Improving the prospective prediction of a near-term suicide attempt in veterans at risk for suicide, using a go/no-go task.

BACKGROUND: Neurocognitive testing may advance the goal of predicting near-term suicide risk. The current study examined whether performance on a Go/No-go (GNG) task, and computational modeling to extract latent cognitive variables, could enhance prediction of suicide attempts within next 90 days, among individuals at high-risk for suicide. METHOD: 136 Veterans at high-risk for suicide previously completed a computer-based GNG task requiring rapid responding (Go) to target stimuli, while withholding responses (No-go) to infrequent foil stimuli; behavioral variables included false alarms to foils (failure to inhibit) and missed responses to targets. We conducted a secondary analysis of these data, with outcomes defined as actual suicide attempt (ASA), other suicide-related event (OtherSE) such as interrupted/aborted attempt or preparatory behavior, or neither (noSE), within 90-days after GNG testing, to examine whether GNG variables could improve ASA prediction over standard clinical variables. A computational model (linear ballistic accumulator, LBA) was also applied, to elucidate cognitive mechanisms underlying group differences. RESULTS: On GNG, increased miss rate selectively predicted ASA, while increased false alarm rate predicted OtherSE (without ASA) within the 90-day follow-up window. In LBA modeling, ASA (but not OtherSE) was associated with decreases in decisional efficiency to targets, suggesting differences in the evidence accumulation process were specifically associated with upcoming ASA. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that GNG may improve prediction of near-term suicide risk, with distinct behavioral patterns in those who will attempt suicide within the next 90 days. Computational modeling suggests qualitative differences in cognition in individuals at near-term risk of suicide attempt.

Associations Between PTSD and Depressive Symptoms and Victimization Among Female College Students: A Latent Class Analysis.

Research on subgroups of female college students who share similar experiences of childhood maltreatment (CM) and intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization is sparse. The primary aims of the current study are: (a) to identify subgroups of victims related to experience of psychological, physical, and sexual CM and IPV and (b) to test the association between subgroups and depressive and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Survey data was collected from 327 female students at a public university in the Northeast. Three distinct subgroups, that is, victimization classes, were found using Latent Class Analysis: A lifetime victimization class, comprised of females reporting high rates of CM and IPV across types (19.0% of the sample), a childhood victimization class (26.9%); and a low victimization class (54.1%). Depressive symptom severity was positively associated with lifetime and childhood, relative to low, victimization class membership. PTSD symptom severity was associated with the childhood victimization class relative to both lifetime and low victimization class. Subgroups of institutions of higher education (IHE) females who share CM and IPV victimization experiences are discernable. The co-occurrence of IPV and CM in female college students is not uncommon. PTSD symptom severity may be more related to CM than IPV in IHE female students.

Impairment in recognition memory may be associated with near-term risk for suicide attempt in a high-risk sample.

INTRODUCTION: Prior work has implicated several neurocognitive domains, including memory, in patients with a history of prior suicide attempt. The current study evaluated whether a delayed recognition test could enhance prospective prediction of near-term suicide outcomes in a sample of patients at high-risk for suicide. METHODS: 132 Veterans at high-risk for suicide completed a computer-based recognition memory test including semantically-related and -unrelated words. Outcomes were coded as actual suicide attempt (ASA), other suicide-related event (OtherSE) such as aborted/interrupted attempt or preparatory behavior, or neither (noSE), within 90 days after testing. RESULTS: Reduced performance was a significant predictor of upcoming ASA, but not OtherSE, after controlling for standard clinical variables such as current suicidal ideation and history of prior suicide attempt. However, compared to the noSE reference group, the OtherSE group showed a reduction in the expected benefit of semantic relatedness in recognizing familiar words. A computational model, the drift diffusion model (DDM), to explore latent cognitive processes, revealed the OtherSE group had decreased decisional efficiency for semantically-related compared to semantically-unrelated familiar words. LIMITATIONS: This study was a secondary analysis of an existing dataset, involving participants in a treatment trial, and requires replication; ~10 % of the sample was excluded from analysis due to failure to master the practice tasks and/or apparent noncompliance. CONCLUSION: Impairments in recognition memory may be associated with near-term risk for suicide attempt, and may provide a tool to improve prediction of when at-risk individuals may be transitioning into a period of heightened risk for suicide attempt.

Familial transmission of parental mood disorders: unipolar and bipolar disorders in offspring.

