Analysis of gut microbiota of ladybug beetle (Harmonia axyridis) after feeding on different artificial diets.

BACKGROUND: Harmonia axyridis is an effective natural enemy insect to a variety of phloem-sucking pests and Lepidopteran larvae, such as aphids, scabies, and phylloxera, while its industrial production is limited due to unmature artificial diet. Insect intestinal microbiota affect host development and reproduction. The aim of this study is to understand intestinal microbiota composition of H. axyridis and screen effective probiotics on artificial diet. Considering the role of the components and composition of the diet on the structure and composition of the intestinal microbiome, four kinds of diets were set up: (1) aphid; (2) basic diet; (3) basic diet + glucose; (4) basic diet + trehalose. The gut microbiota of H. axyridis was detected after feeding on different diets. RESULTS: Results showed that the gut microbiota between artificial diet group and aphid groups were far apart, while the basic and glucose groups were clearly clustered. Besides, the glucose group and trehalose group had one unique phylum, Cryptophyta and Candidatus Saccharibacteria, respectively. The highest abundance of Proteobacteria was found in the aphid diet. The highest abundance of Firmicutes was found in the basic diet. However, the addition of glucose or trehalose alleviated the change. In addition, the relative abundance of Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacteriaceae_unclassified, Enterobacteriales_unclassified and Serratia in the aphid group was higher than other groups. Moreover, the function of gut genes in each group also showed clear differences. CONCLUSION: These results have offered a strong link between artificial diets and gut microbes, and also have provided a theoretical basis for the screening of synergistic probiotics in artificial diet.

Regulation of Vicia faba L. Response and Its Effect on Megoura crassicauda Reproduction under Zinc Stress.

The heavy metal zinc (Zn) is known to be transmitted in the food chain; however, the effect of Zn stress on beans and herbivorous insects is largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate the resistance of broad bean plants to Zn stress and the consequent changes in their physiological and biochemical metabolism by simulating heavy metal pollution in soil. Simultaneously, the effects of aphid progeny treated with different Zn concentrations on the expression of carbohydrate and related genes were analyzed. The results showed that Zn had no effect on the germination rate of broad beans, but other effects mainly manifested as follows. (1) Chlorophyll content decreased. (2) The total soluble sugar and Zn content in stems and leaves increased with increasing Zn content. (3) The proline content first increased and then decreased with increasing Zn content. (4) The height of the seedlings indicates that low concentrations promote growth and high concentrations inhibit growth. In addition, only the first-generation fecundity decreased significantly when aphids fed on heavy metal broad beans. Continuous high Zn levels increase the trehalose content of aphid F1 and F2, while F3 decreases. These results can not only provide a theoretical basis for exploring the impact of soil heavy metal pollution on ecosystems but also preliminarily evaluate the possibility of broad beans as a means of pollution remediation.

The relationship between famine exposure during early life and ascending aorta dilatation in adults.

The relationship between exposure to famine in early life and the risk of ascending aorta dilatation (AAD) in adulthood is still unclear; therefore, we aimed to examine the association in the Chinese population. We investigated the data of 2598 adults who were born between 1952 and 1964 in Guangdong, China. All enrolled subjects were categorised into five groups: not exposed to famine, exposed during fetal period, and exposed during early, mid or late childhood. AAD was assessed by cardiac ultrasound. Multivariate logistic regression and interaction tests were performed to estimate the OR and CI on the association between famine exposure and AAD. There were 2598 (943 male, mean age 58·3 ± 3·68 years) participants were enrolled, and 270 (10·4 %) subjects with AAD. We found that famine exposure (OR = 2·266, 95 % CI 1·477, 3·477, P = 0·013) was associated with elevated AAD after adjusting for multiple confounders. In addition, compared with the non-exposed group, the adjusted OR for famine exposure during fetal period, early, mid or late childhood were 1·374 (95 % CI 0·794, 2·364, P = 0·251), 1·976 (95 % CI 1·243, 3·181, P = 0·004), 1·929 (95 % CI 1·237, 3·058, P = 0·004) and 2·227 (95 % CI 1·433, 3·524, P < 0·001), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the effect of famine exposure on the association with AAD was more pronounced in female, current smokers, people with BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 and hypertensive patients. We observed that exposure to famine during early life was linked to AAD in adulthood.

