A scoping review of resting-state brain functional alterations in Type 2 diabetes.

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has been actively used in the last decade to investigate brain functional connectivity alterations in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) to understand the neuropathophysiology of T2DM in cognitive degeneration. Given the emergence of new analysis techniques, this scoping review aims to map the rs-fMRI analysis techniques that have been applied in the literature and reports the latest rs-fMRI findings that have not been covered in previous reviews. Graph theory, the contemporary rs-fMRI analysis, has been used to demonstrate altered brain topological organisations in people with T2DM, which included altered degree centrality, functional connectivity strength, the small-world architecture and network-based statistics. These alterations were correlated with T2DM patients' cognitive performances. Graph theory also contributes to identify unbiased seeds for seed-based analysis. The expanding rs-fMRI analytical approaches continue to provide new evidence that helps to understand the mechanisms of T2DM-related cognitive degeneration.

Facial alveolar bone wall width - a cone-beam computed tomography study in Asians.

BACKGROUND: The width of the facial alveolar bone wall is crucial for long-term successful esthetic outcomes of implants immediately placed into extraction sockets. A threshold of 2 mm is recommended to minimize buccal vertical bone resorption. AIM: To assess the width of the facial alveolar bone wall using cone-beam computed tomography images (CBCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective CBCT images were acquired from a representative sample of Asians using the i-CAT classic system with a 0.4-mm voxel size. At random, 200 CBCT images were selected according to predefined criteria. The DICOM file was imported into the i-CAT Vision software. In the panoramic screen, the middle of each tooth was selected, and in the sagittal window, the middle cross section was selected for performing the measurements using a computer. The vertical distance from the alveolar crest (BC) - cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) was measured. The width of the facial alveolar bone wall was measured at three locations: 1, 3, and 5 mm apical to BC. Descriptive statistics, frequency analyses, and multi-level comparisons were performed. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 74 men and 126 women (mean age of 37.2 years; range 17-82 years). A total of 3618 teeth were assessed. There was no significant difference between the values of right and left sides, or between genders. However, statistically significant differences were observed between age groups at all levels. The distance from CEJ to BC varied from 0.4 to 4 mm, with an overall tendency to increase with age. The mean width of the facial alveolar bone wall at anterior teeth was 0.9 mm and increased toward posterior regions. Rarely, a width of 2 mm was yielded (0.6-1.8% for anterior teeth, 0.7-30.8% for posterior teeth). At a 5-mm distance from BC, minimal widths of facial alveolar bone were identified for the anterior teeth. The frequency of dehiscence ranged from 9.9% to 51.6% for anterior and 3.1% to 53.6% for posterior teeth, respectively. CONCLUSION: A thin facial alveolar bone wall was usually present in both jaws. Hence, for most patients, adjunctive bone augmentation may be needed when installing implants in areas of esthetic concern.

Disrupted Structural White Matter Network in Alzheimer's Disease Continuum, Vascular Dementia, and Mixed Dementia: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.

BACKGROUND: Dementia presents a significant burden to patients and healthcare systems worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis, as well as differential diagnosis of various types of dementia, are crucial for timely intervention and management. However, there is currently a lack of clinical tools for accurately distinguishing between these types. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the differences in the structural white matter (WM) network among different types of cognitive impairment/dementia using diffusion tensor imaging, and to explore the clinical relevance of the structural network. METHODS: A total of 21 normal control, 13 subjective cognitive decline (SCD), 40 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 22 Alzheimer's disease (AD), 13 mixed dementia (MixD), and 17 vascular dementia (VaD) participants were recruited. Graph theory was utilized to construct the brain network. RESULTS: Our findings revealed a monotonic trend of disruption in the brain WM network (VaD > MixD > AD > MCI > SCD) in terms of decreased global efficiency, local efficiency, and average clustering coefficient, as well as increased characteristic path length. These network measurements were significantly associated with the clinical cognition index in each disease group separately. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that structural WM network measurements can be utilized to differentiate between different types of cognitive impairment/dementia, and these measurements can provide valuable cognition-related information.

Radiomics-Based Artificial Intelligence Differentiation of Neurodegenerative Diseases with Reference to the Volumetry.

