The effects of cucurbitacin E on GADD45ß-trigger G2/M arrest and JNK-independent pathway in brain cancer cells.

Cucurbitacin E (CuE), an active compound of the cucurbitacin family, possesses a variety of pharmacological functions and chemotherapy potential. Cucurbitacin E exhibits inhibitory effects in several types of cancer; however, its anticancer effects on brain cancer remain obscure and require further interpretation. In this study, efforts were initiated to inspect whether CuE can contribute to anti-proliferation in human brain malignant glioma GBM 8401 cells and glioblastoma-astrocytoma U-87-MG cells. An MTT assay measured CuE's inhibitory effect on the growth of glioblastomas (GBMs). A flow cytometry approach was used for the assessment of DNA content and cell cycle analysis. DNA damage 45ß (GADD45ß) gene expression and CDC2/cyclin-B1 disassociation were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Based on our results, CuE showed growth-inhibiting effects on GBM 8401 and U-87-MG cells. Moreover, GADD45ß caused the accumulation of CuE-treated G2/M-phase cells. The disassociation of the CDC2/cyclin-B1 complex demonstrated the known effects of CuE against GBM 8401 and U-87-MG cancer cells. Additionally, CuE may also exert antitumour activities in established brain cancer cells. In conclusion, CuE inhibited cell proliferation and induced mitosis delay in cancer cells, suggesting its potential applicability as an antitumour agent.

Piceatannol Exerts Anti-Obesity Effects in C57BL/6 Mice through Modulating Adipogenic Proteins and Gut Microbiota.

Obesity is a global health concern. Piceatannol (Pic), an analog of resveratrol (Res), has many reported biological activities. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of Pic in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese animal model. The results showed that Pic significantly reduced mouse body weight in a dose-dependent manner without affecting food intake. Serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, and blood glucose (GLU) were significantly lowered in Pic-treated groups. Pic significantly decreased the weight of liver, spleen, perigonadal and retroperitoneal fat compared with the HFD group. Pic significantly reduced the adipocyte cell size of perigonadal fat and decreased the weight of liver. Pic-treated mice showed higher phosphorylated adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) and phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (pACC) protein levels and decreased protein levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein C/EBPα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARγ and fatty acid synthase (FAS), resulting in decreased lipid accumulation in adipocytes and the liver. Pic altered the composition of the gut microbiota by increasing Firmicutes and Lactobacillus and decreasing Bacteroidetes compared with the HFD group. Collectively, these results suggest that Pic may be a candidate for obesity treatment.

Coleus forskohlii and Garcinia indica extracts attenuated lipid accumulation by regulating energy metabolism and modulating gut microbiota in obese mice.

Obesity is related to energy imbalance and energy metabolism. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effects of Garcinia indica extract (GIE), Coleus forskohlii extract (CFE), and the combinations of these two extracts in a 3T3-L1 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. In vitro, GIE showed better effect on TG content than CFE, CFE showed better effect on glycerol released than GIE, and the combinations of GIE and CFE showed both effects compared with GIE and CFE alone. In vivo, GIE, LMIX (0.005% GIE + 0.025% CFE), and HMIX (0.01% GIE + 0.025% CFE) down-regulated adipogenesis-related transcription factors PPARγ and C/EBPα protein expression, CFE promoted lipolysis by up-regulated p-HSL and p-PKA protein expression, and four supplementations promoted fatty acid ß-oxidation by up-regulating CPT-1A and PPARα protein expression to decrease lipid accumulation in adipose tissue. Moreover, we found that CFE, LMIX and HMIX, except GIE exert increasing the abundance of Bacteroides caccae compared with HFD group. Overall, GIE, CFE, and the combinations of GIE and CFE were able to decrease body weight and adipocyte size by promoting fatty acid ß-oxidation and modulating gut microbiota in HFD-induced obese mice.

Sulforaphane Decrease of SERTAD1 Expression Triggers G1/S Arrest in Breast Cancer Cells.