OBJECTIVES: Offspring of depressed parents are at increased risk for psychiatric disorders. Although bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are both found in the same families, it is not clear whether transmission to offspring of BD or MDD tends to occur from parents with the same mood disorder subtype. Our primary hypothesis was that the offspring of parents with BD would be at increased risk for BD and other comorbid disorders common to BD, such as anxiety and substance use, relative to the offspring of parents with MDD. The offspring of parents with BD versus those with MDD were also hypothesized to be at greater risk for externalizing disorders (i.e., conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or antisocial personality disorder). METHODS: Parents (n = 320) with mood disorders and their offspring (n = 679) were studied. Adult offspring were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders to establish the presence of psychopathology. Offspring aged 10-18 years were assessed using the School Aged Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime version, and parents of children under the age of ten completed the Child Behavioral Checklist. Data were examined using Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS: There was no difference in hazard of mood disorders in the offspring of parents with BD as compared to the offspring of parents with MDD. However, a number of other parent and offspring characteristics increased the risk of mood, anxiety, externalizing, and substance use disorders in the offspring, including self-reported childhood abuse in the parent or offspring, offspring impulsive aggression, and the age at onset of parental mood disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Mood disorders are highly familial, a finding that appears independent of whether the parent's condition is unipolar or bipolar, suggesting considerable overlap in the heritability of MDD and BD. Although parental characteristics had a limited influence on the risk of offspring psychopathology, reported childhood adversity, be it in the parent or child, is a harbinger of negative outcomes. These risk factors extend previous findings, and are consistent with diathesis-stress conceptualizations.

An exploration of crossover sexual offending.

Studies have produced equivocal findings regarding whether sex offenders are stable in their choice of victims. Indeed, it remains unclear whether a sex offender's subsequent victims are typically of the same gender, age range, and victim-perpetrator relationship as that of the initial victim. Although some differences may be attributed to methodological disparities, others are not. This study sought to clarify this question by examining the tendency of sex offenders to switch from one type of victim to another, both within an index offense and across offenses and all victims. Archival records of 789 incarcerated sex offenders were examined. Of those offenders who had multiple victims at the index offense (n = 279), 13% had victims of both genders, 14% had victims in different age categories (child, adolescent, and adult), and 13% had varying relationships with the victims (i.e., family member, acquaintance, or stranger). When the records of those with past sexual convictions were examined (n = 208), 20% of offenders had a prior victim of a different gender; 40% crossed over across age categories, and 48% of the repeat offenders had varying relationships with the victim across convictions. Offenders who had both male and female victims and offenders who had victims of varied relationship status across crimes had higher Static-99 risk scores than offenders who were more stable with regard to victim selection. These findings are compared to those of previous studies, focusing on how these results add clarity to a previous literature whose conclusions were challenged by the use of disparate sampling and research methodologies.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Preventing Suicide in Military Veterans: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: This study evaluated whether Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Preventing Suicide Behavior (MBCT-S) effectively augmented treatment-as-usual enhanced for suicide prevention (eTAU).Methods: From December 2013 through March 2018, veterans (N = 140) at high risk for suicide were recruited mostly (88.6%) during a suicide-related inpatient admission and randomly assigned to either (1) eTAU augmented with MBCT-S or (2) eTAU only. MBCT-S began during inpatient treatment (2 individual sessions emphasizing safety planning) and continued post-discharge (8 group sessions emphasizing mindfulness skills and elaborated safety planning). Four follow-up evaluations occurred over 12 months, and primary outcomes were (1) time to suicide event and (2) number of suicide events. Secondary outcomes were time to and number of suicide attempts, proportion with acute psychiatric hospitalization, and change in suicide-related factors (eg, depression, hopelessness, suicidal ideation).Results: Relative to eTAU, MBCT-S did not significantly delay time to suicide event (hazard ratio = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.52-1.41; P = .54), but did reduce total number of suicide events (MBCT-S: 56 events; eTAU: 92 events; incident rate ratio = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.36-0.99; P < .05). There were no significant differences in time to or number of suicide attempts. In a post hoc analysis, however, MBCT-S significantly reduced the proportion of participants attempting suicide (P < .05). MBCT-S also reduced the proportion with a psychiatric hospitalization. No significant between-group differences emerged on any suicide-related factors.Conclusions: Adding MBCT-S to system-wide suicide prevention efforts produced mixed findings on the primary outcome (suicide events) and promising findings on other important outcomes (suicide attempts, psychiatric hospitalizations). MBCT-S should continue to be examined in future research.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01872338.

Attentional control may be modifiable with Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy to Prevent Suicide.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy to Prevent Suicide (MBCT-S) is associated with improvement in attentional control, an objective marker of suicide attempt. METHOD: In the context of a randomized clinical trial targeting suicide risk in Veterans, computerized Stroop and emotion Stroop (E-Stroop) tasks were administered 3 times over 6-months follow-up to 135 high suicide risk Veterans. Seventy were randomized to receive MBCT-S in addition to enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU), and 65 were randomized to eTAU only. E-Stroop word types included positively- and negatively-valenced emotion, suicide, and combat-related words. Interference scores and mixed effects linear regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Veterans receiving MBCT-S showed a more favorable trajectory of attentional control over time, as indicated by performance on two E-Stroop tasks. Combat-stress interference scores improved over time among Veterans in MBCT-S. Interference processing time for negative affective words deteriorated over time among Veterans receiving eTAU only. CONCLUSIONS: MBCT-S may effectively target attentional control, and in particular reduce processing time during affective interference, in high suicide risk Veterans. Future studies to replicate these findings are warranted.

