Food Insecurity and Health-Related Concerns Among Elementary Schoolteachers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: US school systems underwent major upheaval, including closures, implementation of virtual and/or hybrid learning, and stringent infection mitigation protocols, during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to examine the association between food insecurity and perceived health, perceived stress, and social determinants of health concerns among elementary schoolteachers serving predominantly low-income children during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Brighter Bites, a nonprofit organization that weekly distributes fresh fruits and vegetables and nutrition education materials to more than 300 schools serving racial and ethnic minority populations with low income, conducts annual surveys of participating teachers to help determine subsequent efforts to support schools and families during the school year. We analyzed self-reported data collected electronically by the Brighter Bites teachers survey in 76 elementary schools during summer 2020. We used generalized linear mixed models to measure the association between food insecurity and health-related concerns. RESULTS: Of 862 teachers who responded to the survey, 685 answered the 2 questions about food insecurity status; of these, 199 (29.1%) reported experiencing food insecurity. Food insecurity was positively associated with poor perceived general health, greater perceived stress, concerns about various social determinants of health, and changes in fruit and vegetable consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated the high prevalence of food insecurity and highlights its associated factors among elementary schoolteachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. It calls attention to the high correlation of various concerns among elementary schoolteachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further intervention and policy efforts are needed to relieve food insecurity-related concerns and enhance well-being among teachers.

Association Between Food Insecurity and Diet Quality Among Early Care and Education Providers in the Pennsylvania Head Start Program.

INTRODUCTION: Food insecurity affects dietary behaviors and diet quality in adults. This relationship is not widely studied among early care and education (ECE) providers, a unique population with important influences on children's dietary habits. Our study's objective was to explore how food insecurity affected diet quality and dietary behaviors among ECE providers. METHODS: We used baseline data from a cluster-randomized controlled trial (January 2019-December 2020) on 216 ECE providers under the Pennsylvania Head Start Association. We used radar plots to graph scores for the Healthy Eating Index 2015 and the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) 2010 and fitted a multivariate regression model for diet quality measures, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: Among the 216 participants, 31.5% were food insecure. ECE providers who were food insecure had a lower AHEI-2010 mean score (mean difference for food insecure vs food secure = -4.8; 95% CI, -7.8 to -1.7; P = .002). After adjusting for covariates, associations remained significant (mean difference = -3.9; 95% CI, -7.5 to -0.4; P = .03). Food insecure ECE providers were less likely to use nutrition labels (22.8% vs 39.1%; P = .046) and more likely to report cost as a perceived barrier to eating fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSION: We found a significant inverse association between food insecurity and the AHEI-2010 diet quality score among ECE providers after adjusting for covariates. More studies are needed to examine the effects of food insecurity on dietary behaviors of ECE providers and their response to nutrition education programs targeting their health.

Social Determinants of Health-Related Needs During COVID-19 Among Low-Income Households With Children.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the social needs of low-income households with children during the coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Our objective was to conduct a cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis of a rapid-response survey among low-income households with children on social needs, COVID-19-related concerns, and diet-related behaviors. METHODS: We distributed an electronic survey in April 2020 to 16,435 families in 4 geographic areas, and 1,048 responded. The survey asked families enrolled in a coordinated school-based nutrition program about their social needs, COVID-19-related concerns, food insecurity, and diet-related behaviors during the pandemic. An open-ended question asked about their greatest concern. We calculated descriptive statistics stratified by location and race/ethnicity. We used thematic analysis and an inductive approach to examine the open-ended comments. RESULTS: More than 80% of survey respondents were familiar with COVID-19 and were concerned about infection. Overall, 76.3% reported concerns about financial stability, 42.5% about employment, 69.4% about food availability, 31.0% about housing stability, and 35.9% about health care access. Overall, 93.5% of respondents reported being food insecure, a 22-percentage-point increase since fall 2019. Also, 41.4% reported a decrease in fruit and vegetable intake because of COVID-19. Frequency of grocery shopping decreased and food pantry usage increased. Qualitative assessment identified 4 main themes: 1) fear of contracting COVID-19, 2) disruption of employment status, 3) financial hardship, and 4) exacerbated food insecurity. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the compounding effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on households with children across the spectrum of social needs.

