The history of derogations from chemical parametric values set by the European Drinking Water Directive (Council Directive 98/83/EC), in Italy and the Piedmont region.

Italian legislation (Article 13 of Legislative Decree 31/2001) provides for the possibility of establishing derogations from chemical parametric values for drinking water set by EU legislation (Council Directive 98/83/EC), if the supply of drinking water cannot be maintained by any other reasonable means. A derogation is possible only after obtaining a specific authorization and must be limited to the shortest time possible. This paper presents the history of derogations granted in Italy and the case of arsenic and nickel in Piedmont. From 2003 to 2009, 13 regions requested a derogation (Campania, Emilia Romagna, Latium, Lombardy, Marche, Piedmont, Apulia, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Trentino Alto Adige, Umbria, Venetia) at different times and for a total of 13 parameters. In 2012, tap water provided to almost one million Italians in 112 municipalities of three regions (Latium, Tuscany and Campania), did not comply with the legal limits for the following parameters: arsenic, boron and fluorides. Currently, in the Piedmont region there are no derogations from the maximum permitted concentrations of contaminants in drinking water. In the past derogations have been applied for the nickel parameter (years 2006-2007) and from the arsenic parameter (years 2006-2008).

Livestock farming and atmospheric emissions.

Livestock farming produces atmospheric emissions that may pose a risk to workers and a disturbance to the population. Emissions into the atmosphere produced by livestock farming consist of gases such as ammonia, dust, compounds such as aliphatic hydrocarbons and bio-aerosols formed by microorganisms. Some gases, such as ammonia and hydrogen sulphide, have foul odours and are thus potentially annoying to the population. Gaseous or volatile molecules produced by livestock installations and related activities may have several adverse effects on health and environment. The most significant exposure certainly relates to workers in the confined spaces of farms, rather than to residents in the surrounding areas. In this article we examine potential hazards to farm workers and to the population living in the vicinity of livestock farms, arising from emissions into the atmosphere.

Creosote released from railway-ties recycled and the sanitary risks.

Through the history of railways, wooden crossties impregnated with potentially hazardous creosote tar, have been used for years. There are six major classes of compounds in the creosote: aromatic hydrocarbons; tar acids/phenolics; tar bases/nitrogen-containing heterocycles; aromatic amines; sulfur-containing heterocycles; and oxygen-containing heterocycles. The creosote molecules applied in railway crossties can be released in the environment and they can bioaccumulate in animals and vegetables. Some constituents (benzo(a)pyrene and phenolics like benzene) are considered as being carcinogenic which renders the entire complex of creosote to be classified as potentially carcinogenic. After several decades of use the railway-ties are been recycled for varies uses like fences, stakes for agriculture and fruit production or bank protection. In this paper are examined some environmental and sanitary risks from wood impregnated with creosote reported in the literature.

The weeding of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and sanitary risks.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a potentially allergenic annual herbaceous plant coming from North America and widespread in Italy, where it can be easily seen since May-April. Its pollination is mainly windborne and each plant is able to produce billions of pollen grains. The pollen peaks are in the hottest days in the absence of rain and wind. In susceptible individuals, the great amount of pollen produced by this species may cause rhinitis and severe asthma attacks. Some allergic subjects can manifest disorders already at a concentration of a few granules per cubic metre. Chemical control is often practiced on a large scale and uses herbicides. A major risk is the result of the unprofessional use of chemicals by the population, especially in residential or very busy areas (eg railways, urban areas). In this paper we propose preventive measures of chemical hazards that may be resulting from the excessive use of plant protection products.

Livestock and microbiological risk (a review).

The presence of pathogens in animal manure depends on several factors such as, for example, the species, age, type of power supply, state of health, methods and times of storage, treatments administered. Currently there are no specific requirements for the minimum sanitary standards of livestock manure to be used in agriculture, or even of the digestate resulting from anaerobic digestion, such as cattle slurry and plant matrices (e.g. maize). While there are some indications for products fermented aerobically (compost deriving also from manure) and the sludge resulting from wastewater treatment and intended for use as fertilizers. In this paper we sum up the information given in the scientific literature on the viability of some microorganisms and on the effects of the anaerobic digestion of livestock manure and plant matter, such as maize, on the microbial concentrations.

