Magnetoresistance properties in nickel-catalyzed, air-stable, uniform, and transfer-free graphene.

A transfer-free graphene with high magnetoresistance (MR) and air stability has been synthesized using nickel-catalyzed atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. The Raman spectrum and Raman mapping reveal the monolayer structure of the transfer-free graphene, which has low defect density, high uniformity, and high coverage (>90%). The temperature-dependent (from 5 to 300 K) current-voltage (I-V) and resistance measurements are performed, showing the semiconductor properties of the transfer-free graphene. Moreover, the MR of the transfer-free graphene has been measured over a wide temperature range (5-300 K) under a magnetic field of 0 to 1 T. As a result of the Lorentz force dominating above 30 K, the transfer-free graphene exhibits positive MR values, reaching ∼8.7% at 300 K under a magnetic field (1 Tesla). On the other hand, MR values are negative below 30 K due to the predominance of the weak localization effect. Furthermore, the temperature-dependent MR values of transfer-free graphene are almost identical with and without a vacuum annealing process, indicating that there are low density of defects and impurities after graphene fabrication processes so as to apply in air-stable sensor applications. This study opens avenues to develop 2D nanomaterial-based sensors for commercial applications in future devices.

Chiral anomaly and Weyl orbit in three-dimensional Dirac semimetal Cd3As2grown on Si.

Preparing Cd3As2, which is a three-dimensional (3D) Dirac semimetal in certain crystal orientation, on Si is highly desirable as such a sample may well be fully compatible with existing Si CMOS technology. However, there is a dearth of such a study regarding Cd3As2films grown on Si showing the chiral anomaly. Here,for the first time, we report the novel preparation and fabrication technique of a Cd3As2(112) film on a Si (111) substrate with a ZnTe (111) buffer layer which explicitly shows the chiral anomaly with a nontrivial Berry's phase ofπ. Despite the Hall carrier density (n3D≈9.42×1017cm-3) of our Cd3As2film, which is almost beyond the limit for the portents of a 3D Dirac semimetal to emerge, we observe large linear magnetoresistance in a perpendicular magnetic field and negative magnetoresistance in a parallel magnetic field. These results clearly demonstrate the chiral magnetic effect and 3D Dirac semimetallic behavior in our silicon-based Cd3As2film. Our tailoring growth of Cd3As2on a conventional substrate such as Si keeps the sample quality, while also achieving a low carrier concentration.

Editorial for focus on manipulations of atomic and molecular layers and its applications in energy, environment sciences and optoelectronic devices.

This Focus aims at showcasing the significance of manipulating atomic and molecular layers for various applications. To this end, this Focus collects 15 original research papers featuring the applications of atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition, wet chemistry, and some other methods for manipulations of atomic and molecular layers in lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, catalysis, field-effect transistors, optoelectronics, and others.

Enhancing optical characteristics of mediator-assisted wafer-scale MoS2and WS2on h-BN.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials and their heterostructures exhibit intriguing optoelectronic properties; thus, they are good platforms for exploring fundamental research and further facilitating real device applications. The key is to preserve the high quality and intrinsic properties of 2D materials and their heterojunction interface even in production scale during the transfer and assembly process so as to apply in semiconductor manufacturing field. In this study, we successfully adopted a wet transfer existing method to separate mediator-assisted wafer-scale from SiO2/Si growing wafer for the first time with intermediate annealing to fabricate wafer-scale MoS2/h-BN and WS2/h-BN heterostructures on a SiO2/Si wafer. Interestingly, the high-quality wafer-scale 2D material heterostructure optical properties were enhanced and confirmed by Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Our approach can be applied to other 2D materials and expedite mass production for industrial applications.

Two-Dimensional Mechano-thermoelectric Heterojunctions for Self-Powered Strain Sensors.

We here demonstrate the multifunctional properties of atomically thin heterojunctions that are enabled by their strong interfacial interactions and their application toward self-powered sensors with unprecedented performance. Bonding between tin diselenide and graphene produces thermoelectric and mechanoelectric properties beyond the ability of either component. A record-breaking ZT of 2.43 originated from the synergistic combination of graphene's high carrier conductivity and SnSe2-mediated thermal conductivity lowering. Moreover, spatially varying interaction at the SnSe2/graphene interface produces stress localization that results in a novel 2D-crack-assisted strain sensing mechanism whose sensitivity (GF = 450) is superior to all other 2D materials. Finally, a graphene-assisted growth process permits the formation of high-quality heterojunctions directly on polymeric substrates for flexible and transparent sensors that achieve self-powered strain sensing from a small temperature gradient. Our work enhances the fundamental understanding of multifunctionality at the atomic scale and provides a route toward structural health monitoring through ubiquitous and smart devices.

