Effect of inhaled aromatherapy on sleep quality in critically ill patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

AIM: This study aimed to compare the effect of inhaled aromatherapy using various essential oils on the sleep quality of critically ill patients. BACKGROUND: Inhalation of essential oils significantly promotes the physiological and psychological health of patients in intensive care units (ICUs). However, research identifying and ranking the effects of different essential oils on the sleep quality of critically ill patients is lacking. DESIGN: This study followed the PRISMA Extension Statement for Reporting of Systematic Reviews Incorporating Network Meta-Analyses of Health Care Interventions (PRISMA-NMA) guidelines. METHODS: A comprehensive search of five databases (Embase, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL and PsycINFO) was conducted from their inception to March 15, 2023 (with an additional eligible study included dated August 14, 2023). Google Scholar was used as a supplementary method. Frequentist NMA was used to determine the effects of various essential oils. Certainty of evidence (CoE) was assessed using Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA). RESULTS: A total of 11 trials involving 690 critically ill patients were included in the analysis. The NMA of inhaled aromatherapy revealed that the combination of lavender, Matricaria recutita, and neroli essential oils (ratio 6:2:0.5) resulted in the most significant improvement in sleep quality compared to usual care, followed by Rosa damascene, peppermint, Citrus aurantium, pure sunflower oil and lavender oil alone. The overall CoE for the results was rated as low. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that a combination of lavender, Matricaria recutita and neroli essential oils significantly positively affected sleep quality among critically ill patients. Despite the low quality of evidence, inhaled aromatherapy is non-invasive and easy to use. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Inhaled aromatherapy can effectively improve sleep quality among critically ill patients. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution applies to this work. STUDY REGISTRATION: The study protocol was registered to the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (protocol number CRD42023433194).

Effectiveness of sound and darkness interventions for critically ill patients' sleep quality: A systematic review and component network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Noise and lighting are prime factors of poor sleep quality in critically ill patients, which impair recovery and increase the risk of delirium or complications. AIM: To identify and rank the effectiveness of sound and darkness interventions on the sleep quality of critically ill patients. STUDY DESIGN: This systematic review and component network meta-analysis was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews incorporating the Network Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-NMA) Statement. The Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, Airiti Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to August 10, 2021, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on sound and darkness interventions targeting critically ill patients' sleep quality. We applied standard and component NMA to determine the effects of interventions. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (V.2.0) and the online Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA) application. RESULTS: Twenty-four RCTs with 1507 participants who used combined interventions constituting seven competing interventions were included in the standard NMA. The combination of earplugs, eye masks, and music; eye masks alone; earplugs combined with eye masks; and music alone had beneficial intervention effects. The combination of earplugs, eye masks, and music was the best intervention, and these components had no interaction effect. An eye mask had the best relative effect, followed by music, quiet time, and earplugs. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides clinical evidence of the effectiveness of using eye masks, music, and earplugs to improve sleep quality in critically ill patients. We also recommend future research using bedtime music, nocturnal eye masks, and quiet time, which had the best relative effects on sleep quality. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study provides recommendations for interventions that nurses can use to improve critically ill patients' sleep quality.

Effect of massage therapy on sleep quality in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of massage interventions on sleep quality among patients in the adult critical care unit. BACKGROUND: Massage interventions have positive effects when applied to manage sleep quality in critical care units. However, research identifying the effect of massage intervention is limited. DESIGN: This study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. METHODS: Five databases were searched from their inception to 15 April 2022 (the last search was conducted on 15 November 2022, but it yielded no additional eligible studies). The literature search was conducted using Embase, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsycINFO and additional sources such as Google Scholar. The Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 2.0) was used to assess the risk of bias. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system assessed the certainty of evidence and recommendations. RESULTS: In total, ten randomised controlled trials comprising 569 participants were used in the systematic review, and eight trials were included in the meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis revealed significant effects of foot reflexology massage on subjective sleep quality. Massage therapy for a two-night duration in cardiac care unit patients exhibited a significant effect on subjective sleep quality. The overall GRADE certainty of evidence was low. CONCLUSION: Massage intervention, particularly foot reflexology massage, with a two-night duration showed improvement in subjective sleep quality among critically ill patients. Although evidence quality was low, the results suggest that massage interventions provide a non-invasive, low-cost and effective way to promote sleep quality in critically ill adult patients. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Massage interventions can enable nurses to recommend and implement strategies promoting and improving sleep quality among critically ill patients. STUDY REGISTRATION: The review protocol was registered a priori and published online in the PROSPERO database of systematic reviews (www.crd.York.ac.uk/Prospero with the registration number # CRD42022332371). PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution if such details are not necessary or do not apply to your work and state why.