The cultivation of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Champignon) and some environmental and health aspects.

The cultivation of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus, also known as button mushroom, requires the use of substrates for its cultivation, such as chicken and/or horse manure and the application of manufacturing steps, such as storage and composting that produce odours. The odours may cause disturbance to people living near the plant and may be a problem for workers. This article examines some measures that can be taken to reduce the odorous emissions during the production of Agaricus bisporus. The possibility of recovery of some organic matter left from the cultivation is examined. Finally, some occupational hazards for workers are highlighted.

Results from the monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables marketed in Piedmont (Italy), 2000-2008.

The Regional Agency for Public Health in Piedmont (Italy) analyzed pesticide residue levels (more than 190 pesticides) from 2000 to 2008 in 4.078 fruit samples, 2.869 vegetable samples from conventional agriculture, and 428 fruit and vegetable samples (2004-2007) from organic agriculture. Residues above the maximum residue levels were found in 4% of the fruit samples, in 2% of the vegetable samples, and in 2% of samples from organic farming. The main purpose of the present work was to evaluate the opportunity to start specific procedures of risk management and prevention strategies along the production chain and the official control.

The cultivation of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Champignon): micro-organisms and preservability.

Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus mushrooms requires the use of substrates that are potentially dangerous from the microbiological point of view, such as chicken and horse manure. Microorganisms can pose risks to consumers and workers, and generate lower profits. Packaging of fresh mushrooms with impermeable films is used to extend their shelf life but creates anaerobic and humidity conditions that could favour the growth of microorganisms such as Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum. This paper examines some alternatives for packaging fresh mushrooms and the resulting potential microbiological hazards.

Foodborne outbreaks surveillance in the Piedmont Region, Italy (2002-2009).

BACKGROUND: this article summarises the results of eight years (2002-2009) of investigations on food borne disease outbreaks carried out the Regional Agency for Public Health in Piedmont, which is an Italian Region (4,432,571 citizens, 2008). METHODS: the investigations were conducted as cohort studies supported by laboratory analysis of: food and patients. The data were reported by general practitioners and hospital physicians, and were collected, evaluated and recorded in 22 Hospitals. RESULTS: it recorded 803 outbreaks of food borne disease, of which 177 mushroom outbreaks with 318 ill people and 499 outbreaks for all the others agents with 3,381 ill people. The maximum prevalence was 15.7/100,000 (2004). The most important causes for numbers of ill people have been (2002-2009): salmonellosis (34%, 1,250/3,699), mushroom poisoning (9%, 318/3,699), Escherichia coli (8%, 228/3,699), Staphyilococcus (6%, 209/3,699), virus (5%, 198/3,699), Clostridium perfringens (4%, 154/3,699), Bacillus cereus (2.1%, 76/3,699), scombrotoxin (1.8%, 65/3,699). 303 out of 304 mushrooms outbreaks occurred from consumers that picking mushrooms themselves to eat in private homes and for all others agents: 57% of 499 the outbreaks occurred in private homes, 27% in restaurants, 6% in canteens, but 39% of 3,381 ill people had eaten in restaurants and other public food facilities, 32% in private homes and 24% in canteens. After mushrooms the eggs (75 outbreaks) were the most important food recognized. CONCLUSION: the theoretical maximum prevalence which can be hypothesized with this data in Piedmont (2002-2009) is 141/100,000 (sum of the maximum prevalence recorded at least in one Piedmont Hospital district).