Towards the objective assessment of suicidal states: Some neurocognitive deficits may be temporally related to suicide attempt.

Neurocognitive detection of suicidal states has the potential to significantly advance objective risk assessment. This goal requires establishing that neurocognitive deficits fluctuate around the time of a suicide attempt. The current study therefore evaluated whether neurocognitive performance is temporally related to suicide attempt, in a sample at highrisk for suicide (n = 141). Evaluations consisted of a clinician-administered interview, self-report questionnaires, and neurocognitive tasks assessing response inhibition, attentional control, and memory recognition. Analyses examined whether neurocognitive scores significantly differed according to the following temporal suicide attempt categories: (a) past-week attempt; (b) past-year attempt (not in past week); and (c) no past-year attempt. Univariate results showed that response inhibition and memory recognition were significantly related to suicide attempt recency. Post-hoc pairwise tests showed that participants with a past-week suicide attempt showed greater impairments than those without a past-year attempt. Multivariate tests showed the same pattern of results, adjusting for age, suicide attempts prior to past year, mood disturbance, and suicidal ideation. These results show that neurocognitive assessment of response inhibition and memory recognition shows sensitivity to the recency of a suicide attempt. While future prospective studies are needed, results suggest that phasic neurocognitive deficits may serve as objective markers of short-term suicide risk.

Perceptions of Adjunctive Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy to Prevent Suicidal Behavior Among High Suicide-Risk Outpatient Participants.

BACKGROUND: Few investigations of patient perceptions of suicide prevention interventions exist, limiting our understanding of the processes and components of treatment that may be engaging and effective for high suicide-risk patients. AIMS: Building on promising quantitative data that showed that adjunct mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent suicidal behavior (MBCT-S) reduced suicidal thinking and depression among high suicide-risk patients, we subjected MBCT-S to qualitative inspection by patient participants. METHOD: Data were provided by 15 patients who completed MBCT-S during a focus group and/or via a survey. Qualitative data were coded using thematic analysis. Themes were summarized using descriptive analysis. RESULTS: Most patients viewed the intervention as acceptable and feasible. Patients attributed MBCT-S treatment engagement and clinical improvement to improved emotion regulation. A minority of patients indicated that factors related to the group treatment modality were helpful. A small percentage of patients found that aspects of the treatment increased emotional distress and triggered suicidal thinking. These experiences, however, were described as fleeting and were not linked to suicidal behavior. LIMITATIONS: The sample size was small. CONCLUSION: Information gathered from this study may assist in refining MBCT-S and treatments to prevent suicidal behavior among high suicide-risk patients generally.

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Is Predictive of Suicide Attempts Among Individuals with Mood Disorders.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) prior to age 18 was evaluated as a risk factor for adulthood suicide attempt (SA). Archival data from 222 mood-disordered participants were analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis. Participants with a youth SA were excluded. The hazards of SA among adult participants with a history of youth NSSI were twice than those of mood-disordered participants without youth NSSI (hazard ratio = 2.00, 95% confidence interval = 1.16-3.44, p = .01). Moreover, participants who had both youth and adult NSSI attempted suicide significantly earlier than participants who began NSSI as an adult. Youth NSSI is associated with persistent, elevated SA risk in adulthood.

Staff Views of an Emergency Department Intervention Using Safety Planning and Structured Follow-Up with Suicidal Veterans.

The objective of this study is to summarize staff perceptions of the acceptability and utility of the safety planning and structured post-discharge follow-up contact intervention (SPI-SFU), a suicide prevention intervention that was implemented and tested in five Veterans Affairs Medical Center emergency departments (EDs). A purposive sampling approach was used to identify 50 staff member key informants. Interviews were transcribed and coded using thematic analysis. Almost all staff perceived the intervention as helpful in connecting SPI-SFU participants to follow-up services. A slight majority of staff believed SPI-SFU increased Veteran safety. Staff members also benefited from the implementation of SPI-SFU. Their comfort discharging Veterans at some suicide risk increased. SPI-SFU provides an appealing option for improving suicide prevention services in acute care settings.

Factors Associated with Recurrent Suicidal Ideation among Racially and Ethnically Diverse College Students with a History of Suicide Attempt: The Role of Mindfulness.