Formin-Like 2 Is a Potential Biomarker of Poor Prognosis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Introduction: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common malignant tumor in southern China and Southeast Asia. Although substantial research on NPC has been conducted, the resulting improvement in clinical outcomes remains very disappointing. NPC treatment typically involves radiation therapy and chemotherapy, but the high incidence of metastasis and recurrence in NPC patients result in poor survival. Therefore, identifying potential biomarkers and discovering therapeutic targets are necessary to design tailored treatments based on the genetic profiles of NPC patients. Methods: Correlations of protein immunostaining with clinicopathological features were analyzed by Pearson's χ2 test. The Kaplan-Meier method with a log-rank test was used to generate survival curves. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: In this study, we comparatively analyzed cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis (GO:0007010) and tumorigenesis in the NPC transcriptome (GSE12452) and found that formin-like 2 (FMNL2) expression was significantly upregulated in NPC tumor tissues. Moreover, high FMNL2 expression was significantly correlated with primary tumor stage (p = 0.001), lymph node status (p = 0.004), cancer stage (p = 0.006), and histological grade (p = 0.040). More importantly, high FMNL2 expression was significantly correlated with poor survival in NPC patients according to univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Conclusion: This study reveals that FMNL2 may be an important potential biomarker for evaluating the prognosis of NPC patients.

Effect of earplugs and eye masks on the sleep quality of intensive care unit patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: To evaluate the effect of earplugs and eye masks on the sleep quality of patients in intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Randomized controlled trial studies conducted before May 5, 2020 were searched for in Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Index to Taiwan Periodical Literature System databases. REVIEW METHODS: Analyses in this study were according to the PRISMA statement. The heterogeneity of the data was investigated through sub-group analysis while a meta-analysis was performed using the Review Manager 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of 797 patients from 13 studies were included in this study. Without considering alone or combined use of earplugs and eye masks, the meta-analysis supported that there was a significant effect on self-reported sleep quality. The overall standardized mean difference of the effect size was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.80, 2.09]). Sub-group analysis indicated that the use of earplugs alone had no significant effect on sleep quality (effect size: 0.07, 95% [CI]: [-0.50, 0.64]). The use of eye masks alone had a significant effect on sleep quality (effect size: 1.56, 95% [CI]: [1.08, 2.05]). The use of both earplugs and eye masks proved to have the largest effect size on sleep quality (effect size: 2.08, 95% [CI]: [0.95, 3.21]). CONCLUSION: The combined use of earplugs and eye masks or the standalone use of eye masks is a non-invasive, economical and effective way to promote sleep quality in adult ICU patients. IMPACT: Clinical nurses could use this meta-analysis as it recommends that nurses provide adult ICU patients with either one or both earplugs and eye masks to improve the patients' sleep quality. STUDY REGISTRATION: The review protocol was registered a priori and published online in the PROSPERO database of systematic reviews (www.crd.York.ac.uk/Prospero with the registration number # CRD42021221185).