Best Practices and Barriers to Obesity Prevention in Head Start: Differences Between Director and Teacher Perceptions.

INTRODUCTION: Practices and barriers to promoting healthy eating and physical activity at Head Start centers may influence children's energy balance behaviors. We examined differences between directors' and teachers' perspectives on best practices and barriers to promoting healthy eating and physical activity in Head Start centers. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of directors (n = 23) and teachers (n = 113) at 23 Head Start centers participating in the baseline assessment of the Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration study. Participants completed surveys about practices and barriers to promoting healthy eating and physical activity. Multilevel regression models examined differences between director and teacher responses. RESULTS: More than half of directors and teachers reported meeting most best practices related to nutrition and physical activity; few directors or teachers (<25%) reported conducting physical activity for more than 60 minutes a day, and less than 40% of teachers helped children attend to satiety cues. Significantly more directors than teachers reported meeting 2 nutrition-related best practices: "Teachers rarely eat less healthy foods (especially sweets, salty snacks, and sugary drinks) in front of children" and "Teachers talk to children about trying/enjoying new foods" (P < .05). No barrier to healthy eating or physical activity was reported by more than 25% of directors or teachers. Significantly more teachers than directors reported barriers to healthy eating, citing lack of food service staff support, limited time, and insufficient funds (P < .05). CONCLUSION: More barriers to healthy eating were reported than were barriers to physical activity indicating that more support may be needed for healthy eating. Differences between responses of directors and teachers may have implications for future assessments of implementation of best practices and barriers to implementation related to nutrition and physical activity in early care and education centers.

Effectiveness of the Lunch is in the Bag program on communication between the parent, child and child-care provider around fruits, vegetables and whole grain foods: A group-randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the parent- and early care education (ECE) center-based Lunch is in the Bag program on communication between parent, child, and their ECE center providers around fruits, vegetables and whole grain foods (FVWG). METHOD: A total of n=30 ECE center; 577 parent-child dyads participated in this group-randomized controlled trial conducted from 2011 to 2013 in Texas (n=15 ECE center, 327 dyads intervention group; n=15 ECE center, 250 dyads comparison group). Parent-child and parent-ECE center provider communication was measured using a parent-reported survey administered at baseline and end of the five-week intervention period. Multilevel linear regression analysis was used to compare the pre-to-post intervention changes in the parent-child and parent-ECE center provider communication scales. Significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: At baseline, parent-child and parent-ECE center provider communication scores were low. There was a significant increase post-intervention in the parent-ECE center provider communication around vegetables (Adjusted ß=0.78, 95%CI: 0.13, 1.43, p=0.002), and around fruit (Adjusted ß=0.62, 95%CI: 0.04, 0.20, p=0.04) among the parents in the intervention group as compared to those in the comparison group. There were no significant intervention effects on parent-child communication. CONCLUSION: Lunch is in the Bag had significant positive effects on improving communication between the parents and ECE center providers around FVWG.

Feasibility and Acceptability of Brighter Bites: A Food Co-Op in Schools to Increase Access, Continuity and Education of Fruits and Vegetables Among Low-Income Populations.

