RESUMEN
Intercellular signalling communication between adipose and muscle tissue has been investigated. To test the effect of muscle cells on adipogenic gene expression, we utilised an in vitro co-culture system, in which fat (3T3-L1) and muscle (L-6) cells were physically separated but chemically exposed each other via insert with 0.4 µm porous membrane. When 3T3-L1 and L-6 cells reached at 80 and 40% confluence, respectively in separate wells, L-6 cells grown in insert were transferred onto 6-well plates where 3T3-L1 cells were being grown. When both cells were fully differentiated in co-culture plates, morphology of 3T3-L1 was examined by staining with Oil-red-O. Activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and adipogenic gene expression including lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adipsin, GPDH, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBPα) were analysed. The presence of muscle cells during preadipocyte differentiation inhibited (P < 0.05) lipogenesis by suppressing lipogenic gene expression including LPL, adipsin and GPDH. Furthermore, GPDH activity was also decreased (P < 0.05) in 3T3-L1 cells by the presence of L-6 cells. These results suggest that presence of muscle cells suppresses adipogenic differentiation by inhibiting the adipogenic gene expression and GPDH activity in the muscle and fat cell co-culture system.
Asunto(s)
Adipogénesis/genética , Comunicación Celular/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/genética , Lipogénesis/genética , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismo , Células 3T3-L1 , Animales , Proteínas Potenciadoras de Unión a CCAAT/genética , Proteínas Potenciadoras de Unión a CCAAT/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Factor D del Complemento/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor D del Complemento/genética , Factor D del Complemento/metabolismo , Cámaras de Difusión de Cultivos , Glicerolfosfato Deshidrogenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Glicerolfosfato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Glicerolfosfato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Lipoproteína Lipasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Lipoproteína Lipasa/genética , Lipoproteína Lipasa/metabolismo , Ratones , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/citología , PPAR gamma/genética , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
This study aimed to determine the suitable point of sale and consumption of different quality grade (QG) Hanwoo short loin during aging period, based on physicochemical, sensory, and microbiological quality. Short loins obtained from the carcasses of 13 Hanwoo steers and 2 bulls with 5 different QGs (1++, 1+, 1, 2, and 3) were analyzed over 28 d. QG and aging time had significant effect on water holding capacity, color, shear force, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) content, and sensory traits. Higher QG groups generally exhibited a lower shear force, nucleotide content, and water holding capacity, and higher L*, a*, and b* values. Acceptable tenderness (shear force <5.4 kg) in QG 1++, 1+, 1, and 2 was achieved on days 7, 14, 16, and 18, respectively, and QG 3 showed a shear force of 6.8 kg, even after 28 d. Regardless of QG, TVBN content below threshold levels (20-30 mg%) was observed throughout the 28 d aging period, while total plate counts above 7 Log CFU/g were seen at 21 d. In conclusion, it is recommended that Hanwoo beef with QG 1++, 1+, and intermediate QG (1 and 2) should be sold or consumed between 7 and 21, 14 and 21, 16 and 21 d, respectively. Beef with QG 3 should be sold or consumed within 21 d, based on microbial growth, even though it has not achieved desirable tenderness. For this reason, an additional tenderizing process is recommended before this beef is ready for consumption.
RESUMEN
Background: Body fats, especially both of abdominal fat pad mass and skeletal muscle fat content, are inversely related to insulin action. Therefore, methods for decreasing visceral fat mass and muscle triglyceride content may be helpful for the prevention of insulin resistance. Methods: Thalidomide, used for its anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, was administered to rats for 4 weeks. A 10% solution of thalidomide in dimethyl sulfoxide was injected daily into the peritoneal cavity as much as 100 mg/kg of body weight. Results: The total visceral fat pad mass in the thalidomide-treated group was 11% lower than in the control group. The size of adipocytes of the epididymal fat pad mass in the thalidomide-treated group was smaller than in the control group. The intraperitoneal thalidomide treatment increased triglyceride concentrations by 16% in the red muscle, but not in the white muscle. Conclusion: The results suggested that intraperitoneal thalidomide treatment inhibited abdominal fat accumulation, and that the free fatty acids in the blood were preferentially accumulated in the red muscle rather than in the white muscle.