Effect of Microplastics on the Adsorption and Desorption Properties of Cadmium in Soil.

This study analyzed the role of micro polyethylene (mPE) and micro polypropylene (mPP) on cadmium (Cd) adsorption and desorption in soil. Cd adsorption in soils reached equilibrium within 240 min with or without mPP/mPE. The largest Cd adsorption amount was 923.88 mg kg-1 in the control treatment (no MPs). The Cd adsorption amount in the mPP treatment was 872.21 mg kg-1, greater than that in the mPE treatment (780.21 mg kg-1). MPs reduced the soil adsorption of Cd to some extent. Soils supplemented with mPE were more inhibitory to Cd adsorption than mPP. The pseudo-second-order model equation proved to be the most optimal equation for describing Cd adsorption dynamics in the presence of different MPs, while the Freundlich equation was best for describing isothermal adsorption of Cd in the presence of MPs. MPs facilitate the desorption of metals from the soil.

Early-life exposure to the Chinese famine and risk of carotid intima-media thickness increased in adulthood.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Little was known about the effect of famine exposure on carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). The present study aimed to explore the relationship in a Chinese population. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants were divided into five groups: not exposed to famine, exposed to famine in fetal, early, mid or late childhood. Elevated cIMT was defined as a thickness of >0.9 mm measured by carotid ultrasound. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) between famine exposure and cIMT. A total of 2637 (970 male, mean age 59.1 ± 3.65 years) participants were recruited, and 491 (18.62%) of them had elevated cIMT. When compared with the non-exposure group, the fully adjusted ORs for increased cIMT for exposure in fetal, early, mid to late childhood were 1.321 (95%CI: 0.872, 1.994, P = 0.186), 1.713 (95% CI: 1.188, 2.483, P = 0.004), 2.359 (95% CI: 1.674, 3.357, P < 0.001) and 2.485 (95% CI: 1.773, 3.518, P < 0.001), respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that the exposure to famine did not interact with body mass index, gender, smoking status, hypertension and diabetes history on its effect on cIMT. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that early-life exposure to the Chinese famine might be associated with an increased risk of increased cIMT in adulthood.

Effects of waist to height ratio, waist circumference, body mass index on the risk of chronic diseases, all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality.

BACKGROUND: Given the fat redistribution in later stages of life, how the associations between abdominal obesity and the risk of morbidity and mortality have changed with age have not been elucidated, especially for waist to height ratio (WHtR). OBJECTIVE: To compare the strength of association between obesity indices and chronic diseases at baseline, and the subsequent mortality risk among US adults. METHODS: We included 21 109 participants from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2014. We performed logistic regression and receiver operating curve analysis to examine the discriminatory power of obesity indicators on cardiometabolic diseases and cancer at baseline. Sex-stratified and age-stratified Cox models were constructed to explore the prospective association between obesity indices and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. RESULTS: Elevated WHtR, elevated waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI)-classified obesity are associated with higher odds of hypertension (OR: 1.37-2.13), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.06 to 1.75, all p<0.05) and diabetes (OR: 1.40-3.16, all p<0.05). WHtR had significantly better discriminatory power to predict cardiometabolic health than BMI, especially for diabetes (area under the curve: 0.709 vs 0.654). After multivariable adjustment, all obesity indicators are associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality among females aged ≥65 years (HR: 0.64 to 0.85), but the association was only significant for BMI when obesity indicators were mutually adjusted (HR: 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: WHtR and WC appeared to be the better indicators for cardiometabolic health than BMI. However, BMI had a stronger and inverse association with a greater risk of all-cause mortality among older females.