Intake of fruits and vegetables (F&V) continues to be low in children in the United States. The purpose of this study was to conduct a pilot feasibility evaluation of Brighter Bites, a school-based food co-op to provide access to fresh F&V and nutrition education to low-income children and their families. Brighter Bites is a 16-week school-based food co-op consisting of: (1) Weekly distribution of 50-60 servings of fresh F&V; (2) Weekly bilingual parent handouts and recipe demonstrations; and (3) implementing CATCH, a coordinated school health program in schools. Brighter Bites was pilot tested using a pre-post evaluation design in one charter school in Houston, TX, USA (n = 57 3rd grade parent-child dyads; 94.1 % Hispanic, 91 % low-income). Evaluation, at baseline, midpoint, and post-intervention, included self-reported child and parent surveys on psychosocial factors, dietary habits and mealtime practices. Pearson's Chi square test, Fisher's exact-test or paired t test were used to determine changes pre- to post-intervention (at p < 0.05). Process data using parent surveys, teacher surveys, attendance logs, and produce cost data were used to determine feasibility and acceptability of program. Participants received on average 61 servings of F&V weekly for 16 weeks at the cost of $4.31/family/week. Results showed significant increases in child reported self-efficacy, outcome expectations and attitudes towards consuming F&V (p < 0.05). We found significant increases in child exposure to F&V and child preference of various F&V from baseline to post-intervention (p < 0.05). Parent surveys showed significant improvements in mealtime practices at home: decrease in children eating while watching TV, increase in eating dinner with the family, less fast food, less sugary drinks with meals, more children asking for F&V as snacks. Process data showed 98 % retention rate and high parent acceptability of program components. Brighter Bites is a promising strategy to increase F&V access and education in low-income populations using existing infrastructure of schools and food banks.

Changes in unhealthy food consumption among vulnerable elementary-aged children in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic: a serial cross-sectional analysis.

Objective: Several studies suggest that during the early pandemic, amidst socioeconomic instability, children from underserved families were more likely to resort to consuming cheaper, lower-quality foods with longer shelf lives. This study investigated the change in unhealthy food consumption across different phases (pre, early, mid) of the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether the strength of association between unhealthy food consumption and household socioeconomic disadvantage (HSED) varied across phases of the pandemic. Methods: This study utilized serial cross-sectional data collected from low-income families enrolled in a school-based food co-op, Brighter Bites. Secondary data analysis included 5,384 surveys from families who had complete data: 3422 pre-pandemic, 944 from the early pandemic, and 1,018 mid-pandemic. Outcome measures included sugary food intake and convenience/fast food intake, each of which was operationalized as a scale using pre-validated items from the surveys. HSED was operationalized as a composite of parent employment, parent education, food insecurity, and participation in government programs; responses were categorized into low, medium, and high HSED groups for analysis. We examined the interaction between HSED and time period to explore how HSED and its association with dietary measures changed over the course of the pandemic. Results: A significant linear negative trend, i.e., a decrease in consumption from pre-to-mid-pandemic period was seen in sugary food intake (p < 0.001), but not in convenience food intake. In data pooled across time-periods, both sugary food and convenience/fast food consumption were inversely associated with HSED, and low unhealthy food consumption was observed among high-disadvantage groups. No significant interaction between time period and HSED was observed on either scale. However, the post-regression estimates from the adjusted interaction model showed a significant association between convenience/fast food consumption and HSED in pre- and mid-pandemic periods. Conclusion: The study highlights the nuances of socioeconomic dynamics on the diet behaviors of children from low-income families during a natural disaster.

Design, protocol and baseline data of Nurturing Healthy Teachers, a cluster non-randomized controlled trial to improve the health, well-being, and food security of preschool and elementary school teachers in Houston, Texas.

Background: We present the conceptual framework, design, and study measures of Nurturing Healthy Teachers, a quasi-experimental study to examine the short- and long-term effectiveness of the Nurturing Healthy Teachers (NHT) nutrition intervention on food insecurity, dietary behaviors, mental health and cardiometabolic health among preschool and elementary school teachers. Methods: A convenience sample of 28 elementary schools with pre-kindergarten and elementary classrooms were recruited in Houston, Texas. Nurturing Healthy Teacher intervention includes Brighter Bites, an evidence-based coordinated school health program that combines access to fresh produce and nutrition education, and Create Healthy Futures, a web-based nutrition education program that targets nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy, mindfulness, and social support to create healthy habits among teachers. The primary outcome is food insecurity. Secondary outcomes include diet quality, mental health, and cardiometabolic health. Metabolic markers and skin carotenoid levels were assessed using in-person assessments, while all other measures were obtained via questionnaire. Results: At baseline, most of the participants were female, 63 % identified as Hispanic, were highly educated, and had a mean age of 42.6 years. Overall, 50 % of teachers were classified as being obese and 20 % had high cholesterol. At baseline teachers had a mean HbA1c (%) of 5.6 %. Moderate to severe depression was experienced by 18 % of teachers and 23 % of teachers experienced moderate to severe anxiety. Conclusions: The results of this study will inform next steps towards future implementation and evaluation of teacher-focused interventions.

