Chemotherapy versus chemotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors for the first-line treatment of unresectable thymic carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective study.

Thymic carcinoma (TC) is a rare malignant tumor with a poor prognosis, and there is currently limited data on the use of immunotherapy in patients with unresectable TC. In this study, data of patients with unresectable TC diagnosed from January 2017 were retrospectively collected from multiple centers. Treatment response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), survival-independent prognostic factor, and adverse events (AEs) were further analyzed. As a result, a total of 93 patients with unresectable TC were enrolled, of which 54 received first-line chemotherapy, and 39 received chemotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The objective response rate was 50% (27/54) in the chemotherapy group and 76.9% (30/39) in the chemotherapy plus ICIs group. The chemotherapy plus ICIs group achieved significant median PFS benefit (8.8 vs. 34.9 months, p < .001) and median OS benefit (41.8 months vs. not reached, p = .025). Multivariate analysis showed that ICIs and local therapy were independent prognostic factors for PFS. In addition, 17 patients developed immune-related AEs (IRAEs), of which 15 (38.5%) had Grade 1 or 2 IRAEs and 2 (5.1%) had Grade 3 IRAEs in the chemotherapy plus ICIs group. In conclusion, the efficacy of chemotherapy plus ICIs is superior to chemotherapy, and the adverse effects are manageable in patients with unresectable TC.

Prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy in dMMR&MSS colorectal cancer patients and an MSI status predicting model.

The inconsistency between mismatch repair (MMR) protein immunohistochemistry (IHC) and microsatellite instability PCR (MSI-PCR) methods has been widely reported. We aim to investigate the prognosis and the effect of immunotherapy in dMMR by IHC but MSS by MSI-PCR (dMMR&MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. A microsatellite instability (MSI) predicting model was established to help find dMMR&MSS patients. MMR and MSI states were detected by the IHC and MSI-PCR in 1622 CRC patients (ZS6Y-1 cohort). Logistic regression analysis was used to screen clinical features to construct an MSI-predicting nomogram. We propose a new nomogram-based assay to find patients with dMMR&MSS, in which the MSI-PCR assay only detects dMMR patients with MSS predictive results. We applied the new strategy to a random cohort of 248 CRC patients (ZS6Y-2 cohort). The consistency of MMR IHC and MSI-PCR in the ZS6Y-1 cohort was 95.7% (1553/1622). Both pMMR&MSS and dMMR&MSS groups experienced significantly shorter overall survival (OS) than those in dMMR by IHC and MSI-H by MSI-PCR (dMMR&MSI-H) group (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.429, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.89-3.116, p < .01; HR = 21.96, 95% CI: 7.24-66.61, p < .01). The dMMR&MSS group experienced shorter OS than the pMMR&MSS group, but the difference did not reach significance (log rank test, p = .0686). In the immunotherapy group, the progression-free survival of dMMR&MSS patients was significantly shorter than that of dMMR&MSI-H patients (HR = 13.83, 95% CI: 1.508-126.8, p < .05). The ZS6Y-MSI-Pre nomogram (C-index = 0.816, 95% CI: 0.792-0.841, already online) found 66% (2/3) dMMR&MSS patients in the ZS6Y-2 cohort. There are significant differences in OS and immunotherapy effect between dMMR&MSI-H and dMMR&MSS patients. Our prediction model provides an economical way to screen dMMR&MSS patients.

Netrin-1 protects blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by activating the Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/occludin pathway.

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced neural damage and neuroinflammation have been associated with pathological progression during stroke. Netrin-1 is an important member of the family of laminin-related secreted proteins, which plays an important role in governing axon elongation. However, it is unknown whether Netrin-1 possesses a beneficial role in stroke. Here, we employed the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model to study the function of Netrin-1 in alleviating brain injuries. Our results demonstrate that Netrin-1 rescued poststroke neurological deficits and inhibited production of the inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and endothelial chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl1). Importantly, Netrin-1 protected against MCAO-induced dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mice and a reduction in the expression of the tight junction (TJ) protein occludin. Additionally, we report that Netrin-1 could ameliorate oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced injury and prevent aggravation in endothelial monolayer permeability in bEnd.3 human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs). Mechanistically, Netrin-1 ameliorated OGD/R-induced decrease in occludin and Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) in HBMVECs. Notably, silencing of KLF2 abolished the beneficial effects of Netrin-1 in protecting endothelial permeability and occludin expression, suggesting that these effects are mediated by KLF2. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Netrin-1 could constitute a novel therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.