[Cardiovascular risk factors in Spanish population: metaanalysis of cross-sectional studies]. / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la población española: metaanálisis de estudios transversales.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To review published studies on the prevalence of the main vascular risk factors -hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity and tobacco smoking- in Spain, and to combine their results in an estimate for the Spanish population. MATERIAL AND METHOD: After a bibliographic search, the studies fulfilling the following inclusion criteria were selected: cross-sectional design, sampling on Spanish population, results including prevalence data of at least one of the above mentioned risk factors, and objective [corrected] (not self-referred) determination of arterial blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, basal glucose, weight, size and body mass index. The combined prevalence was obtained by means of the random effects model, including weight for the proportion that the studied population supposes on the total Spanish population. RESULTS: Forty-eight studies were identified including a total of 130.945 subjects. According to these studies, the most frequent vascular risk factors were hypertension in the elderly (66.7%, CI 59-74%), overweight/obesity in adult women (48,3%, CI 41-55%) and smoking among men (41.1%, CI 38-44%). In the Spanish population as a whole, 23% showed total cholesterol levels above 250 mg/dl; 33% were smokers (41,1% in men and 24% in women); 34% suffered hypertension; 20% were obese (18% in men and 23% in women); and diabetes affected 8% women and 12% men. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular risk in Spain is high. Monitoring the vascular risk factors at a population level is basic for preventive and health care measures.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la población española: metaanálisis de estudios transversales / Cardiovascular risk factors in Spanish population: meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies

FUNDAMENTO Y OBJETIVO: Revisar los estudios publicados sobre frecuencia poblacional de los principalesfactores de riesgo cardiovascular (hipertensión arterial, hipercolesterolemia, diabetesmellitus, obesidad y tabaquismo), y combinar sus resultados en una estimación para el conjuntode la población española.MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica seleccionando los estudios que cumplieronlos siguientes criterios: diseño transversal, muestreo sobre población española, presentarcifras de prevalencia de al menos uno de los factores de riesgo mencionados, y mediciónobjetiva (no autorreferida) de presión arterial, colesterol total, glucemia basal e índice de masacorporal. La prevalencia combinada se obtuvo mediante el modelo de efectos aleatorios ponderadospor la proporción que el estrato de población investigado supone en el conjunto de la poblacióngeneral española.RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 48 trabajos que, en conjunto, incluyeron a 130.945 personas. Deacuerdo con estos trabajos, los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más frecuentes son la hipertensiónarterial en los mayores de 65 años (66,7%; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 59-74), elexceso de peso en mujeres adultas (48,3%; IC del 95%, 41-55) y el tabaquismo en varones(41,1%; IC del 95%, 38-44). En el conjunto de la población española un 23% presenta valoresde colesterol total por encima de 250 mg/dl; son fumadores el 33% (41% de los varones yel 24% de las mujeres); un 34% padece hipertensión arterial; un 20% es obeso (el 18% de losvarones y el 23% de las mujeres)2; y la diabetes afecta al 8% de las mujeres y al 12% de losvarones.CONCLUSIÓN: El riesgo cardiovascular en la población española es elevado. Su monitorización poblacionales fundamental en la planificación de medidas preventivas y asistenciales

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To review published studies on the prevalence of the main vascularrisk factors -hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity and tobacco smoking-in Spain, and to combine their results in an estimate for the Spanish population.MATERIAL AND METHOD: After a bibliographic search, the studies fulfilling the following inclusioncriteria were selected: cross-sectional design, sampling on Spanish population, results includingprevalence data of at least one of the above mentioned risk factors, and objetive (not selfreferred)determination of arterial blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, basal glucose,weight, size and body mass index. The combined prevalence was obtained by means of the randomeffects model, including weight for the proportion that the studied population supposes onthe total Spanish population.RESULTS: Forty-eight studies were identified including a total of 130.945 subjects. According tothese studies, the most frequent vascular risk factors were hypertension in the elderly (66.7%,CI 59-74%), overweight/obesity in adult women (48,3%, CI 41-55%) and smoking among men(41.1%, CI 38-44%). In the Spanish population as a whole, 23% showed total cholesterol levelsabove 250 mg/dl; 33% were smokers (41,1% in men and 24% in women); 34% sufferedhypertension; 20% were obese (18% in men and 23% in women); and diabetes affected 8%women and 12% men.CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular risk in Spain is high. Monitoring the vascular risk factors at a populationlevel is basic for preventive and health care measures