This study aimed to build automated detection models-one by brain regional volume (V-model), and the other by radiomics features of the whole brain (R-model)-to differentiate mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from cognitive normal (CN), and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) from mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The objectives are to compare the models and identify whether radiomics or volumetry can provide a better prediction for differentiating different types of dementia. METHOD: 582 MRI T1-weighted images were retrieved from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database, which is a multicenter operating open source database for AD. In total, 97 images of AD, 293 images of MCI patient and 192 images of cognitive normal were divided into a training, a validation and a test group at a ratio of 70:15:15. For each T1-weighted image, volumetric segmentation was performed with the image analysis software FreeSurfer, and radiomics features were retrieved by imaging research software 3D slicers. Brain regional volume and radiomics features were used to build the V-model and R-model, respectively, using the random forest algorithm by R. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve of both models were used to evaluate their diagnostic accuracy and reliability to differentiate AD, MCI and CN. RESULTS: To differentiate MCI and CN, both V-model and R-model achieved excellent performance, with an AUC of 0.9992 ± 0.0022 and 0.9850 ± 0.0032, respectively. No significant difference was found between the two AUCs, indicating both models attained similar good performance. In MCI and AD differentiation, the V-model and R-model yielded AUC of 0.9986 ± 0.0013 and 0.9714 ± 0.0175, respectively. The best performance was to differentiate AD from CN, where the V-model and R-model yielded AUC of 0.9994 ± 0.0019 and 0.9830 ± 0.009, respectively. The results suggested that both volumetry and radiomics approaches could be used in differentiating AD, MCI and CN, based on T1 weighted MR images using random forest algorithm successfully. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the radiomics features from T1-weighted MR images achieved excellence performance in differentiating AD, MCI and CN. Compared to the volumetry method, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity are slightly lower in using radiomics, but still attained very good and reliable classification of the three stages of neurodegenerations. In view of the convenience and operator independence in feature extraction, radiomics can be a quantitative biomarker to differentiate the disease groups.

Level of Amyloid-ß (Aß) Binding Leading to Differential Effects on Resting State Functional Connectivity in Major Brain Networks.

INTRODUCTION: Amyloid-ß protein (Aß) is one of the biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The recent application of interhemispheric functional connectivity (IFC) in resting-state fMRI has been used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early dementia. In this study, we focused on the level of Aß accumulated and its effects on the major functional networks, including default mode network (DMN), central executive network (CEN), salience network (SN), self-referential network (SRN) and sensory motor network (SMN). METHODS: 58 participants (27 Hi Aß (HiAmy) and 31 low Aß (LowAmy)) and 25 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. [18F]flutemetamol PET/CT was performed for diseased groups, and MRI scanning was done for all participants. Voxel-by-voxel correlation analysis was done for both groups in all networks. RESULTS: In HiAmy, IFC was reduced in all networks except SN. A negative correlation in DMN, CEN, SRN and SMN suggests high Aß related to IFC reduction; However, a positive correlation in SN suggests high Aß related to an increase in IFC. In LowAmy, IFC increased in CEN, SMN, SN and SRN. Positive correlation in all major brain networks. CONCLUSION: The level of Aß accumulated demonstrated differential effects on IFC in various brain networks. As the treatment to reduce Aß plaque deposition is available in the market, it may be an option for the HiAmy group to improve their IFC in major brain networks.

Heterogeneity of Amyloid Binding in Cognitively Impaired Patients Consecutively Recruited from a Memory Clinic: Evaluating the Utility of Quantitative 18F-Flutemetamol PET-CT in Discrimination of Mild Cognitive Impairment from Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias.