Relationship between body mass index and ischaemic stroke in Chinese elderly hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: Despite obesity being a major risk factor for ischaemic stroke (IS), the association between body mass index (BMI) and IS in patients with hypertension remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between BMI and IS among elderly hypertensive patients in China. METHODS AND RESULTS: We recruited 3500 hypertensive patients aged ≥60 between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2011 in China and ascertained their stroke status until December 2016. Multivariate Cox regression was used to evaluate the association between BMI and IS with interaction tests for exposure and covariates. A total of 3315 subjects (mean age 71.41±7.20 years, 44.5% were men) were included for data analysis. During an average follow-up period of 5.5 years, there were 206 onset cases (6.21%) of IS. When BMI was treated as a continuous variable, it was positively associated with the incidence of new onset IS (HR=1.14; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.34; p=0.005) after adjusting for potential confounders. Meanwhile, when BMI was treated as a categorical variable, the highest category (≥28 kg/m2) was strongly associated with an increased risk for IS compared with normal BMI category (18.5 to 24 kg/m2) (HR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.80; p<0.001) in the fully adjusted model. Subgroup and interaction analysis also demonstrated that BMI independently associated with IS among males, smokers, alcohol drinkers, diabetic patients, people with uncontrolled blood pressure, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate and those aged ≥70 years. CONCLUSION: BMI was significantly associated with IS and was an independent risk of IS in Chinese elderly hypertensive patients.

Association between pulse pressure and ischaemic stroke in elderly patients with hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The association between pulse pressure (PP) and the risk of first ischaemic stroke (IS) is inconsistent. Therefore, we evaluated the association between PP and the risk of first IS among elderly hypertensive population in China. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. Patients with hypertension and aged ≥60 years were recruited. Multivariate Cox regression was performed to evaluate the association between PP and the risk of IS. We further stratified the regression models into subgroups and test for interaction to assess whether the associations were modified by other covariates. RESULTS: A total of 3315 patients with hypertension (44.49% male; mean age 71.41±7.20 years) were included, and 206 cases of IS occurred with a median follow-up of 5.5 years. The results showed that per SD mm Hg increment in PP was associated with a 17% (95% CI 1.05 to 1.40, p=0.0172) increased risk of IS. Moreover, the HR of IS for the highest quartile of PP was 1.46 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.73, p=0.0011, p for trend <0.001) comparing with the lowest quartile of PP. Subgroup analysis showed that population aged ≥70 years, male, patients with smoking or drinking habit, diabetes at baseline, being overweight, with uncontrolled blood pressure or did not take antihypertensive drugs have a higher risk for IS. CONCLUSIONS: We found that PP was significantly associated with IS and was an independent risk factor for IS.

Risk assessment of bioavailable heavy metals in the water and sediments in the Yongding New River, North China.

To explore the pollution status of heavy metals and potential risks in the Yongding New River of Tianjin, China, a comparative study of concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Hg) in surface sediments from submerged areas (SA), fluctuant flooded district (FFD), and non-flooded district (NFD) was conducted. In the present study, a modified three-stage European Community Bureau of Reference sequential extraction procedure and EDTA-Na2 single extraction were used to determine the heavy metal distribution in different sediment samples. Results showed that Cd was the metal with the highest contamination level compared to a background value of Tianjin soils, particularly in SA, followed by As. The concentrations of Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn were relatively higher in upstream. Cu and Pb had higher bioavailability when compared with the other metals, indicating the two metals were easier to be mobilized. The Pearson correlation coefficient is applied to assess the degree of correlation between heavy metals. As, Cu, Zn, and Hg had the strong correlation, implying they may have common sources. Human activity in the riparian such as agricultural production, vehicle, and burning coal increased inputs of heavy metals in the surface sediments and influenced their distribution spatially. Besides, we also calculated geo-accumulation indexes (Igeo) and eco-risk index to assess the degree of risk of heavy metals in sediments. The Igeo were higher in SA than in FFD and NFD. Based on Igeo and potential eco-risk index, Cd has the highest risk, followed by As and Hg.