Determinants for a low dose of alteplase and its relationship to a lower intracerebral bleeding risk in acute ischemic stroke.

Background: Factors for the utilization of intravenous thrombolysis with a low-dose of alteplase (0.6mg/kg) and whether the low-dose of alteplase could reduce the risk of intracerebral bleeding in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains uncertain. Aims: We aimed to investigate determinants for the utilization of intravenous thrombolysis with a low-dose of alteplase. We further assessed the association between the low-dose of alteplase and the intracerebral bleeding risk in AIS patients. Method: We included AIS patients who received intravenous thrombolysis using alteplase in this multicenter retrospective observational study. We investigated the association between baseline characteristics and the utilization of a low-dose of alteplase to identify determinants. We assessed the association of the low-dose of alteplase with the risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) using a multivariable logistic regression model. We further compared the rate of sICH and any ICH in patients in the low-dose group to those in the standard-dose group, using propensity score-matching data. Results: A total of 506 AIS patients were included in this study. The mean age was 67 (interquartile range [IQR] 59-75), and 178 (35.2%) were women. A total of 96 patients were treated with the low-dose. Age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00 -1.04, p = 0.042), having a previous ischemic stroke (adjusted OR 2.01, 95%CI 1.11 - 3.64 p = 0.021) and increasing baseline systolic blood pressure (adjusted OR 1.12, 95%CI 1.00 - 1.26, p = 0.049) were determinants for the utilization of the low-dose. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the low-dose was significantly associated with a reduced risk of sICH (adjusted OR 0.13, 95%CI 0.03 - 0.62, p = 0.01). Propensity score analysis showed that the rate of sICH was significantly lower in the low-dose group compared to standard-dose group (2 [2.3%] vs 10 [11.4%], p = 0.032). There was no significant difference in the rate of any ICH between two groups (14 [15.9%] vs 18 [20.5%], p = 0.434). Conclusions: Patients with increasing age, a higher baseline systolic blood pressure, and previous ischemic stroke were at a higher odd of receiving a low-dose of alteplase. The low-dose was associated with a lower risk of developing symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.

Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protects noise-induced apoptosis in cochlear cells by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis has been reported to be involved in the noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) protein has been reported to have different regulatory effects on apoptosis according to cell types. However, whether GILZ regulates apoptosis in cochlear cells is unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which GILZ protected ER stress-mediated cochlear apoptosis induced by noise exposure. In our trials, forty-eight male Spraque-Dawley rats were randomized into the noise, OE-GILZ-rLV + noise (ON), shRNA-GILZ-rLV + noise (SN), and control group. Rats in noise and control groups were pre-treated by administration of Blank-rLV. Before and on days 1, 4, 14 after noise exposure, auditory brainstem response (ABR) and cochlear apoptosis were detected. Changes in GILZ, GRP78, CHOP, Bcl-xL, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 levels were investigated. Noise exposure increased ABR threshold shifts and cochlear apoptosis in parallel with downregulation of Bcl-xL and upregulation of GRP78, CHOP, Bax and cleaved caspase-3. GILZ overexpression significantly reduced ABR threshold shifts and apoptotic cochlear cells owing to noise exposure. GILZ overexpression in the cochlea further increased GRP78 elevation, decreased expression of CHOP, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, and increased expression of Bcl-xL. GILZ silencing demonstrated the opposite effect on these effects. GILZ protects cochlea from ER stress-mediated apoptosis induced by noise exposure through reduction of CHOP and regulation of ER stress-associated apoptotic proteins.