BACKGROUND: With the more widespread use of 18F-radioligand-based amyloid-ß (Aß) PET-CT imaging, we evaluated Aß binding and the utility of neocortical 18F-Flutemetamol standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) as a biomarker. OBJECTIVE: 18F-Flutemetamol SUVR was used to differentiate 1) mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 2) MCI from other non-AD dementias (OD). METHODS: 109 patients consecutively recruited from a University memory clinic underwent clinical evaluation, neuropsychological test, MRI and 18F-Flutemetamol PET-CT. The diagnosis was made by consensus of a panel consisting of 1 neuroradiologist and 2 geriatricians. The final cohort included 13 subjective cognitive decline (SCD), 22 AD, 39 MCI, and 35 OD. Quantitative analysis of 16 region-of-interests made by Cortex ID software (GE Healthcare). RESULTS: The global mean 18F-Flutemetamol SUVR in SCD, MCI, AD, and OD were 0.50 (SD-0.08), 0.53 (SD-0.16), 0.76 (SD-0.10), and 0.56 (SD-0.16), respectively, with SUVR in SCD and MCI and OD being significantly lower than AD. Aß binding in SCD, MCI, and OD was heterogeneous, being 23%, 38.5%, and 42.9% respectively, as compared to 100% amyloid positivity in AD. Using global SUVR, ROC analysis showed AUC of 0.868 and 0.588 in differentiating MCI from AD and MCI from OD respectively. CONCLUSION: 18F-Flutemetamol SUVR differentiated MCI from AD with high efficacy (high negative predictive value), but much lower efficacy from OD. The major benefit of the test was to differentiate cognitively impaired patients (either SCD, MCI, or OD) without AD-related-amyloid-pathology from AD in the clinical setting, which was under-emphasized in the current guidelines proposed by Amyloid Imaging Task Force.

Impaired cerebral blood flow in type 2 diabetes mellitus - A comparative study with subjective cognitive decline, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease subjects.

The link between non-demented type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and different types of cognitive impairment is controversial. By controlling for co-morbidities such as cerebral macrovascular and microvascular changes, cerebral atrophy, amyloid burden, hypertension or hyperlipidemia, the current study investigated the cerebral blood flow of T2DM individuals as compared to cognitively impaired subjects recruited from a memory clinic. 15 healthy control (71.8 ± 6.1 years), 18 T2DM (62.5 ± 3.7 years), as well as 8 Subjective Cognitive Decline (69.5 ± 7.5 years), 12 Vascular Dementia (79.3 ± 4.2 years) and 17 Alzheimer's Disease (75.1 ± 8.2 years) underwent multi-parametric MRI brain scanning. Subjects with T2DM and from the memory clinic also had 18-F Flutametamol PET-CT scanning to look for any amyloid burden. Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin Labeling (PCASL), MR Angiography Head, 3D FLAIR and 3D T1-weighted sequences were used to quantify cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular changes, white matter hyperintensities and brain atrophy respectively. Vascular risk factors were retrieved from the medical records. The 37 subjects from memory clinic were classified into subjective cognitive decline (SCD), vascular dementia (VD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) subgroups by a multi-disciplinary panel consisting of a neuroradiologist, and 2 geriatricians. Absolute cortical CBF in our cohort of T2DM, SCD, VD and AD was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) as compared to healthy controls (HC) in both whole brain and eight paired brain regions, after age, normalized grey matter volume and gender adjustment and Bonferroni correction. Subgroup analysis between T2DM, SCD, VD, and AD revealed that CBF of T2DM was not significantly different from AD, VD or SCD. By controlling for co-morbidities, impaired cortical CBF in T2DM was not related to microangiopathy or amyloid deposition, but to the interaction of triple risk factors (such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia). There was statistically significant negative correlation (p ≤ 0.05) between adjusted CBF and HbA1c in all brain regions of T2DM and HC (with partial correlation ranging from -0.30 to -0.46). Taken together, altered cerebral blood flow in T2DM might be related to disruption of cerebrovascular autoregulation related to vascular risk factors, and such oligemia occurred before clinical manifestation due to altered glycemic control.

Diagnostic performance of mandibular bone density measurements in assessing osteoporotic status.

PURPOSE: The study evaluated the diagnostic performance of computed tomography (CT) bone density measurements (in Hounsfield units [HU]) in assessing the osteoporotic status of edentulous subjects (21 men, 40 women) scheduled to receive mandibular implant-supported overdentures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Density (in HU) of 61 left and 61 right mandibular canine sites was measured. Each subject was also subject to body bone mineral density measurements (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry). Bone density T-score values of total hip, femoral neck, spine (L1 to L4), and total body were assessed. Pearson correlations were conducted between HU of each mandibular bone site and the subject's T-score values. Sensitivity/specificity and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to assess the diagnostic performance of HU in detecting subjects who were, based on each of the four T-scores: (1) "not osteonormal", ie, with a T-score at or below -1.0; or (2) osteoporotic, ie, with a T-score at or below -2.5. RESULTS: HU measurements of mandibular bone sites were found to have modest but significant correlations with each bone density T-score value (total hip, femoral neck, spine, total body). CT mandibular site HU measurement has diagnostic value in detecting a "not osteonormal" condition when total hip, spine, or total body T-scores were used, but not when femoral neck T-score was used. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the limited sample size, optimal HU cutoff values of ~530, ~600, and ~640 HU for total hip, spine, or total body T-scores, respectively, were proposed. CT mandibular site HU measurement had diagnostic value in detecting osteoporosis when spine T-score was used but not when total hip, femoral neck, and total body T-scores were used. An optimal HU cutoff value of ~460 HU for spine T-score was proposed.