Although one-third of enrolled U.S. undergraduate college students are non-White, little is known about risk factors for suicidal behavior among racial and ethnic minority students. Thus, we set out to determine psychosocial factors associated with recurrent suicidal ideation among racially and ethnically diverse college students with a history of suicide attempt. From 2012-2013, 1,734 racially and ethnically diverse college students completed an on-line survey of suicidal behavior and associated factors. Depression, hopelessness, rejection sensitivity, and mindfulness, as well as past-year discrimination, ethnic identification, and acculturative stress were measured using well-validated self-report instruments. The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation was used to assess current suicidal ideation. A subsample of 118 college students who self-reported a past suicide attempt were selected for the current analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to test associations between risk factors and the presence of suicidal ideation, and linear regression analysis was used to test factors associated with suicidal ideation severity among those who reported current suicidal ideation. Depression was significantly related to both the presence and severity of current suicidal ideation. Mindfulness, and in particular awareness of present moment experience, was also inversely associated with ideation severity. We found depression and mindlessness were associated with suicidal ideation severity among a sample of diverse college students at high risk for suicidal behavior due to a past suicide attempt. Factors unique to the minority experience, such as acculturative stress, were not associated with current suicidal ideation. Implications for suicide prevention are discussed.

Improvements in Executive Attention, Rumination, Cognitive Reactivity, and Mindfulness Among High-Suicide Risk Patients Participating in Adjunct Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Preliminary Findings.

OBJECTIVE: To test changes to cognitive functioning among high-suicide risk outpatients participating in an adjunct mindfulness-based intervention combining mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and safety planning (MBCT-S). DESIGN: Ten outpatients with a 6-month history of suicide attempt or active suicidal ideation plus suicidal ideation at study entry received 9 weeks of adjunct group-based MBCT-S. Executive attention, sustained attention, visual memory, and semantic memory encoding were measured by neuropsychological assessment. Rumination, mindfulness, cognitive reactivity (defined as the tendency towards depressogenic information processing and thought content in response to mild mood deterioration), and self-compassion were assessed using self-report measures. Changes in pre- to post-treatment functioning on these constructs were analyzed by using dependent t-tests. Where significant improvements were found, correlations between changes to cognitive functioning and depression and suicidal ideation during treatment were calculated. RESULTS: Executive attention improved with MBCT-S in high-suicide risk outpatients (Stroop interference effect = 0.39 [standard deviation (SD), 27] at baseline and 0.27 (SD, 0.15) at post-treatment, t[9] = 2.35, p = 0.04, d = 0.75). One mindfulness skill, acting with awareness, increased with MBCT-S (average change in Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-acting with awareness subscale score with treatment, 3.3 [SD, 3.0], t[9] = 3.46, p < 0.01, d = 1.1). Self-reported rumination and cognitive reactivity to suicidality and hopelessness decreased among participants (Ruminative Responses Brooding subscale score change, -3.4 [SD, 1.1], t[9] = 10, p < 0.001, d = 3.2; Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity-Revised-Hopelessness/Suicidality subscale score change, -3 [SD, 2.7], t[9] = 3.56, p < 0.01, d = 1.1). None of these changes were related to improvements in depression or reductions in suicidal ideation during treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from the present pilot study suggest that treatment with MBCT-S may improve cognitive deficits specific to suicide ideators and attempters among depressed patients. Future controlled trials using follow-up assessments are needed to determine the specificity of these improvements in cognitive functioning to MBCT-S and their durability and to formally test whether the observed improvements in cognitive functioning explain MBCT-S treatment gains.

Depression, delinquency, and suicidal behaviors among college students.

BACKGROUND: Liu (2004) investigated the interaction between delinquency and depression among adolescents and found that delinquency moderated the relationship between depression and suicidal behaviors. AIMS: This study also explored the relationship between depression, delinquency, and suicidal behaviors, although delinquency was expected to mediate, as opposed to moderate, the relationship between depression and suicidal behaviors. METHOD: The participants comprised 354 college students. The students completed a series of questionnaires measuring delinquent behavior, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. RESULTS: Contrary to Liu's (2004) findings, delinquency was found not to moderate but rather to partially mediate the relationship between depression and suicidal behaviors. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that for some college students, depression is associated with delinquent behaviors, which, in turn, are associated with suicidal behaviors.

Pathways to high-lethality suicide attempts in individuals with borderline personality disorder.

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a model of high-lethality suicide attempts (HLSA) in individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). An increased number of prior suicide attempts, substance use immediately prior to the attempt, and objective planning were proposed to lead directly to a HLSA, while aggression and impulsivity were hypothesized to lead indirectly to a HLSA through their associations with prior attempts. Path analysis revealed a revised model in which impulsivity was found to be significantly associated with both the lethality of the most recent attempt and the number of prior attempts. These results are discussed in terms of trait and crescendo models of suicidal behavior and their implications for suicide risk assessment among individuals with BPD.