Dietary behaviours during COVID-19 among households at risk for food insecurity.

The objective of the present study was to examine associations between variables of COVID-19-related concerns and changes in fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption among a sample of participants from the Brighter Bites program at risk for food insecurity. Cross-sectional data were collected during April-June 2020 using a rapid-response survey to understand social needs, COVID-19-related concerns and diet-related behaviours among families with children participating in Brighter Bites (n 1777) in the 2019-2020 school year at risk for food insecurity, within the surrounding Houston, Dallas, Austin, Texas area; Southwest Florida; Washington, D.C., United States. Of the 1777 respondents, 92 % of households reported being at risk for food insecurity. Among those from food insecure households, the majority were of Hispanic/Mexican-American/Latino (84⋅1 %) ethnic background, predominantly from Houston, Texas (71⋅4 %). During the pandemic, among individuals from food insecure households, 41 % (n 672) reported a decrease in FV intake, 32 % (n 527) reported an increase in FV intake, and 27 % (n 439) reported no change in FV intake. Those who reported concerns about financial stability had a 40 % greater risk of decreased FV intake compared to those not concerned about financial stability (RR 1⋅4; 95 % CI 1⋅0, 2⋅0; P = 0⋅03). The present study adds to this current body of sparse literature on how the initial phase of the pandemic impacted FV consumption behaviours among food insecure households with children. Effective interventions are needed to diminish the negative impact of COVID-19 on the population's health.

SNAP Participation Moderates Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Minority Families With Low Income.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the moderation effect of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation on the baseline fruit and vegetable (FV) intake of Hispanic/Latino and African American children and parents participating in the Brighter Bites program. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Houston, Austin, and Dallas, TX; Washington, DC; and Southwest Florida. PARTICIPANTS: Self-reported surveys (n = 6,037) of Hispanic/Latino and African American adult-child dyads enrolled in Brighter Bites in Fall 2018. VARIABLES MEASURED: Dependent variable, child FV intake; Independent variable, parent FV intake, and FV shopping behavior; Effect Measure Modifier, SNAP participation. ANALYSIS: Quantitatively used mixed effects linear regression models to test if the effect of parental baseline FV intake and shopping behavior on a child's baseline FV intake differed by SNAP participation. Analyses were performed using STATA with significance set at P < 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: For parents that consumed FV ≥ 2 times/d at baseline, there was a 0.1 times increase in child FV intake at baseline among those who participated in SNAP as compared with those who did not participate in SNAP (ß = 0.1; 95% CI, 0.1-0.2; P = 0.001), and for parents who shopped at convenience stores ≥ 2 times/wk for FV, there was 0.6 times increase in child FV intake at baseline for those who participated in SNAP as compared with those that did not participate in SNAP (ß = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation moderated the associations between FV intake among African American and Hispanic/Latino parents and children and FV shopping at convenience stores and child FV intake. Findings indicate a need for future interventions to promote SNAP participation among those eligible and improve access to FV.

Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Home Nutrition Environment among Low-Income Minority Households with Elementary-Aged Children.

Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences were shown to have an influence on child fruit and vegetable intake. This study examined the associations between parent and child fruit and vegetable intake and the home nutrition environment among Hispanic/Latino and African American families. Through a cross-sectional study design, self-reported surveys (n = 6074) were obtained from adult-child dyad participants enrolled in Brighter Bites, an evidence-based health promotion program, in the fall of 2018. For every once/day increase in frequency of parent FV intake, there was an increase in child FV intake by 0.701 times/day (CI: 0.650, 0.751, p < 0.001) and 0.916 times/day (CI: 0.762, 1.07; p < 0.001) among Hispanic/Latinos and African Americans, respectively. In Hispanic/Latino participants, significant positive associations were found between fruits as well as vegetables served at mealtimes ≥3 times/week (p < 0.001), family mealtimes 7 times/week (p = 0.018), parent-child communication about healthy eating and nutrition at least sometimes during the past 6 months (p < 0.05), and frequency of child FV intake, after adjusting for covariates. In African American participants, a significant positive association was found in fruits served at mealtimes ≥1 times/week (p < 0.05), and vegetables served at mealtimes ≥5 times/week (p < 0.05). Meals cooked from scratch a few times a day/all the time were significantly positively associated with frequency of child FV intake for both Hispanic/Latino (p = 0.017) and African American (p = 0.007) groups. The relationship between home nutrition environment and child FV intake varied by race and ethnicity. Future programs should consider designing culturally tailored interventions to address racial/ethnic-specific influences that match the child's race, culture, and ethnicity.