Correlation between dental implant insertion torque and mandibular alveolar bone density in osteopenic and osteoporotic subjects.

PURPOSE: Osteoporotic patients require particular attention during implant placement, and insertion torque (IT) has been established as a simple and noninvasive method to assess local bone quality and primary implant stability. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that IT was not significantly correlated with bone density, as assessed with computed tomography, in a group of osteopenic and osteoporotic patients. In addition, the hypothesis that IT was not significantly correlated with implant length was tested. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-three completely edentulous patients with compromised bone mineral density (osteoporotic or osteopenic) who required treatment with complete maxillary dentures and complete mandibular implantsupported overdentures participated in the study. Each patient received two screw-shaped self-tapping implants (Branemark Mark III TiUnite) at the mandibular canine regions. The IT of each implant during placement was recorded. The Pearson correlation between IT and implant site bone density (Hounsfield unit) obtained from presurgical computed tomographic scans was analyzed. The relationship between IT and implant length was also studied. RESULTS: IT was significantly correlated to implant site bone density but not to implant length. CONCLUSION: IT can be a viable and practical means to assess mandibular bone quality in patients with compromised general bone density.

An fMRI study showing the effect of acupuncture in chronic stage stroke patients with aphasia.

Acupuncture is used as a treatment in stroke patients with aphasia, yet the underlying neural mechanisms are unknown. This study aims to examine the relationship between changes in language function and brain activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging in chronic stroke patients with aphasia who underwent an 8-week acupuncture protocol. Seven chronic stroke patients were identified from a stroke database of a regional acute hospital in Hong Kong between January and July 2007. Patients were treated three times a week over a period of 8 weeks. Four acupoints were stimulated on the weak side of the patient's body. No other rehabilitation was given during the study period. Changes in language function were measured by aphasia quotient (AQ) of Cantonese Aphasia Battery (CAB). Functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen level dependent signals were used to demonstrate the correlation between changes in AQ and brain activation after treatment. The patients were divided into well-recovered and poorly- recovered groups based on their CAB scores at entry. The well-recovered group showed significant improvement in CAB scores after receiving acupuncture treatment. A significant correlation between changes in AQ and blood oxygen level dependent activation in the lesioned Wernicke's speech area was found. These preliminary results suggest that acupuncture may be beneficial to language recovery in chronic stroke patients.

Comparison of radiation dose for implant imaging using conventional spiral tomography, computed tomography, and cone-beam computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare typical patient radiation dose delivered in implant imaging with spiral computed tomography (CT), conventional spiral tomography, and cone-beam CT (CBCT). STUDY DESIGN: The Scanora (Orion Corporation Soredex, Helsinki, Finland), Spiral HiSpeed/Fxi (General Electric, Milwaukee, WI), and Classic iCAT (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA) units were selected to represent conventional spiral tomography, spiral CT, and CBCT, respectively. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were used in a Rando phantom to measure radiation-absorbed doses to the lenses, parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual gland, and the thyroid for maxillary and mandibular implant imaging techniques. RESULTS: Spiral CT delivered the highest absorbed dose, whereas CBCT delivered the lowest in both maxillary and mandibular implant scans. The salivary glands received the highest absorbed doses. Scanora delivered lower radiation doses than CBCT when the anterior region of the maxilla or mandible was irradiated. CONCLUSION: In implant imaging, CT delivers the highest radiation dose to the salivary glands, whereas the CBCT system studied delivers the lowest dose. Irrespective of imaging modality, during implant imaging as conducted for this study, salivary glands receive most radiation.