CDKN3 expression is an independent prognostic factor and associated with advanced tumor stage in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Background: Through data mining from the public transcriptome of NPC, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 (CDKN3) was identified as a significantly upregulated gene in NPC. CDKN3 functions as a key factor in cell cycle regulation. This study was aimed to investigate the expression of CDKN3 in NPC tissues and its prognostic significance. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed for 124 NPC patients to assess the protein expression of CDKN3. The stainings of CDKN3 were scored by using H-score method. The relationships between CDKN3 expression status and clinicopathological parameters, disease-specific survival (DSS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMeFS), and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) were statistically analyzed. Results: High expression of CDKN3 was significantly associated with higher primary nodal status (P=0.030) and higher TNM stage (P=0.019). In univariate analysis, high expression of CDKN3 predicted worse DSS (P<0.0001), DMeFS (P<0.0001), and LRFS (P<0.0001). In multivariate analysis, CDKN3 overexpression still acted as an independent prognostic factor for worse DSS (P<0.001; hazard ratio [HR]=11.999, 95% CI: 5.378-26.771), DMeFS (P<0.001; HR=15.069, 95% CI: 5.884-38.592), and LRFS (P<0.001; HR=5.000, 95% CI: 2.312-10.815). Conclusion: High expression of CDKN3 was an independent negative prognostic factor for NPC and was associated with advanced disease status. It might serve as potential therapeutic target and aid in risk stratification for patients with NPC.

AMACR overexpression acts as a negative prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is a key enzyme responsible for the metabolism of branched-chain fatty acids. It has been found to be an important prognostic factor in numerous types of cancers. This study was aimed to investigate the expression of AMACR and its prognostic significance in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods: Analysis of publicly available microarray data of oral SCC revealed that AMACR was significantly upregulated in tumor tissue compared with normal mucosa. We further assessed the protein expression of AMACR in 164 patients with oral SCC by immunohistochemistry. The prognostic impact of AMACR expression and its association with various clinicopathological parameters were statistically analyzed. Results: AMACR overexpression was significantly associated with advanced tumor status (P=0.001), advanced nodal status (P=0.036), increased vascular invasion (P=0.026) and increased perineural invasion (P=0.004). Patients with high expression level of AMACR had significantly worse disease-specific survival (DSS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) (all P<0.0001). In multivariate analysis, AMACR overexpression was also an independent negative prognostic factor for DSS (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.410, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.285-8.511, P<0.001), DMFS (HR: 5.157, 95% CI: 2.756-9.651, P<0.001) and LRFS (HR: 4.462, 95% CI: 2.429-8.198, P<0.001). Conclusions: High expression of AMACR was not only a key adverse prognostic factor but also a potential therapeutic target in oral SCC.

Hypercholesterolemia is correlated with an increased risk of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a historical prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the many studies on the associated risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with hypercholesterolemia (HCh), an association between HCh and the development of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) has been examined in only a few case-control studies. We tested the hypothesis that HCh is a risk factor for developing ISSNHL. DESIGN: Using the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database, we conducted a historical prospective cohort study to compare patients diagnosed with HCh from January 1, 2001, through to December 31, 2006 (N = 73,957) with age-matched controls (N = 73,957). We followed each patient until the end of 2009 and evaluated the incidence of ISSNHL for a minimum of 3 years after the initial HCh diagnosis. RESULTS: The incidence of ISSNHL was 1.62 times higher in the HCh cohort than in the non-HCh cohort (10.67 versus 6.61 per 10,000 person-years). Using Cox proportional hazard regressions, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.39-1.85). An increased risk of developing ISSNHL, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.48 (95% CI = 1.08-2.04) and 1.69 (95% CI = 1.18-2.43), was observed in HCh patients with newly diagnosed comorbidities of stroke or stroke combined with coronary artery diseases, which are both expected to reflect the severity of HCh. CONCLUSIONS: A diagnosis of HCh may indicate an independent risk for ISSNHL. This finding suggests that an underlying vascular mechanism contributes to the development of ISSNHL. We suggest that physicians counsel patients with HCh to seek medical attention if they have hearing impairments, because they may also have an increased risk of developing ISSNHL.

SYNPO2 upregulation is an unfavorable prognostic factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx. Despite improvements in the clinical treatment strategies for NPC, NPC patients usually have poor survival rates because of late diagnosis, tumor metastasis, and recurrence. Therefore, the identification of potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for NPC is imperative. We investigated the differential expression of cell adhesion-related genes (gene ontology:0003779) and tumorigenesis-related genes (GSE12452) in patients with NPC. The correlations between synaptopodin-2 (SYNPO2) immune expression and clinicopathological features were analyzed using Pearson chi-square test. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards model. SYNPO2 expression was significantly higher in NPC tumor tissues than in nontumor tissues. High SYNPO2 expression was significantly associated with the advanced disease stage (P = .006). Univariate analysis showed that high expression of SYNPO2 was associated with poor disease-specific survival, distal metastasis-free survival, and local recurrence-free survival in patients with NPC. Notably, our multivariate analysis demonstrated that high SYNPO2 expression was substantially correlated with inferior disease-specific survival (hazard ratio = 1.968, P = .012) and local recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio = 3.386, P = .001). Overall, our findings reveal that SYNPO2 may aid in the development of potential prognostic biomarkers for NPC patients.