Demographic trends and KRAS/BRAFV600E mutations in colorectal cancer patients of South China: A single-site report.

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing in China. Here, we aimed to evaluate the latest demographic trends and KRAS/BRAF mutations status of Chinese CRC. Five thousand five hundred and forty-six CRC patients diagnosed from 2010 to 2017 were involved. KRAS exon 2 and BRAFV600E mutations were detected by Sanger sequencing and high-resolution melting analysis or allelic-specific probe method. Gene mutation profiles and clinicopathologic characteristics of 5495 patients were analyzed. The joinpoint regression model was used to predict the demographic data in 2018. We found KRAS exon 2 and BRAFV600E mutation rates were 37.7 and 2.8% in CRC patients. Tumors with KRAS exon 2 mutations were more likely to be present in female and patients aged older than 75 years, right colon and have well-differentiated histology. Tumors with BRAFV600E mutations were more likely to be present in the female, right colon and have poorly differentiated histology. From 2010 to 2017, the percentage of colon cancer and tubular adenocarcinoma in CRC increased substantially (from 39.3 to 51.8%, from 78.6 to 93.4%, respectively). The percentage of right colon cancer increased from 18.3 to 20.5%, which predictively may keep at 22.6% in 2018. The rise trends for patients with moderate differentiation tumor or KRAS exon 2 mutated tumor were apparent (from 50.3 to 78.6%, from 32.8 to 39.7%, respectively). In conclusion, in recent 8 years, there is a shift to the colon, especially right colon in the incidence of Chinese CRC. Moreover tubular adenocarcinoma is becoming the primary histology type.

Demonstration of SiO2/SiC based protective coating for dental ceramic prostheses.

SiO2/SiC coatings were deposited onto ceramics disks using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The effects of deposition pressure and gas-flow ratio on the refractive index, extinction coefficient, and SiC composition were studied. For the highest studied SiH4 to CH4 gas-flow ratio of 1.5, the refractive index increased by 17% from 2.53 (at the wavelength of 845 nm) to 2.96 (at the wavelength of 400 nm). For the lowest studied SiH4 to CH4 gas-flow ratio of 0.5, the refractive index only increased by 4% from 2.11 (at the wavelength of 845 nm) to 2.20 (at the wavelength of 400 nm). At higher deposition pressures, the variation in refractive index of the SiC coatings was significantly lower showing a slight increase from 1.93 (at a wavelength of 845 nm) to 1.96 at a wavelength of 400 nm. Except for the case of a low SiH4 to CH4 gas-flow ratio of 0.5, for light with wavelengths ≤ 650 nm, the extinction coefficient of the SiC coatings increased significantly. Light with a wavelength > 650 nm had an extinction coefficient near 0 in all cases. After annealing the sample at 400°C for 4 hours, hydrogen-related bonds broke and the stress of the film was reduced from -245 to -71 MPa. By utilizing different thicknesses of SiC, the full standard dental shade guide was matched with the ΔE of each coated disk being less than 3.3 compared to the shade guide.

Phosphorylated p38, a negative prognostic biomarker, complements TNM staging prognostication in colorectal cancer.

Phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) played a pivotal role in the regulation of disease progression and correlated with tumor prognosis. Here, we characterized the prognostic effect of p-p38 in colorectal cancer (CRC). Three hundred and sixteen CRC patients in stages I-III were recruited in this study. P-p38 expression was semi-quantitatively evaluated using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry staining. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), local failure-free survival (LFFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) of patient subgroups, segregated by p-p38 expression level and clinical stage, were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. We found that p-p38 was overexpressed in 48.1 % (152/316) CRC tissues, whereas low or deficiently expressed in normal adjacent epithelia. Overexpression of p-p38 predicted poor OS (P < 0.001), DFS (P = 0.002), LFFS (P = 0.016), and DMFS (P = 0.025) in CRC. Importantly, patient subgroups in the early stage (stages I + II) and with low p-p38 had similar OS, PFS, LFFS, and DMFS probabilities to that of stage I, whereas those with high p-p38 were similar to stage III disease. In addition, for stage III disease, the subgroup with low p-p38 had a similar survival probability to that of stage I, whereas the subgroup with high p-p38 had the worst survival. Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed that p-p38 was indeed a significantly independent factor for death, recurrence, and distant metastases in CRC. Our results demonstrated that p-p38 was a negative independent prognostic factor for CRC. Complementing TNM staging with p-p38 might refine the risk definition more accurately for a subset of patients.