Studies have identified the potential of chemopreventive effects of sulforaphane (SFN); however, the underlying mechanisms of its effect on breast cancer require further elucidation. This study investigated the anticancer effects of SFN that specifically induces G1/S arrest in breast ductal carcinoma (ZR-75-1) cells. The proliferation of the cancer cells after treatment with SFN was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. DNA content and cell cycle status were analyzed through flow cytometry. Our results demonstrated the inhibition of growth in ZR-75-1 cells upon SFN exposure. In addition, SERTAD1 (SEI-1) caused the accumulation of SFN-treated G1/S-phase cells. The downregulation of SEI-1, cyclin D2, and histone deacetylase 3 suggested that in addition to the identified effects of SFN against breast cancer prevention, it may also exert antitumor activities in established breast cancer cells. In conclusion, SFN can inhibit growth of and induce cell cycle arrest in cancer cells, suggesting its potential role as an anticancer agent.

Involvement of MAPK, Bcl-2 family, cytochrome c, and caspases in induction of apoptosis by 1,6-O,O-diacetylbritannilactone in human leukemia cells.

1,6-O,O-diacetylbritannilactone (OODBL) isolated from Inula britannica, exhibits potent antitumor activity against several human cancer cell lines. However, the molecular mechanism of OODBL in the induction of anticancer activity is still unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that OODBL induced the occurrence of apoptosis in human leukemic (HL-60) cells and cell arrest at the S phase. On the other hand, activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3, phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bid, and increased release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosolic fraction were detected in OODBL-treated HL-60 cells. We further demonstrated that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways may play an important role in OODBL-induced apoptosis. The results from the present study highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying OODBL-induced anticancer activity.

Induction of apoptosis by Uncaria tomentosa through reactive oxygen species production, cytochrome c release, and caspases activation in human leukemia cells.

Uncaria tomentosa (Wild.) DC., found in the Amazon rain forest in South-America and known commonly as cat's claw, has been used in traditional medicine to prevent and treat inflammation and cancer. Recently, it has been found to possess potent anti-inflammation activities. In this study, we extracted cat's claw using four different solvents of different polarities and compared their relative influence on proliferation in human premyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell lines. Cat's claw n-hexane extracts (CC-H), ethyl acetate extracts (CC-EA) and n-butanol extracts (CC-B) had a greater anti-cancer effect on HL-60 cells than those extracted with methanol (CC-M). Furthermore, CC-EA induced DNA fragmentation in HL-60 cells in a clearly more a concentration- and time-dependent manner than the other extracts. CC-EA-induced cell death was characterized by cell body shrinkage and chromatin condensation. Further investigating the molecular mechanism behind CC-EA-induced apoptosis, sells treated with CC-EA underwent a rapid loss of mitochondrial transmembrane (DeltaPsi(m)) potential, stimulation of phosphatidylserine flip-flop, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into cytosol, induction of caspase-3 activity in a time-dependent manner, and induced the cleavage of DNA fragmentation factor (DFF-45) and PARP poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). CC-EA promoted the up-regulation of Fas before the processing and activation of procaspase-8 and cleavage of Bid. In addition, the apoptosis induced by CC-EA was accompanied by up-regulation of Bax, down-regulation of Bcl-X(L) and cleavage of Mcl-1, suggesting that CC-EA may have some compounds that have anti-cancer activities and that further studies using cat's claw extracts need to be pursued. Taken together, the results of our studies show clearly that CC-EA's induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells may make it very important in the development of medicine that can trigger chemopreventive actions in the body.

Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibition of luteolin-induced apoptosis through up-regulated phosphorylation of Akt and caspase-9 in human leukemia HL-60 cells.

Previously, we observed that luteolin effectively inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. In that study, we also explored the modulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on the cytotoxicity of luteolin to HL-60 cells. In this study, we found that PDTC was able to inhibit luteolin-induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. When HL-60 cells were treated with PDTC for 0.5 h before 60 microM luteolin treatment, the DNA ladder disappeared. Moreover, flow cytometry showed that PDTC had dose dependently decreased the percentage of apoptotic HL-60 cells and had not interfered with luteolin's ability to change the mitochondrial membrane potential or its ability to trigger the release of cytochrome c to cytosol. Detection by Western blotting, however, did show that PDTC had interfered with luteolin's ability to cleave poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and DNA fragmentation of factor-45. Three hours after the PDTC-pretreated HL-60 cells were treated with 60 microM luteolin, the product cleaved from Akt started to appear. Therefore, not only was PDTC able to stop the apoptosis of HL-60 cells treated with luteolin, it was also found to increase phosphorylation of Akt and caspase-9. These results suggest that in the luteolin-induced apoptotic pathway, phosphorylation of procaspase-9 by survival signals might play an important role in the ultimate fate of HL-60 cells.