Design and protocol of a clinic-based comparative effectiveness randomized controlled trial to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of food prescription program strategies in at-risk pediatric populations.

BACKGROUND: Produce prescription programs are gaining traction in the U.S.; however, data on the impact of such approaches in pediatric populations are limited. The purpose of our clinic-based comparative effectiveness randomized controlled trial (CE RCT) is to evaluate the preliminary effectiveness of two produce prescription strategies (at-home delivery and grocery store vouchers) implemented by the Brighter Bites non-profit organization in improving obesity-related health outcomes and dietary behaviors among low-income 5-12-year-olds in Houston, Texas. This paper presents the study design, intervention components, and the study measures. METHODS: Participants (n = 150) are being recruited from two pediatric clinics in Houston, Texas. Child eligibility criteria are aged 5-12 years, Medicaid recipients, body-mass index (BMI) percentile ≥85 and living within 10 miles of a Brighter Bites distribution site. Following consent and baseline measures, children are randomized into one of three arms: (1) Bi-weekly $25 vouchers redeemable for produce at stores (n = 50), (2) Bi-weekly produce delivery to participants' homes through DoorDash (n = 50), and (3) wait-list usual care controls (n = 50). Intervention participants also receive Brighter Bites nutrition education materials. Main child outcome measures are BMI z-scores, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, liver panels, and lipid panels. Other outcomes including household food insecurity, child diet quality, and home nutrition environment will be collected through parent surveys. Outcome measures are collected at baseline and post-intervention. Process evaluation will measure program dosage, reach, acceptability, and feasibility. CONCLUSIONS: Our paper presents the design and next steps to ensure the successful implementation of a produce prescription program in a pediatric clinic setting.

A cluster-randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a nutrition intervention on dietary behaviors among early care and education providers: The Create Healthy Futures study.

Create Healthy Futures is a self-paced, web-based intervention on improving healthy eating behaviors among Early Care and Education (ECE) providers. We examined the impact of web-based Create Healthy Futures on diet quality measured by the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) 2010, dietary behaviors, and related psychosocial and environmental factors among ECE providers. A cluster randomized controlled trial (CRCT) was implemented with baseline surveys administered from October 2019-January 2020, intervention implementation from April-May 2020, and post-intervention from May 2020-August 2020. Centered-based ECE programs under the Pennsylvania Head Start Association (n = 12) were recruited and randomized to intervention (n = 5) or comparison (n = 7) groups. A total of 186 ECE providers completed the post-intervention surveys (retention rate: 86.1%). At baseline, 31.5% of ECE providers were food insecure. Pre-to-post intervention demonstrated no significant within-or-between-group changes in the AHEI-2010 diet quality scores. ECE providers in the intervention group reported a significant decrease from baseline to post-intervention in the number of days eating out (aMD = -0.8, CI:-1.6, -0.1, P = 0.03). Process evaluation showed that 89.9% of the intervention group completed all online module, and 82.9% attended all of wellness session groups. Although the Create Healthy Futures intervention did not improve ECE providers' diet quality and dietary behaviors, it confirmed critical needs to provide health support to ECE providers. Future studies should employ strategies that improve access to healthy foods and nutrition education, and address social determinants of health such as food insecurity to improve diet quality and health in ECE provider population.