Insight into microbial adaptability in continuous flow anaerobic ammonium oxidation process for low-strength sewage treatment.

Organic matter concentration is a critical factor influencing the adaptability of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria to low-strength sewage treatment. To address this challenge and achieve stable anammox activity, a micro-aeration partial nitrification-anammox process was developed for continuous-flow municipal sewage treatment. Under limited ammonium conditions, the effective utilization of organics in denitrification promoted the stable accumulation of nitrite and enhanced anammox activity. This, in turn, led to enhanced nitrogen removal efficiency, reaching approximately 87.7%. During the start-up phase, the protein content of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) increased. This enhanced EPS intensified the inhibitory effect of denitrifying bacteria (DNB) on nitrite-oxidizing bacteria through competition for nitrite, thereby facilitating the proliferation of anammox bacteria (AnAOB). Additionally, several types of DNB capable of utilizing slowly biodegradable organics contributed to the adaptability of AnAOB. These findings provide valuable insights for ensuring efficient anammox performance and robust nitrogen removal in the treatment of low-strength sewage.

Immune cells mediated the causal relationship between the gut microbiota and lung cancer: a Mendelian randomization study.

Introduction: The gut microbiota (GM) influences the occurrence and progression of lung cancer (LC), with potential involvement of immune cells (IC). We aimed to investigate the causal impact of GM on LC and identify potential immune cell mediators. Methods: The utilized data for the Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) were summarized as follows: gut microbiota data from the Dutch Microbiome Project (DMP) (N = 7,738), lung cancer data from the Transdisciplinary Research in Cancer of the Lung (TRICL) and International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO) (Ncase = 29,266, Ncontrol = 56,450) included four types of cancer: NSCLC, LUAD, LUSC, and SCLC, and immune cell data from European populations (N = 3,757). We employed bi-directional two-sample univariable Mendelian randomization (UVMR), multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR), and mediation analysis to assess the causal relationship between GM and LC and potential immune cell mediators. Results: Bi-directional UVMR analysis revealed that 24 gut microbiota species can affect LC, while LC can affect the abundance of 17 gut microbiota species. Mediation analysis demonstrated that six immune cells mediated the causal relationships of seven gut microbiota species on LC: "CCR7 on naive CD8+ T cell" mediated the causal relationship between s_Alistipes_putredinis and LUAD, with a mediation proportion of 9.5% and P = 0.018; "IgD- CD27- B cell %lymphocyte" mediated the causal relationships between g_Gordonibacter and s_Gordonibacter_pamelaeae with LUSC, with mediation proportions of 11.8% and 11.9%, respectively and P = 0.029; "CD20- CD38- B cell %lymphocyte" mediated the causal relationship between s_Bacteroides_clarus and SCLC, with a mediation proportion of 13.8% and P = 0.005; "CD20 on IgD+ CD38- unswitched memory B cell" mediated the causal relationship between s_Streptococcus_thermophilus and SCLC, with a mediation proportion of 14.1% and P = 0.023; "HLA DR on CD14- CD16+ monocyte" mediated the causal relationship between s_Bifidobacterium_bifidum and SCLC, with a mediation proportion of 8.7% and P = 0.012; "CD45 on Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells" mediated the causal relationship between f_Lactobacillaceae and SCLC, with a mediation proportion of 4.0% and P = 0.021. Conclusion: This Mendelian randomization study identified several specific gut microbiotas that exhibit causal relationships with lung cancer and potentially mediate immune cells.

RAS Dataset: A 3D Cardiac LGE-MRI Dataset for Segmentation of Right Atrial Cavity.