Induction of apoptosis by luteolin through cleavage of Bcl-2 family in human leukemia HL-60 cells.

In our study, luteolin has shown its apoptosis-inducing potent in HL-60 cells with its 76.5% apoptotic ratio of 100 microM treatment. When HL-60 cells were treated with 60 microM of luteolin, DNA ladders were visible at 6 h and increased from 6-12 h after treatment. Luteolin could decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential, trigger cytochrome c released to cytosol, and subsequently induce the processing of procaspase-9 and procaspase-3, which were followed by the cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and DNA fragmentation factor (DFF-45). The cleavage of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, such as Bad and Bax to produce their truncated forms, and the cleavage of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, into their potent pro-apoptotic fragments were detected in our study. From the results, we suggested that the structure of luteolin contributes to its potent in inducing apoptosis in HL-60 cells, and the mitochondrial pathway might play an important role in the luteolin-induced apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis by luteolin may offer a pivotal mechanism for its cancertherapeutic and chemopreventive action.

Protective effects of garcinol on dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats.

Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, mainly isolated from Garcinia indica fruit rind, has been suggested to exhibit many biological benefits including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the protective effects of garcinol on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. The administration of DMN for six consecutive weeks resulted in the decrease of body weights, the elevation of serum aminotransferases, as well as histological lesions in livers. However, oral administration of garcinol remarkably inhibited the elevation of aspartate transaminase (AST) and relieved liver damage induced by DMN. Furthermore, our results revealed that garcinol not only effectively reduced the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components but also inhibited the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in livers. The expression of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) and the phosphorylation of Smad 2 and Smad 3 were also suppressed by garcinol supplementation. In conclusion, our current study suggested that garcinol exerted hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic effects against DMN-induced liver injury in rats.

Pterostilbene inhibits dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats.

Pterostilbene, found in grapes and berries, exhibits pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative activities. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pterostilbene on liver fibrosis and the potential underlying mechanism for such effect. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally given dimethyl n-nitrosamine (DMN) (10mg/kg) 3 days per week for 4 weeks. Pterostilbene (10 or 20mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage daily. Liver function, morphology, histochemistry, and fibrotic parameters were examined. Pterostilbene supplementation alleviated the DMN-induced changes in the serum levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase (p<0.05). Fibrotic status and the activation of hepatic stellate cells were improved upon pterostilbene supplementation as evidenced by histopathological examination as well as the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2). These data demonstrated that pterostilbene exhibited hepatoprotective effects on experimental fibrosis, potentially by inhibiting the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling.

Phyto-power dietary supplement potently inhibits dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats.

Curcumin has been extensively studied for its therapeutic effects in a variety of disorders. Fermented soy consumption is associated with a low incidence rate of chronic diseases in many Asian countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential underlying mechanisms of the effect of a phyto-power dietary supplement on liver fibrosis. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN; 10 mg kg(-1)) three times a week for four consecutive weeks. A phyto-power dietary supplement (50 or 100 mg kg(-1)) was administered by oral gavage daily for four weeks. Liver morphology, function, and fibrotic status were examined in DMN induced hepatic fibrogenesis. However, a phyto-power dietary supplement alleviated liver damage as indicated by histopathological examination of the α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I, accompanied by the concomitant reduction of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2). These data indicate that the phyto-power dietary supplement may inhibit the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling and relieve liver damage in experimental fibrosis.

Resveratrol modulates MED28 (Magicin/EG-1) expression and inhibits epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced migration in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells.