Nasopharyngeal Radiation-Induced Sarcoma: A Case Report.

The primary treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is radiotherapy. In rare cases, patients with NPC treated with radiotherapy may develop radiation-induced sarcoma (RIS), a malignant tumor, in the field of previous radiation. The prognosis is poor, and complete surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment. We report a case of radiation-induced nasopharyngeal sarcoma after radiotherapy for NPC with suspected lung and liver metastases in a 69-year-old woman.

Effects of temperature and humidity on peritonsillar abscess volume of emergency patients.

Climate and temperature have long been considered in relation to human diseases and mortality. In this study, we investigated whether daily temperature and humidity and patients' personal history affect the volume of peritonsillar abscesses (PTAs). We included 52 patients with PTAs who were admitted to the emergency department of the study hospital; their computed tomography data were analyzed, and PTA volume was measured. We investigated the possible correlation between PTA volume and mean/minimum/maximum temperature and humidity. Furthermore, we obtained personal history data, including information on drinking status, smoking status, dental problems, and patients' treatment experiences at local clinics before visiting the emergency department. The mean PTA volume was 3.93 mL, which was significantly correlated with temperature differences between 1 and 2 days before hospitalization and the day of hospitalization (P < .05) and also with a lack of treatment experience at local clinics (P < .001). However, no significant correlation was noted between PTA volume and the mean/minimum/maximum temperature and humidity on the day of hospitalization (P > .05). Similar findings were obtained for drinking status, smoking status, and dental problems (P > .1). PTA volume appears to be strongly associated with temperature differences between 1 and 2 days before hospitalization and the day of hospitalization. Patients with treatment experience at local clinics exhibited substantial increases in PTA volume. Thus, an increased PTA volume may be observed in patients who visit the emergency department without any treatment experience at local clinics or from environments that differ considerably from their current environment in terms of temperature.

Ortner syndrome caused by aberrant right subclavian artery: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Ortner syndrome (cardiovocal hoarseness) is characterized by recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis secondary to a cardiovascular abnormality. Ortner syndrome caused by an aberrant right subclavian artery following a retroesophageal course without aneurysm formation is rare, with only 1 case reported in the literature. Cardiovascular abnormalities could be life-threatening and require early diagnosis and treatment. However, such abnormalities are not often considered by clinical practitioners when patients initially present with hoarseness. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 34-year-old woman without any medical history presented to our outpatient department with hoarseness and mild dysphagia for 1 month. DIAGNOSIS: Upon stroboscopic examination, left vocal cord incomplete paralysis was noted. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed an aberrant right subclavian artery arising from the left aortic arch, causing focal compression of the esophagus and, potentially, compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve compression. The patient was diagnosed as left recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis caused by an aberrant right subclavian artery following a retroesophageal course without aneurysm formation. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was referred to a cardiovascular surgeon for resection and bypass surgery. Both the dysphagia and the hoarseness improved after the surgery. OUTCOMES: Significant improvement of the left vocal cord paralysis and no vocal cord adduction were seen upon stroboscopic examination after 3 months. During the 5-year follow-up period, the patient remained well, and no signs of recurrence were noted. CONCLUSION: This case can increase otolaryngologists' awareness of this etiology of hoarseness and consider it in their differential diagnosis.