The current challenge in effectively treating atrial fibrillation (AF) stems from a limited understanding of the intricate structure of the human atria. The objective and quantitative interpretation of the right atrium (RA) in late gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI) scans relies heavily on its precise segmentation. Leveraging the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) for RA segmentation presents a promising solution. However, the successful implementation of AI in this context necessitates access to a substantial volume of annotated LGE-MRI images for model training. In this paper, we present a comprehensive 3D cardiac dataset comprising 50 high-resolution LGE-MRI scans, each meticulously annotated at the pixel level. The annotation process underwent rigorous standardization through crowdsourcing among a panel of medical experts, ensuring the accuracy and consistency of the annotations. Our dataset represents a significant contribution to the field, providing a valuable resource for advancing RA segmentation methods.

Testing region selection and prognostic analysis of MLH1 promoter methylation in colorectal cancer in China.

Background: MLH1 promoter methylation analysis is recommended in screening for Lynch syndrome (LS) in patients with MLH1-deficient colorectal cancer (CRC). The study aims to identify specific methylation regions in the MLH1 promoter and to evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics of and prognosis for patients with MLH1 methylation. Methods: A total of 580 CRC cases were included. The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression was assessed by using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The methylation status of the Regions A, B, C, D, and E in the MLH1 promoter was tested by using bisulfite sequencing PCR. The specificities of the five regions were calculated. Associations between MLH1 methylation and clinicopathologic characteristics were evaluated. Kaplan-Meier analyses for overall survival (OS) were carried out. Results: In 580 CRC cases, the specificities of the methylation test in Regions D and E were both 97.8%. In the MLH1-deficient CRCs, the frequencies of MLH1 methylation and BRAFV600E mutation were 52.6% and 14.6%, respectively; BRAFV600E mutation occurred in 27.7% of patients with MLH1-methylated CRC. In the MMR-deficient patients, compared with MLH1 unmethylation, MLH1 methylation was more common in patients who were aged ≥50 years, female, had no family history of LS-related tumors, and had tumors located at the right colon. In the MMR-deficient patients, the MLH1-methylated cases had lower OS rates than the unmethylated cases with a family history of LS-related tumors (P = 0.047). Conclusions: Regions D and E in the MLH1 promoter are recommended for determining the MLH1 methylation status in screening for LS in MLH1-deficient CRC. In MMR-deficient patients, the MLH1-methylated cases had a worse OS than the unmethylated cases with a family history of LS-related cancer.

Sex difference in the association between triglyceride and intracerebral bleeding risk after intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke, a multi-center retrospective study.

Background: Whether the relationship of intracerebral bleeding risk with lipid profile may vary by sex remains unclear. This study aims to investigate potential sex differences in the association between lipid profile and the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who received intravenous thrombolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA). Methods: This multicenter retrospective observational study analyzed patients with AIS treated with intravenous r-tPA. sICH was defined as a worsening of 4 or higher points in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score within 36 hours after intravenous thrombolysis in any hemorrhage subtype. We assessed the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of lipid profile for sICH for each sex using logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results: Of 957 participants (median age 68 (interquartile range, 59-75), men 628 (65.6%)), 56 sICH events (36 (5.7%) in men and 20 (6.1%) in women) were observed. The risk of sICH in men decreased with increasing serum levels of triglyceride after adjustment for confounding factors (vs lowest tertile, medium tertile OR 0.39, 95% CI [0.17-0.91], top tertile OR 0.33, 95% CI [0.13-0.84], overall p = 0.021; per point increase, adjusted OR 0.29, 95% CI [0.13-0.63], p = 0.002). Neither serum levels of total cholesterol nor low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was associated with sICH in men. In women, there was no association between any of the lipid levels and the risk of sICH. Conclusions: This study indicated that the association between serum levels of triglyceride and sICH may vary by sex. In men, increased triglyceride levels decrease the risk of sICH; in women, this association was lost. Further studies on the biological mechanisms for sex differences in stroke risk associated with triglyceride are needed.

The predictive utility of atherosclerosis-related risk factors as predictors of the prognosis of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss in older adults.