J-shaped association between serum uric acid and acute coronary syndrome in patients with essential hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic value of serum uric acid (SUA) for incident acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in hypertensive subjects is uncertain. Therefore, the present study examined the association between SUA and incident ACS in a large cohort of Chinese hypertensive adults. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study, which enrolled 5473 Chinese community-dwelling hypertensive patients from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012. Study outcomes were ACS events, and patients were followed until 31 December 2016. Cox regression analyses were conducted to determine adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for baseline SUA tertiles (low, middle and high group) and for men and women separately. RESULTS: A total of 5473 participants were included in the analysis (median follow-up was 4.5 years). Participants were divided into tertiles based on SUA levels. During follow-up, 9 (0.49%), 14 (0.77%) and 25 (1.37%) patients developed ACS in the lowest, middle and highest tertiles, respectively. When compared with the lowest tertile of SUA, the highest tertile of SUA was associated with ACS risk in all subjects and in men and women separately (HR: 2.62, 95% CI 1.14 to 7.01, p=0.0233; 2.15, 95% CI 1.08 to 6.04, p=0.021, and 3.49, 95% CI 1.25 to 7.74, p=0.017, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Higher SUA levels were independently associated with an elevated risk of ACS incidence. The relationship between SUA levels and ACS in hypertensive patients was J-shaped.

Relationship between serum uric acid level and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in population with obesity.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the association between serum uric acid (SUA) and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality among participants with obesity. METHOD: All participants were included from the 1999 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with follow-up mortality assessment through 31 December 2015. Cox proportional hazards models were built to estimate adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for mortality according to baseline uric acid in quartiles. Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30 (kg/m2). Generalised additive model (GAM) and two-piecewise linear regression models were performed to explore any non-linearity in associations. RESULTS: There were 12 637 adults with obesity eligible for analysis. There were 999 (7.91%) all-cause and 147 (1.16%) cardiovascular mortality occurred during the mean follow-up of 98.11 months. Comparing with the lowest quartile of SUA, the highest SUA group did not have significant association with all-cause (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.52) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.63, 95% CI 0.58 to 4.53) after adjusting for various confounding factors. GAM and two-piecewise linear regression model demonstrated a non-linearly relationship between SUA and all-cause mortality, and the corresponding cut-off point was 6.5 mg/dL. However, there is no significant relationship between uric acid and cardiovascular death on both sides of the cut-off value of 6.1 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: SUA showed a J-shaped relationship with all-cause mortality, but no significant with cardiovascular mortality in adults with obesity.

Relationship between triglyceride levels and ischaemic stroke in elderly hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: Although hyperlipidaemia was a well-known risk factor for ischaemic stroke, the association between triglyceride and first ischaemic stroke remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES: The present study attempted to explore the relationship between triglyceride and first ischaemic stroke in a Chinese community elderly patients with hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a retrospective cohort study. We enrolled 3249 consecutive elderly patients with hypertension from a community in China between January 2010 and December 2011. Patients were divided into four groups based on the quartiles of triglyceride. Multivariate Cox regression analysis, subgroup and interaction test were performed to evaluate the relationship between triglyceride and first ischaemic stroke. There were a total of 3249 participants including 1455 male and 1794 female, with a mean age of 71.36±7.18 years. At an average follow-up of 5.5 years, 205 patients were identified to have first ischaemic stroke. After adjustment for potential confounders, using the lowest quartiles of triglyceride as the reference, multivariable HR (95% CI) for first ischaemic stroke increased in parallel with the quartiles of triglyceride (HRs were 1.56 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.51), 1.74 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.84) and 1.85 (95% CI 1.05 to 2.89)) from the second to the fourth quartiles, respectively (p=0.002 for trend). Subgroup and interaction analysis showed that there was no interactive effect on triglyceride and first ischaemic stroke. CONCLUSION: Triglyceride was an independent risk factor for first ischaemic stroke among Chinese elderly patients with hypertension.