Resveratrol and pterostilbene exhibit diverse biological activities. MED28, a subunit of the mammalian Mediator complex for transcription, was also identified as magicin, an actin cytoskeleton Grb2-associated protein, and as endothelial-derived gene (EG-1). Several tumors exhibit aberrant MED28 expression, whereas the underlying mechanism is unclear. Triple-negative breast cancers, often expressing epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR), are associated with metastasis and poor survival. The objective of this study is to compare the effect of resveratrol and pterostilbene and to investigate the role of MED28 in EGFR-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Pretreatment of resveratrol, but not pterostlbene, suppressed EGF-mediated migration and expression of MED28 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, overexpression of MED28 increased migration, and the addition of EGF further enhanced migration. Our data indicate that resveratrol modulates the effect of MED28 on cellular migration, presumably through the EGFR/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, in breast cancer cells.

Rosmanol potently induces apoptosis through both the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and death receptor pathway in human colon adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cells.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), a culinary spice and medicinal herb, has been widely used in European folk medicine to treat numerous ailments. Many studies have shown that rosemary extracts play important roles in anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, and anti-proliferation in various in vitro and in vivo settings. The roles of tumor suppression of rosemary have been attributed to the major components, including carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmarinic acid, rosmanol, and ursolic acid. This study was to explore the effect of rosmanol on the growth of COLO 205 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and to delineate the underlying mechanisms. When treated with 50 µM of rosmanol for 24h, COLO 205 cells displayed a strong apoptosis-inducing response with a 51% apoptotic ratio (IC(50) ∼42 µM). Rosmanol increased the expression of Fas and FasL, led to the cleavage and activation of pro-caspase-8 and Bid, and mobilized Bax from cytosol into mitochondria. The mutual activation between tBid and Bad decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and released cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) to cytosol. In turn, cytochrome c induced the processing of pro-caspase-9 and pro-caspase-3, followed by the cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and DNA fragmentation factor (DFF-45). These results demonstrate that the rosmanol-induced apoptosis in COLO 205 cells is involvement of caspase activation and involving complicated regulation of both the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and death receptor pathway.

Hexahydro-ß-acids induce apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway, GADD153 expression, and caspase activation in human leukemia cells.

Hexahydro-ß-acids (HBA) and ß-acids (BA) displayed strong growth inhibitory effects against human leukemia HL-60 cells and were able to induce apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and the morphological changes associated with apoptotic cell death; however, BA was less effective. Treatment with HBA caused a rapid loss of mitochondrial trans-membrane potential, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into cytosol. The levels of Bad and Bax were dramatically increased in cells treated with HBA. In addition, the results showed that HBA promoted the up-regulation of Fas prior to the processing and activation of pro-caspase-8 and cleavage of Bid, suggesting the involvement of a Fas-mediated pathway in HBA-induced cells. Moreover, the changes occurred after single breaks in DNA were detected, suggesting that HBA induced irreparable DNA damage, which in turn triggered the process of apoptosis. HBA markedly enhanced the growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153) protein in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These findings suggest that HBA creates an oxidative cellular environment that induces DNA damage and GADD153 gene activation, which in turn triggers apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Our study identified the novel mechanisms of HBA-induced apoptosis and indicated that HBA may be used as a potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent.

Chemoprevention of colonic tumorigenesis by dietary hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones in azoxymethane-treated mice.

SCOPE: Hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), existing exclusively in citrus genus, have been reported to exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activity. Here we investigated the chemopreventive effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of dietary administration of hydroxylated PMFs in an azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic tumorigenesis model. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), mice at age of 6 wk were injected with AOM twice weekly at a dose of 5 mg/kg for 2 wk and continuously fed control diet or diets containing 0.01 and 0.05% hydroxylated PMFs, respectively. Mice were then sacrificed at 6 and 20 wk, and colonic tissues were collected and examined. Hydroxylated PMFs feeding dose-dependently decreased the number of aberrant crypt foci in colonic tissues of mice. More importantly, we found that hydroxylated PMFs caused a strong reduction in numbers of large aberrant crypt foci and tumors in colonic tissue. Molecular analysis exhibited the anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic activities of hydroxylated PMFs by significantly decreasing the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase, cyclin D1 and vascular endothelial growth factor through interfering with Wnt/ß-catenin and epidermal growth factor receptor/Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways as well as the activation of transcription factors NF-κB and STAT3 in colonic tissue, thus resulting in suppression of colonic tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results demonstrated for the first time the in vivo chemopreventive efficacy and molecular mechanisms of dietary hydroxylated PMFs against AOM-induced colonic tumorigenesis.