BACKGROUND: There have been few studies to date exploring prognostic outcomes associated with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) in order adults. OBJECTIVE: This investigation was designed to explore the relationship between atherosclerosis-related risk factors and ISSNHL outcomes among older individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In total, 172 older adults diagnosed ISSNHL from 2016 to 2021 were retrospectively evaluated to compare demographic and clinical test results. RESULTS: Relative to healthy controls, ISSNHL patients exhibited significant differences in hypertension incidence and factors related to coagulation. With respect to prognosis, age, onset days, hypertension, the degree of hearing loss, type of hearing curve, fibrinogen and D-dimer levels were significant univariate prognostic factors, whereas multivariate logistic analysis showed that hypertension (p = .005) and D-dimer concentration (p = .000) were related to the treatment outcome of older ISSNHL patients. The area under the curve (AUC) for D-dimer levels was 0.795 (95% CI: 0.724-0.866). When using a D-dimer cut-off threshold value of 107.5 ng/mL, the sensitivity and specificity values of 77.0% and 76.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The present results indicate that hypertension incidence and D-dimer levels may be presented as an important prognostic indicator in older affected ISSNHL individuals.

Hybrid bismuth oxide-graphine oxide nanomaterials improve the signal-to-noise response of small molecules analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) has received increasing attention for the analysis small molecules. Nanomaterials are frequently used as the matrix in LDI, and various inorganic materials have been developed, particularly those based on thermally-driven positive DI mechanisms. However, the unwanted detection of alkali metal ion adducts in the positive ion mode can compromise small molecule identification. Here, we report the synthesis and application of a novel hybrid bismuth oxide-graphene oxide (Bi2O3@GO) semiconductor matrix for the analysis of small molecules by LDI-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) operating in the negative ion mode. The structure of the semiconductor nanomaterial was characterized using conventional methods and its performance for the detection of small molecules (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids, sugars and other small molecules) was compared with traditional DI matrices (e.g., cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 9-aminoacridine and GO). The results showed that the negative ion LDI-TOF MS of small molecules on Bi2O3@GO were free of matrix-related interferences, and possessed good signal intensity and repeatability. Application of Bi2O3@GO to the quantitative determination of glucose in human serum and soft drinks confirmed that the hybrid matrix could also be applied to complex samples. Conclusions drawn from the experimental results, computational chemistry calculations, and previous studies, suggesting that interfacial photogenerated thermal electron transfer and capture are key processes in the LDI mechanism.

Soft Materials for Photoelectrochemical Fuel Production.

Polymer semiconductors are fascinating materials that could enable delivery of chemical fuels from water and sunlight, offering several potential advantages over their inorganic counterparts. These include extensive synthetic tunability of optoelectronic and redox properties and unique opportunities to tailor catalytic sites via chemical control over the nanoenvironment. Added to this is proven functionality of polymer semiconductors in solar cells, low-cost processability, and potential for large-area scalability. Herein we discuss recent progress on soft photoelectrochemical systems and define three critical knowledge gaps that must be closed for these materials to reach their full potential. We must (1) understand the influence of electrolyte penetration on photoinduced charge separation, transport, and recombination, (2) learn to exploit the swollen polymer/electrolyte interphase to drive selective fuel formation, and (3) establish co-design criteria for soft materials that sustain function in the face of harsh chemical challenges. Achieving these formidable goals would enable tailorable systems for driving photoelectrochemical fuel production at scale.