The effect of adjuvant radiotherapy on clinical outcomes in early major salivary gland cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of adjuvant radiotherapy on outcomes in early-stage major salivary gland cancers. METHODS: A total of 655 patients were identified, including 355 (54.2%) received adjuvant radiotherapy and 300 (45.8%) had surgery alone. The effect of adjuvant radiotherapy on 5-year locoregional recurrence and disease-specific survival (DSS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in locoregional recurrence and DSS between patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy and those not in both univariate and multivariable analysis. Although patients with positive margin status had a higher locoregional recurrence and those with moderate/poor differentiation had a worse DSS, stratified analysis still indicated there were no protective effects from the use of adjuvant radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The use of adjuvant radiation therapy was not associated with improved locoregional recurrence and DSS, even for those with high-risk histopathological factors.

Roundabout Guidance Receptor 1 Is an Emerging Prognostic Biomarker for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor originating from the nasopharynx with high morbidity and mortality in Southeast Asia and south of China. Roundabout guidance receptor 1 (ROBO1) can regulate axonogenesis (axon-like protrusion), which may play an important role in migration. However, the roles of ROBO1 in NPC have not been clarified. Methods: A comparative analysis employing the NPC transcriptome (GSE12452) and the axonogenesis-related genes (GO: 0050772) was performed. In total, 124 tissue blocks from patients primarily diagnosed as NPC (1993-2002) were examined using immunohistochemical staining. The connections between clinicopathological variables and protein immunoexpression were analyzed by Pearson's chi-square test. The Kaplan-Meier method with a log-rank test was employed to plot survival curves. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model to identify independent prognostic biomarker. Results: According to transcriptome analysis, we found that ROBO1 is significantly highly expressed in NPC tissues compared with normal tissues. The immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining showed that high expression of ROBO1 was significantly related to primary tumor (T1T2 and T3T4) (P = .024), nodal metastasis status (N0N1 and N2N3) (P = .030), stage (I-II and III-IV) (P = .019), and histological grade (keratinizing, non-keratinizing, and undifferentiated) (P = .065). Importantly, NPC patients with high ROBO1 expression had poorer disease-specific survival (DSS) (P = .0001), distal metastasis-free survival (DMeFS) (P < .0001), and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) (P = .0001) compared with NPC patients with low ROBO1 expression through the uni-/multivariate and the Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. Conclusion: Our report indicates that ROBO1 might be a potential prognostic biomarker for NPC.

Primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma in the nasal cavity: A CARE-compliant case report.

RATIONALE: Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is a rare but aggressive neoplasm with a poor prognosis and a strong propensity for regional recurrence and distant metastasis. Diagnosis is challenging and relies on immunohistochemical study. Treatment includes surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these modalities. However, the optimal therapeutic strategy is still controversial. Due to its rarity, the complexity of the histological diagnosis, and the variety of the treatment regimens, we presented a case of primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma in the nasal cavity with description of the clinical manifestation, pathology features, and our treatment regimen. PATIENT CONCERNS: An 82-year-old female patient with hypertension presented with right epistaxis on and off with nasal obstruction for several days. DIAGNOSIS: An exophytic mass over the posterior end of the right inferior turbinate was found on nasopharyngoscope. Biopsy was done and the pathology confirmed small cell carcinoma, strongly positive for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) and insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM-1), scatteredly positive for chromogranin A, synaptophysin and CD56. The final diagnosis was small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of right nasal cavity, pT1N0M0, stage I. INTERVENTIONS: The patient underwent wide excision of right intra-nasal tumor and post-operative radiotherapy with a dose of 6600 cGy in 33 fractions. OUTCOMES: No local recurrence or distant metastasis was noted during the 12 months of follow-up. LESSONS: Multimodality treatment remains the most common therapeutic strategy, although no proven algorithm has been established due to the rarity of this disease. Further investigation is needed for providing evidence to standardize the treatment protocol.

Primary nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma: A CARE-compliant case report.