Investigation of plant leaf-derived graphene quantum dot clusters via magnetic force microscopy.

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is utilized to characterize the magnetic moment in nanostructured plant leaf-derived graphene quantum dot clusters (GQDCs). The MFM signal reveals that the magnetic response of the GQDCs depends on the height and width of the GQDCs. However, individual GQDs, and smaller clusters with widths of less than 20 nm, have not shown any observable magnetic signal. Importantly, experimental analyses suggest that the magnetic signal of GQDCs distributed in a plane can be effectively detected at room temperature. These results could pave the way for future graphene-based magnetic storage media and spin manipulation quantum devices.

Magnetotransport in hybrid InSe/monolayer graphene on SiC.

The magnetotransport properties of a hybrid InSe/monolayer graphene in a SiC system are systematically studied. Compared to those of its bare graphene counterpart, in InSe/graphene, we can effectively modify the carrier density, mobility, effective mass, and electron-electron (e-e) interactions enhanced by weak disorder. We show that in bare graphene and hybrid InSe/graphene systems, the logarithmic temperature (lnT) dependence of the Hall slope R H = Î´R xy /δB = Î´ρ xy /δB can be used to probe e-e interaction effects at various temperatures even when the measured resistivity does not show a lnT dependence due to strong electron-phonon scattering. Nevertheless, one needs to be certain that the change of R H is not caused by an increase of the carrier density by checking the magnetic field position of the longitudinal resistivity minimum at different temperatures. Given the current challenges in gating graphene on SiC with a suitable dielectric layer, our results suggest that capping a van der Waals material on graphene is an effective way to modify the electronic properties of monolayer graphene on SiC.

Epitaxial graphene homogeneity and quantum Hall effect in millimeter-scale devices.

Quantized magnetotransport is observed in 5.6 × 5.6 mm2 epitaxial graphene devices, grown using highly constrained sublimation on the Si-face of SiC(0001) at high temperature (1900 °C). The precise quantized Hall resistance of [Formula: see text] is maintained up to record level of critical current Ixx = 0.72 mA at T = 3.1 K and 9 T in a device where Raman microscopy reveals low and homogeneous strain. Adsorption-induced molecular doping in a second device reduced the carrier concentration close to the Dirac point (n ≈ 1010 cm-2), where mobility of 18760 cm2/V is measured over an area of 10 mm2. Atomic force, confocal optical, and Raman microscopies are used to characterize the large-scale devices, and reveal improved SiC terrace topography and the structure of the graphene layer. Our results show that the structural uniformity of epitaxial graphene produced by face-to-graphite processing contributes to millimeter-scale transport homogeneity, and will prove useful for scientific and commercial applications.

Localization and electron-electron interactions in few-layer epitaxial graphene.

This paper presents a study of the quantum corrections caused by electron-electron interactions and localization to the conductivity in few-layer epitaxial graphene, in which the carriers responsible for transport are massive. The results demonstrate that the diffusive model, which can generally provide good insights into the magnetotransport of two-dimensional systems in conventional semiconductor structures, is applicable to few-layer epitaxial graphene when the unique properties of graphene on the substrate, such as intervalley scattering, are taken into account. It is suggested that magnetic-field-dependent electron-electron interactions and Kondo physics are required for obtaining a thorough understanding of magnetotransport in few-layer epitaxial graphene.

Non-ohmic behavior of carrier transport in highly disordered graphene.

We report measurements of disordered graphene probed by both a high electric field and a high magnetic field. By applying a high source-drain voltage, Vsd, we are able to study the current-voltage relation I-Vsd of our device. With increasing Vsd, a crossover from the linear I-Vsd regime to the non-linear one, and eventually to activationless-hopping transport occurs. In the activationless-hopping regime, the importance of Coulomb interactions between charged carriers is demonstrated. Moreover, we show that delocalization of carriers which are strongly localized at low T and at small Vsd occurs in the presence of high electric field and perpendicular magnetic field.