Evaluation of ferritin and TfR level in plasma neural-derived exosomes as potential markers of Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains challenging. It has been suggested that abnormal brain iron metabolism leads to excessive iron accumulation in PD, although the mechanism of iron deposition is not yet fully understood. Ferritin and transferrin receptor (TfR) are involved in iron metabolism, and the exosome pathway is one mechanism by which ferritin is transported and regulated. While the blood of healthy animals contains a plentiful supply of TfR-positive exosomes, no studies have examined ferritin and TfR in plasma neural-derived exosomes. Methods: Plasma exosomes were obtained from 43 patients with PD and 34 healthy controls. Neural-derived exosomes were isolated with anti-human L1CAM antibody immunoabsorption. Transmission electron microscopy and western blotting were used to identify the exosomes. ELISAs were used to quantify ferritin and TfR levels in plasma neural-derived exosomes of patients with PD and controls. Receivers operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to map the diagnostic accuracy of ferritin and TfR. Independent predictors of the disease were identified using logistic regression models. Results: Neural-derived exosomes exhibited the typical exosomal morphology and expressed the specific exosome marker CD63. Ferritin and TfR levels in plasma neural-derived exosomes were significantly higher in patients with PD than controls (406.46 ± 241.86 vs. 245.62 ± 165.47 ng/µg, P = 0.001 and 1728.94 ± 766.71 vs. 1153.92 ± 539.30 ng/µg, P < 0.001, respectively). There were significant positive correlations between ferritin and TfR levels in plasma neural-derived exosomes in control group, PD group and all the individuals (rs = 0.744, 0.700, and 0.752, respectively). The level of TfR was independently associated with the disease (adjusted odds ratio 1.002; 95% CI 1.000-1.003). ROC performances of ferritin, TfR, and their combination were moderate (0.730, 0.812, and 0.808, respectively). However, no relationship was found between the biomarkers and disease progression. Conclusion: It is hypothesized that ferritin and TfR in plasma neural-derived exosomes may be potential biomarkers for PD, and that they may participate in the mechanism of excessive iron deposition in PD.

Corrigendum: Evaluation of ferritin and TfR level in plasma neural-derived exosomes as potential markers of Parkinson's disease.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1216905.].

Head-to-head comparative study: evaluating three panels for MSI-PCR testing in patients with colorectal and gastric cancer.

AIMS: Due to the lack of large clinical cohorts in the Chinese populations with colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC), there is no consensus among the preferred panel for microsatellite instability (MSI)-PCR testing. This study aims to evaluate a more appropriate panel. METHODS: We tested the MSI status of 2572 patients with CRC and GC using the NCI panel and 2 mononucleotide panels (5 and 6 mononucleotide panels). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to perform mismatch repair protein testing in 1976 samples. RESULTS: We collected 2572 patients with CRC and GC. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) panel failed to detect 13 cases. Of the 2559 cases that received results from all three panels, 2544 showed consistent results. In the remaining 15 cases, 9 showed discrepancies between MSI-H and MSI-L, and 6 showed discrepancies between MSI-L and microsatellite stability (MSS). The misdiagnosis rate of MSI-L was significantly lower in two mononucleotide panels than in the NCI panel (12.5% vs 87.5%, p=0.010) in CRC. In patients with GC, only the NCI panel detected three MSI-L cases, while the results of the two mononucleotide panels were one MSI-H and two MSS. Based on their IHC results, the MSI-L misdiagnosis rate of the NCI panel was 33.3%. Furthermore, compared with two mononucleotide panels, the NCI panel had a much lower rate of all loci instability in CRC (90.8% and 90.3% vs 25.2%) and GC (89.5% and 89.5% vs 12.0%). CONCLUSION: In Chinese patients with CRC and GC, the five and six mononucleotide panels have advantages for detecting MSI over the NCI panel.

[Analysis of CLCN1 gene mutations in 2 patients with myotonia congenita].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate chloride channel 1 (CLCN1) gene mutation and clinical features of 2 Chinese patients with myotonia congenita. METHODS: Clinical data of a patient from a family affected with myotonia congenita in addition with a sporadic patient from Fujian province were analyzed. Exons of CLCN1 gene were amplified and sequenced. RESULTS: The proband from the affected family was found to carry a c.1024G>A heterozygous missense mutation in exon 8, whilst the sporadic patient has carried a c.1292C>T heterozygous missense mutation in exon 11. CONCLUSION: Detection of CLCN1 gene mutation is an effective method for the diagnosis of myotonia congenita. Exon 8 of CLCN1 gene may be a mutational hotspot in Chinese patients with myotonia congenita.