RATIONALE: Primary nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma is a rare nasopharyngeal neoplasm with a good prognosis and a low propensity for regional recurrence. To date, only few cases of primary nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma have been reported in the literature. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 24-year-old female patient presented with intermittent hemoptysis and blood tinge nasal discharge. DIAGNOSIS: An exophytic and pedunculated mass over the roof of the nasopharynx was found on nasopharyngoscope. Biopsy was done and the pathology confirmed well-differentiated primary nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma, strongly positive for CK7, and transcription termination factor 1; but negative for thyroglobulin. The final diagnosis was primary nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma, well-differentiated, pT1N0M0, stage I. INTERVENTIONS: The patient underwent excision of nasopharyngeal tumor under sinuscopic assistance. OUTCOMES: : No local recurrence or distant metastasis was noted during the 6 months of follow-up. LESSONS: We aim at highlighting the importance of a thorough differential diagnosis of nasopharyngeal tumor. Further investigation is still needed for providing evidence to standardize the treatment protocol.

High SPIN4 Expression Is Linked to Advanced Nodal Status and Inferior Prognosis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), characterized by the infiltration of lymphocytes, is a malignancy derived from the epithelium of the nasopharynx. Despite its sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy, NPC has a high propensity for recurrence and metastasis. Although lymph node levels have been indicated as an independent prognostic factor for NPC, there has been no precise prognostic biomarker to predict clinical outcomes for NPC before advanced disease. In the present study, we surveyed differentially expressed genes in NPC via the next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based Oncomine database and identified the spindlin family member 4 (SPIN4) gene as the most relevant to advanced nodal status. We collected 124 tumor samples from NPC patients receiving biopsy, and the expression level of SPIN4 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that tumors with high SPIN4 expression were significantly correlated with advanced nodal status (p < 0.001) and advanced AJCC stages (p < 0.001). High SPIN4 expression in tumor samples was an unfavorable prognostic factor for all three endpoints at the univariate level: disease-specific survival (DSS), distal metastasis-free survival (DMeFS), and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) (all p < 0.05). High SPIN4 expression remained independently prognostic of worse DMeFS (p = 0.049) at the multivariate level. Using bioinformatics analysis, we further found that high SPIN4 level may link tight junctions to cancer cell survival. Collectively, these results imply that high SPIN4 expression is linked to an aggressive clinical course, including advanced nodal status and poor survival in NPC patients, emphasizing the promising prognostic utility of SPIN4 expression.

Expression and prognostic utility of SSX2IP in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Cell adhesion affects carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. We datamined a published transcriptome (GSE12452) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and identified SSX2IP as a significantly upregulated gene in NPC carcinogenesis among genes associated with cell adhesion (GO:0007155). Consequently, we assessed SSX2IP protein expression and its prognostic significance in 124 patients with NPC using immunohistochemistry and the H-score method. The status of SSX2IP immunoexpression correlated with clinical and pathological characteristics, as well as oncological outcomes. High levels of SSX2IP expression were significantly associated with more advanced primary tumor and TNM stages. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analyses revealed that high levels of SSX2IP expression, and advanced tumor stage and lymph node metastasis were significantly associated with lower rates of local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMeFS), and disease-specific (DSS) survival. Multivariate analysis showed that high levels of SSX2IP expression significantly predicted DSS (hazard ratio [HR], 4.290; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.271-8.102; p < 0.001), DMeFS (HR, 4.159' 95% CI, 2.072-8.345; p < 0.001), and LRFS (HR, 3.007' 95% CI,: 1.418-6.378; p = 0.004). We associated high levels of SSX2IP immunoexpression with aggressive pathological features and worse oncological outcomes, suggesting its potential therapeutic value for patients with NPC.

A case of congenital long QT syndrome, type 8, undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy with general anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with Long QT syndrome (LQTS) P may present with torsades de pointes, ventricular tachycardia (VT), or ventricular fibrillation (VF) and are at risk of sudden cardiac death. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 38 y/o female patient with uterus myoma developed VF during laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy surgery. Defibrillation was delivered and the electrocardiogram (ECG) returned to sinus rhythm after CPR. RESULTS: Patient survived and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was implanted and received beta-blocker therapy. ECG obtained in out-patient clinic still showed QT interval prolongation, but revealed no prolongation few months after persistent beta-blocker therapy. LQTS type 8 (CACNA1C E768del mutation) was identified by genetic DNA sequencing study. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with concealed LQTS may have normal QT interval unless exposing to stress or specific stimuli. Unexpected ventricular arrhythmia may happen during any medical management. We should avoid triggers of QT prolongation, and get familiar with management of the episode.