidenced. The difficulty in the provision and storage of water in the dwellings are fundamental factors for the proliferation of potential breeding sites for Aedes aegypti.