Relationship between diastolic blood pressure and the first ischaemic stroke in elderly patients with hypertension.

BACKGROUND: It is uncertain how diastolic blood pressure (DBP) may associate with ischaemic stroke in elder patients with hypertension. We aimed to explore this relationship in a Chinese community. METHODS: A total of 3315 participants aged ≥60 years with essential hypertension were enrolled between January 2010 and December 2011, and being followed up until 31 December 2016. DBP levels were categorised into five groups (<60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90 and ≥90 mm Hg), using 70-80 mm Hg as referent. We performed Cox regression analysis and subgroup analyses to evaluate the relationship between DBP and the incidence of ischaemic stroke. RESULTS: Among the 3315 participants, 44.49% were men and they were 71.4 years old on average. During a median follow-up period of 5.5 years, there were 206 onset cases of ischaemic stroke. The HRs for the first ischaemic stroke in the fully adjusted model were 1.32 (95% CI 0.73 to 2.40) for DBP <70 mm Hg, 1.50 (95% CI 1.13 to 2.73) for DBP between 80 and 89.9 mm Hg and 2.31 (95% CI 1.14 to 4.68) for DBP ≥90 mm Hg compared with DBP between 70 and 79.9 mm Hg (p=0.020 for trend). Subgroup and interaction analysis showed no significant findings. CONCLUSIONS: DBP had a non-linear association with the risk of ischaemic stroke among Chinese elderly patients with hypertension. DBP between 70 and 80 mm Hg may be an appropriate indicator for a lower stroke risk.

Natural variation in the promoter of OsHMA3 contributes to differential grain cadmium accumulation between Indica and Japonica rice.

Rice is a major source of cadmium (Cd) intake for Asian people. Indica rice usually accumulates more Cd in shoots and grains than Japonica rice. However, underlying genetic bases for differential Cd accumulation between Indica and Japonica rice are still unknown. In this study, we cloned a quantitative trait locus (QTL) grain Cd concentration on chromosome 7 (GCC7) responsible for differential grain Cd accumulation between two rice varieties by performing QTL analysis and map-based cloning. We found that the two GCC7 alleles, GCC7PA64s and GCC793-11 , had different promoter activity of OsHMA3, leading to different OsHMA3 expression and different shoot and grain Cd concentrations. By analyzing the distribution of different haplotypes of GCC7 among diverse rice accessions, we discovered that the high and low Cd accumulation alleles, namely GCC793-11 and GCC7PA64s , were preferentially distributed in Indica and Japonica rice, respectively. We further showed that the GCC7PA64s allele can be used to replace the GCC793-11 allele in the super cultivar 93-11 to reduce grain Cd concentration without adverse effect on agronomic traits. Our results thus reveal that the QTL GCC7 with sequence variation in the OsHMA3 promoter is an important determinant controlling differential grain Cd accumulation between Indica and Japonica rice.

U-shaped association between low-density lipid cholesterol and diabetes mellitus in patients with hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The magnitude and direction of association of low-density lipid cholesterol (LDL-C) with diabetes mellitus (DM) might differ by hypertensive status, but there is limited epidemiological evidence in China. METHODS: We examined the association between LDL-C levels and DM in 9892 participants with hypertension using logistic regression. Participants were stratified into three groups according to LDL-C levels (desirable, borderline high or high), then further divided into quartiles. Restricted cubic spline regression models, subgroup analysis and interaction tests were also conducted to evaluate the shape of association. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, lower LDL-C had a significant and inverse association with the likelihood of DM in all participants (OR: 0.944, 95% CI = 0.893, 0.998). In participants with desirable LDL-C concentrations (< 3.4 mmol/L), LDL-C protected against DM (OR = 1.240, 95% CI = 1.076, 1.429 per 1 mmol/L decrease). In participants with higher LDL-C concentrations (> 4.1 mmol/L), LDL-C increased the DM likelihood (OR = 1.536, 95% CI = 1.126, 2.096 per 1 mmol/L increase). Restricted cubic spline regression also found a U-shaped association between LDL-C levels and DM prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: There was a U-shaped association between LDL-C levels and DM in Chinese patients with hypertension.