Correction: Patterned liquid metal contacts for high density, stick-and-peel 2D material device arrays.

Correction for 'Patterned liquid metal contacts for high density, stick-and-peel 2D material device arrays' by Yen-Lin Chen et al., Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 14510-14515.

Manetoresistance of Ultralow-Hole-Density Monolayer Epitaxial Graphene Grown on SiC.

Silicon carbide (SiC) has already found useful applications in high-power electronic devices and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Interestingly, SiC is a suitable substrate for growing monolayer epitaxial graphene and GaN-based devices. Therefore, it provides the opportunity for integration of high-power devices, LEDs, atomically thin electronics, and high-frequency devices, all of which can be prepared on the same SiC substrate. In this paper, we concentrate on detailed measurements on ultralow-density p-type monolayer epitaxial graphene, which has yet to be extensively studied. The measured resistivity ρxx shows insulating behavior in the sense that ρxx decreases with increasing temperature T over a wide range of T (1.5 K ≤ T ≤ 300 K). The crossover from negative magnetoresistivity (MR) to positive magnetoresistivity at T = 40 K in the low-field regime is ascribed to a transition from low-T quantum transport to high-T classical transport. For T ≥ 120 K, the measured positive MR ratio [ρxx(B) - ρxx(B = 0)]/ρxx(B = 0) at B = 2 T decreases with increasing T, but the positive MR persists up to room temperature. Our experimental results suggest that the large MR ratio (~100% at B = 9 T) is an intrinsic property of ultralow-charge-density graphene, regardless of the carrier type. This effect may find applications in magnetic sensors and magnetoresistance devices.

Patterned liquid metal contacts for high density, stick-and-peel 2D material device arrays.

Two-dimensional materials have shown great promise to enable novel wearable electronic devices ranging from sensors to energy generators. These developments are due to their high mechanical robustness, which allow them to retain high performance even at large deformations. Under these conditions, however, good electrical contacts become an important issue that cannot be addressed with conventional materials. Liquid metals could overcome this limitation by providing soft and compliant electrodes but to date no realistic heterointegration of nanomaterials and complex liquid metal contacts has been attempted. We here demonstrate the application of micrometer-sized electrical contacts to flexible, fragile and rough 2D materials using patterned liquid metal contacts. A novel deposition method enables the scalable and facile production of large arrays of contacts in arbitrary geometries. This ability permitted the single-step, fabrication-free and contamination-free production of concentric liquid metal-contacted graphene field effect transistors of comparable performance to traditional devices. We demonstrate that the contacts can be removed without damaging the 2D materials allowing the contacts to be reused. Finally, good contact could be made to complex morphologies and three-dimensional substrates, which highlights the potential of our approach to the characterization and application of nanomaterials in electronics.

Chemical-doping-driven crossover from graphene to "ordinary metal" in epitaxial graphene grown on SiC.

Atmospheric chemical doping can be used to modify the electronic properties of graphene. Here we report that the chemical atmospheric doping (derived from air, oxygen and water vapor) of low-carrier-density monolayer epitaxial graphene on SiC can be readily tuned by a simple low-temperature (T ≤ 450 K), in situ vacuum gentle heating method. Interestingly, such an approach allows, for the first time, the observation of a crossover from graphene (µt/µq ≈ 2) to an "ordinary metal" (µt/µq ≈ 1) with decreasing carrier density, where µt and µq are transport mobility and quantum mobility, respectively. In the low carrier density limit, our results are consistent with the theoretical prediction that µt is inversely proportional to charged impurity density. Our data also suggest that atmospheric chemical doping can be used to vary intervalley scattering in graphene which plays a crucial role in backward scattering events.

Temperature dependence of electron density and electron-electron interactions in monolayer epitaxial graphene grown on SiC.

We report carrier density measurements and electron-electron (e-e) interactions in monolayer epitaxial graphene grown on SiC. The temperature (T)-independent carrier density determined from the Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations clearly demonstrates that the observed logarithmic temperature dependence of Hall slope in our system must be due to e-e interactions. Since the electron density determined from conventional SdH measurements does not depend on e-e interactions based on Kohn's theorem, SdH experiments appear to be more reliable compared with the classical Hall effect when one studies the T dependence of the carrier density in the low T regime. On the other hand, the logarithmic T dependence of the Hall slope δRxy/δB can be used to probe e-e interactions even when the conventional conductivity method is not applicable due to strong electron-phonon scattering.

