Advances of optical coherence tomography in myopia and pathologic myopia.

The natural course of high-axial myopia is variable and the development of pathologic myopia is not fully understood. Advancements in optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology have revealed peculiar intraocular structures in highly myopic eyes and unprecedented pathologies that cause visual impairment. New OCT findings include posterior precortical vitreous pocket and precursor stages of posterior vitreous detachment; peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation; morphological patterns of scleral inner curvature and dome-shaped macula. Swept source OCT is capable of imaging deeper layers in the posterior pole for investigation of optic nerve pits, stretched and thinned lamina cribrosa, elongated dural attachment at posterior scleral canal, and enlargement of retrobulbar subarachnoid spaces. This has therefore enabled further evaluation of various visual field defects in high myopia and the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. OCT has many potential clinical uses in managing visual impairing conditions in pathologic myopia. Understanding how retinal nerve fibers are redistributed in axial elongation will allow the development of auto-segmentation software for diagnosis and monitoring progression of glaucoma. OCT is indispensable in the diagnosis of various conditions associated with myopic traction maculopathy and monitoring of post-surgical outcomes. In addition, OCT is commonly used in the multimodal imaging assessment of myopic choroidal neovascularization. Biometry and topography of the retinal layers and choroid will soon be validated for the classification of myopic maculopathy for utilization in epidemiological studies as well as clinical trials.

Quantitative assessment of optic nerve head morphology and retinal nerve fibre layer in non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy with optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoloscopy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To compare the optic disc parameters between patients with non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and normal controls, using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph III (HRT), and to evaluate the structure-function relationship in NAION eyes. METHODS: Both eyes of 22 patients with typical unilateral NAION of > or =6 months' duration and 52 eyes from 52 randomly selected normal subjects underwent Humphrey visual field (HVF) examination and measurement of optic disc and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT). RESULTS: For the NAION-affected eyes, NAION fellow eyes and normal controls, the ocular magnification-corrected OCT disc areas were respectively 1.849 (SD 0.343) mm(2), 1.809 (0.285) mm(2) and 1.964 (0.386) mm(2); the cup areas were 0.246 (0.187) mm(2), 0.172 (0.180) mm(2) and 0.469 (0.332) mm(2). On HRT, the disc areas were 2.11 (0.38) mm(2), 2.06 (0.40) mm(2) and 2.16 (0.42) mm(2); and the cup areas were 0.28 (0.34) mm(2), 0.25 (0.18) mm(2) and 0.48 (0.32) mm(2). On both OCT and HRT, the cup areas and cup-disc area ratios (CDAR) of both eyes of NAION patients were significantly smaller than controls (p< or =0.01), but the disc areas were not (p> or =0.21). There was a significant correlation between HVF mean deviation and OCT RNFLT (r = 0.44, p = 0.04) but not with HRT RNFLT (p = 0.30) in NAION-affected eyes. CONCLUSION: NAION patients have smaller optic cups and CDARs in both eyes compared with controls. A larger sample size is necessary to demonstrate if disc size affects the risk of developing NAION. The NAION-affected eyes' OCT RNFLT correlated with HVF mean deviation but the HRT RNFLT did not.

Effects of scan circle displacement in optical coherence tomography retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measurement: a RNFL modelling study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan circle displacement on retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) measurement errors using cubic spline models. METHODS: Forty-nine normal subjects were included in the analysis. In one randomly selected eye in each subject, RNFL thickness around the optic disc was measured by taking 16 circular scans of different sizes (scan radius ranged from 1 to 2.5 mm). The RNFL profile in each eye was constructed with a mathematical model using a smoothing spline approximation. Scan circle (diameter 3.4 mm) RNFL measurements (total average, superior, nasal, inferior, and temporal RNFL thicknesses) obtained from eight directions (superior, superonasal, nasal, inferonasal, inferior, inferotemporal, temporal, and superotemporal) displaced at different distances (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 mm) from the disc centre were then computed by a computer program and compared to the 'reference standard' where the scan circle is centred at the optic disc. RNFL measurement error was calculated as the absolute of (RNFL thickness(displaced) - RNFL thickness(reference standard)). RESULTS: The respective mean average, superior, nasal, inferior, and temporal RNFL measurement errors were 2.3+/-2.0, 4.9+/-4.5, 4.1+/-3.8, 6.2+/-7.6, and 3.8+/-3.5 microm upon 0.1 mm scan circle displacement, and 12.1+/-11.4, 27.8+/-18.4, 21.7+/-18.6, 34.8+/-22.9, and 15.2+/-10.7 microm upon 0.7 mm scan circle displacement. Significant differences of average and quadrant RNFL thicknesses were evident between centred and displaced scan circle measurements (all with P<0.001). RNFL measurement error increased in a monotonic fashion with increasing distance away from the disc and the change was direction-dependent. CONCLUSIONS: RNFL measurement error varies with the direction and distance of scan displacement. The superior and the inferior RNFL measurements are most vulnerable to scan displacement errors, whereas the average RNFL thickness is the least susceptible. Obtaining a well-centred scan is essential for reliable RNFL measurement in OCT.

Quantitative assessment of lens opacities with anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

AIM: To evaluate the reliability of lens density measurement with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) and its association with the Lens Opacity Classification System Version III (LOCS III) grading. METHODS: Fifty-five eyes from 55 age-related cataract patients were included. One eye from each subject was selected at random for lens evaluation. After dilation, lens photographs were taken with a slit lamp and graded against the LOCS III standardised condition. Anterior segment OCT imaging was performed on the same eyes with a high-resolution scan. The association between the anterior segment OCT nucleus density measurement and LOCS III nuclear opalescence (NO) and nuclear colour (NC) scores was evaluated with the Spearman correlation coefficient. Anterior segment OCT measurement precision, coefficient of variation (CVw), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. RESULTS: The mean NO and NC scores were 3.39 (SD 1.10) and 3.37 (SD 1.27), respectively. Significant correlations were found between anterior segment OCT nuclear density measurements and the LOCS III NO and NC scores (r = 0.77 and 0.60, respectively, both with p<0.001). The precision, CVw and ICC of anterior segment OCT measurement were 2.05 units, 4.55% and 0.98, respectively. CONCLUSION: Anterior segment OCT nucleus density measurement is reliable and correlates with the LOCS III NO and NC scores.