Effects of different aging methods on the ability of biochar to adsorb heavy metal cadmium and its physical and chemical properties.

The aging process can affect the physical and chemical properties as well as adsorption capacity of biochar. This study focuses on the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) as the research object, and artificially ages biochar prepared from rice straw and corn straw through accelerated freeze-thaw cycles, alternating dry wet cycles, and ultraviolet light treatment, in order to evaluate the effects of different aging conditions on the physical and chemical properties of the two different types of biochar and on their adsorption capacities for Cd. After aging, the pH of rice and corn biochar decreased to varying degrees, respectively. The surface structure was ruptured, the average pore diameter was decreased, and the specific surface area was increased by 27.3%, 21.9%, and 9.8% (rice) and 95.4%, 27.7%, and 13.4% (corn). Ultraviolet light aging has the most significant impact on the elemental content of biochar, and the C content was decreased by 12.4% (rice) and 9.3% (corn). The O content was increased by 11.2% (rice) and 44.1% (corn), and the numbers of O/C, H/C, (O + N)/C, and oxygen-containing functional groups were increased. These results demonstrate that the aging process reduces the degree of aromatization of biochar, while enhancing its polarity and Cd adsorption capacity. Rice straw biochar (RSB) has a greater ability to adsorb Cd than corn straw biochar (CSB). In addition, ultraviolet light aging is particularly effective in increasing heavy metal adsorption.

Dynamic immobilization of bacterial cells on biofilm in a polyester nonwoven chemostat.

Cell immobilization plays an important role in biocatalysis for high-value products. It is necessary to maintain the viability of immobilized cells for bioconversion using viable cells as biocatalysts. In this study, a novel polyester nonwoven chemostat was designed for cell immobilization to investigate biofilm formation and the dynamic balance between adsorption and desorption of cells on polyester nonwoven. The polyester nonwoven was suitable for cell immobilization, and the cell numbers on the polyester nonwoven can reach 6.5 ± 0.38 log CFU/mL. After adding the polyester nonwoven to the chemostat, the fluctuation phenomenon of free bacterial cells occurred. The reason for this phenomenon was the balance between adsorption and desorption of bacterial cells on the polyester nonwoven. Bacterial cells could adhere to the surface of polyester nonwoven via secreting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to form biofilms. As the maturation of biofilms, some dead cells inside the biofilms can cause the detachment of biofilms. This process of continuous adsorption and desorption of cells can ensure that the polyester nonwoven chemostat has lasting biological activity.

Effects of microplastics and cadmium on the soil-wheat system as single and combined contaminants.

Two types of microplastics (MPs) (micro polyethylene (mPE) and micro polypropylene (mPP)) were studied alongside and cadmium (Cd) to determine how they affected soil-wheat systems, both individually and in mixed combinations. This was accomplished by carrying out a pot experiment to reveal their respective interaction effects. Results showed that in different Cd pollution levels soils (0, 1, and 5 mg kg-1), chlorophyll concentrations in wheat leaves decreased markedly with rising levels of mPE/mPP. In the single mPE treatment, as the mPE content in the soil increased, the aboveground and root biomass improved. By contrast, in the single mPP treatment, when the mPP content was low, the aboveground biomass of wheat increased and with the mPP content increased, the aboveground biomass of wheat decreased. This result was also shown in the combined contamination of mPE/mPP and Cd (1 mg kg-1) in the root biomass. With an increase in Cd concentration (that is, at 5 mg kg-1) in the combined contamination, this phenomenon continued in the aboveground biomass while in the roots, there was a promotion effect. At Cd contaminated soil (1 mg kg-1), MPs inhibited Cd enrichment in aboveground wheat, but at 5 mg kg-1, Cd enrichment was promoted instead, in both aboveground and roots. Adding mPE/mPP diminished pH and the Cd effective state concentration in soil. The combined contamination of mPE/mPP and Cd affected the Cd biological enrichment in the wheat to some extent, which was influenced by the types of MP and pollution levels of Cd in the soil.