Shubnikov-de Haas measurements on a high mobility monolayer graphene flake sandwiched between boron nitride sheets.

A flake of monolayer graphene was sandwiched between boron nitride sheets. Temperature dependent Shubnikov-de Haas measurements were performed to access how this technique influences the electronic properties of the graphene sample. The maximum mobility found in this configuration was approximately 105 cm2 Vs -1. From the phase of the oscillations a Berry phase ß of 1/2 was obtained indicating the presence of Dirac fermions. We obtained Fermi velocities around [Formula: see text] m s-1 which imply hopping energies close to 2.5 eV. Furthermore, the carrier lifetime is typically higher than that found in graphene supported by SiO2, reaching values higher than 700 fs.

Current Scaling and Dirac Fermion Heating in Multi-Layer Graphene.

We have performed transport measurements on a multi-layer graphene device fabricated by conventional mechanical exfoliation. By using the zero-field resistance of our graphene device as a self-thermometer, we are able to determine the effective Dirac fermion temperature TDF at various driving currents I while keeping the lattice constant fixed. Interesting, it is found that TDF is proportional to Ia where a ~ 1. According to theoretical and experimental studies, the exponent a is given by 2/(2+p) where the charge-phonon scattering rate 1/τph is proportional to TP. Therefore our results yield p ~ 0, suggesting that there is little Dirac fermion-phonon scattering, a great advantage for applications in nanoelectronics.

Hot carriers in epitaxial graphene sheets with and without hydrogen intercalation: role of substrate coupling.

The development of graphene electronic devices produced by industry relies on efficient control of heat transfer from the graphene sheet to its environment. In nanoscale devices, heat is one of the major obstacles to the operation of such devices at high frequencies. Here we have studied the transport of hot carriers in epitaxial graphene sheets on 6H-SiC (0001) substrates with and without hydrogen intercalation by driving the device into the non-equilibrium regime. Interestingly, we have demonstrated that the energy relaxation time of the device without hydrogen intercalation is two orders of magnitude shorter than that with hydrogen intercalation, suggesting application of epitaxial graphene in high-frequency devices which require outstanding heat exchange with an outside cooling source.

Experimental evidence for direct insulator-quantum Hall transition in multi-layer graphene.

We have performed magnetotransport measurements on a multi-layer graphene flake. At the crossing magnetic field Bc, an approximately temperature-independent point in the measured longitudinal resistivity ρxx, which is ascribed to the direct insulator-quantum Hall (I-QH) transition, is observed. By analyzing the amplitudes of the magnetoresistivity oscillations, we are able to measure the quantum mobility µq of our device. It is found that at the direct I-QH transition, µqBc ≈ 0.37 which is considerably smaller than 1. In contrast, at Bc, ρxx is close to the Hall resistivity ρxy, i.e., the classical mobility µBc is ≈ 1. Therefore, our results suggest that different mobilities need to be introduced for the direct I-QH transition observed in multi-layered graphene. Combined with existing experimental results obtained in various material systems, our data obtained on graphene suggest that the direct I-QH transition is a universal effect in 2D.

Dirac fermion heating, current scaling, and direct insulator-quantum Hall transition in multilayer epitaxial graphene.

We have performed magnetotransport measurements on multilayer epitaxial graphene. By increasing the driving current I through our graphene devices while keeping the bath temperature fixed, we are able to study Dirac fermion heating and current scaling in such devices. Using zero-field resistivity as a self thermometer, we are able to determine the effective Dirac fermion temperature (TDF) at various driving currents. At zero field, it is found that TDF ∝ I≈1/2. Such results are consistent with electron heating in conventional two-dimensional systems in the plateau-plateau transition regime. With increasing magnetic field B, we observe an I-independent point in the measured longitudinal resistivity ρxx which is equivalent to the direct insulator-quantum Hall (I-QH) transition characterized by a temperature-independent point in ρxx. Together with recent experimental evidence for direct I-QH transition, our new data suggest that such a transition is a universal effect in graphene, albeit further studies are required to obtain a thorough understanding of such an effect.