Inhibitory effect of magnolol on TPA-induced skin inflammation and tumor promotion in mice.

Magnolol has been reported to have an anti-inflammatory and antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we report the investigation of the inhibitory effects of magnolol on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in mouse skin. We found that the topical application of magnolol effectively inhibited the transcriptional activation of iNOS and COX-2 mRNA and proteins in mouse skin stimulated by TPA. Pretreatment with magnolol resulted in the reduction of TPA-induced nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) subunit and DNA binding by blocking the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha and p65 and subsequent degradation of IkappaBalpha. In addition, magnolol can suppress TPA-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, which are upstream of NFkappaB. Moreover, magnolol significantly inhibited 7,12-dimethylbene[a]anthracene (DMBA)/TPA-induced skin tumor formation by reducing the tumor multiplicity, tumor incidence, and tumor size of papillomas at 20 weeks. All these results revealed that magnolol is an effective antitumor agent and that its inhibitory effect is through the down-regulation of inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 gene expression in mouse skin, suggesting that magnolol is a novel functional agent capable of preventing inflammation-associated tumorigenesis.

Garcinol inhibits cell growth in hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells through induction of ROS-dependent apoptosis.

Garcinol, derived from Garcinia indica and other related species, has been found to modulate several cell signalling pathways involved in apoptosis and cancer development. Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153) is a member of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors; it is expressed at low levels under normal conditions but strongly induced upon growth arrest, DNA damage, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This study investigated the effect of garcinol on Hep3B cells, a human hepatocellular cancer cell line lacking functional p53, with the goal of elucidating the molecular mechanisms of p53-independent apoptosis in hepatocellular cancer. Overall, garcinol activated not only the death receptor and the mitochondrial apoptosis pathways but also the ER stress modulator GADD153. Garcinol treatment led to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased GADD153 expression, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. An increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio resulted in enhanced apoptosis. Caspase-8 and tBid (truncated Bid) expression also increased in a time-dependent manner. The enzymatic activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 increased approximately 13-fold and 7.8-fold, respectively. In addition, the proteolytic cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) and DNA fragmentation factor-45 (DFF-45) increased in dose- and time-dependent manners. Our data suggest a promising therapeutic application of garcinol in p53-independent apoptosis in cancers.

Pterostilbene inhibits colorectal aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colon carcinogenesis via suppression of multiple signal transduction pathways in azoxymethane-treated mice.

Pterostilbene (PS), a natural dimethylated analogue of resveratrol, is known to have diverse pharmacologic activities including anticancer, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, apoptosis, antiproliferation, and analgesic potential. This paper reports the inhibitory effect of dietary administration of pterostilbene against the formation of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) preneoplastic lesions and adenomas in male ICR mice and delineates its possible molecular mechanisms. ICR mice were given two AOM injections intraperitoneal and continuously fed a 50 or 250 ppm pterostilbene diet for 6 or 23 weeks. It was found that the dietary administration of pterostilbene effectively reduced AOM-induced formation of ACF and adenomas and inhibited the transcriptional activation of iNOS and COX-2 mRNA and proteins in mouse colon stimulated by AOM. Treatment with pterostilbene resulted in the induction of apoptosis in mouse colon. Moreover, administration of pterostilbene for 23 weeks significantly suppressed AOM-induced GSK3beta phosphorylation and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. It was also found that pterostilbene significantly inhibited AOM-induced expression of VEGF, cyclin D1, and MMPs in mouse colon. Furthermore, pterostilbene markedly inhibited AOM-induced activation of Ras, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt, and EGFR signaling pathways. All of these results revealed that pterostilbene is an effective antitumor agent as well as its inhibitory effect through the down-regulation of inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 gene expression and up-regulation of apoptosis in mouse colon, suggesting that pterostilbene is a novel functional agent capable of preventing inflammation-associated colon tumorigenesis.