Efficacy of pretreatment with remimazolam on prevention of propofol-induced injection pain in patients undergoing gastroscopy.

To evaluate the efficacy of remimazolam pretreatment in preventing propofol-induced injection pain (PIP) in patients undergoing gastroscopy. One hundred and forty patients (ASA I-II, aged 18-65 years, BMI 18-28 kg/m2) who were to undergo gastroscopy were randomized into either a saline group (group S) or a remimazolam group (group R) (n = 70 for each) on a computer-generated random number basis. The patients in group S received normal saline (0.1 ml/kg) and those in group R were administered remimazolam (0.1 mg/kg) via intravenous infusion for 60 s. 30 s after the injection of normal saline or remimazolam, patients received intravenously propofol (0.5 ml/s) until loss of consciousness. A different anesthesiologist who was unaware of the pretreatment was responsible for maintaining the outcome. The primary endpoint of our study was the incidence of PIP, which was measured using a 4-point scale. Secondary endpoints include the intensity of PIP, vital signs, characteristics of surgery and recovery, and adverse events. The incidence of PIP was significantly lower in group R than in group S (13 vs 51%, p < 0.001), and a lower percentage of patients presented with moderate PIP (3 vs 20%, p < 0.001). Moreover, lower consumption of propofol, shorter recovery time, and greater patient satisfaction were observed in group R than in group S. Pretreatment with remimazolam can effectively reduce the incidence and intensity of PIP in gastroscopy and shorten the recovery time without severe adverse effects.Clinical Trials Registration: Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (identifier: ChiCTR2200063793). Registry time: 16/09/2022. Registry name: Efficacy of Pre-Treatment with Remimazolam on Prevention of Propofol-Induced Injection Pain in Patients Undergoing Gastroscopy. The date of patient enrollment began from 2022-9-17 to 2022-10-10. The link to the registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=176004 .

Novel compounds ZK-PI-5 and ZK-PI-9 regulate the reproduction of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with insecticide potential.

Trehalase inhibitors prevent trehalase from breaking down trehalose to provide energy. Chitinase inhibitors inhibit chitinase activity affecting insect growth and development. This is an important tool for the investigation of regulation of trehalose metabolism and chitin metabolism in insect reproduction. There are few studies on trehalase or chitinase inhibitors' regulation of insect reproduction. In this study, ZK-PI-5 and ZK-PI-9 were shown to have a significant inhibitory effect on the trehalase, and ZK-PI-9 significantly inhibited chitinase activity in female pupae. We investigated the reproduction regulation of Spodoptera frugiperda using these new inhibitors and evaluated their potential as new insecticides. Compounds ZK-PI-5 and ZK-PI-9 were injected into the female pupae, and the control group was injected with solvent (2% DMSO). The results showed that the emergence failure rate for pupae treated with inhibitors increased dramatically and aberrant phenotypes such as difficulty in wings spreading occurred. The oviposition period and longevity of female adults in the treated group were significantly shorter than those in the control group, and the ovaries developed more slowly and shrank earlier. The egg hatching rate was significantly reduced by treatment with the inhibitor. These results showed that the two new compounds had a significant impact on the physiological indicators related to reproduction of S. frugiperda, and have pest control potential. This study investigated the effect of trehalase and chitin inhibitors on insect reproduction and should promote the development of green and efficient insecticides.