Food Insecurity among Low-Income Households with Children Participating in a School-Based Fruit and Vegetable Co-Op.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a nutrition intervention on food insecurity among low-income households with children. Data were collected from 371 parent−child dyads in a quasi-experimental evaluation study of a 1-year intervention (n = 6 intervention schools receiving Brighter Bites, n = 6 wait-list control schools), and longitudinal follow-up of the intervention group 2 years post-intervention in Houston, Texas. Data were collected at three timepoints: at baseline and 1 year for all participants, and at 2 year follow-up for the intervention group (the wait-list control group received the intervention during that time). At baseline, most parents reported food insecurity (60.6%; 70% intervention group, 53.6% control). Food insecurity decreased significantly from 81.3% to 61.7% [(−0.32, −0.07) p = 0.002] among intervention participants immediately post-intervention. After adjusting for ethnicity, 2 years post-intervention the predicted percentage of participants reporting food insecurity decreased significantly by roughly 35.4% from 76.4% at baseline to 41.0% [(−0.49, −0.22), p < 0.001]. Between-group changes were not significant. The re-sults of this study demonstrated a significant positive impact of Brighter Bites on food security in the short and long-term among low-income households with children, albeit results should be in-terpreted with caution.

Fruit and Vegetable Shopping Behavior and Intake among Low-Income Minority Households with Elementary-Aged Children.

Low-income children and families do not meet the recommendations for fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. This study aimed to assess the association between FV shopping behavior and child FV intake through a cross-sectional study design analyzing self-reported surveys (n = 6074) from adult-child dyads of Hispanic/Latino and African American participants enrolled in the Brighter Bites co-op program. Through quantitative mixed effects linear regression models, accounting for school-level clustering and adjusting for covariates, child FV intake was positively associated with shopping for FV at large chain grocery stores (p < 0.001), natural/organic supermarkets (p < 0.001), warehouse club stores (p = 0.002), discount superstores (p < 0.001), small local stores/corner stores (p = 0.038), convenience stores (p = 0.022), ethnic markets (p = 0.002), farmers' markets/co-op/school farm stands (p < 0.001), and gardens (p = 0.009) among Hispanic/Latinos participants. Among African American participants, there was significant positive association between child FV intake and shopping for FV at natural/organic supermarkets (p < 0.001), discount superstores (p = 0.005), and convenience stores (p = 0.031). The relationship between location and frequency of shopping for FV and child FV intake varied between races. Further research is needed to better understand the influence of cultural and physical environmental factors. Nutrition education programs are vital to encouraging families to make healthier food choices and purchases to improve child FV consumption.

A Cross-Sectional Study Analyzing Predictors of Perceived Stress Among Elementary School Teachers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Teaching is a stressful occupation due to high-stake job demands and limited resources, which were exacerbated during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study assessed the prevalence of perceived stress and explored its predictors among elementary school teachers employed at schools serving predominantly low-income populations in five cities in the United States. METHOD: Our study analyzed the data among selected schools that were collected through the Brighter Bites teacher survey which comprised items measuring sociodemographic characteristics, perceived stress, perceived general health, food insecurity, and concerns regarding social determinants of health needs. The predictors of perceived stress were examined using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) with schools as the random variable. FINDINGS: A total of 685 teachers were included in the analysis (84.9% female, 38.1% Hispanic, 57.6% <5 years of teaching experience). Most (85.4%) of the teachers stated they were stressed "sometimes"/"often." Results from adjusted GLMM showed that teachers who were food insecure (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.33, confidence interval [CI]: [1.63, 3.35]), those who had concerns regarding financial stability (2.68 [1.91, 3.75]), food availability (1.69 [1.15, 2.48]), food affordability (2.27 [1.57, 3.28]), availability/affordability of housing (2.21 [1.33, 3.67]), access to childcare (1.76 [1.06, 2.92]), and access to a clinic/doctor (1.60 [1.10, 2.33]) were at significantly greater odds of reporting perceived stress. CONCLUSION/APPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: Our study demonstrates the heightened impact of COVID-19 on the mental well-being of teachers across a wide range of social needs. Stress management and additional social service programs are suggested to support teachers to mitigate pandemic impact.

Design for a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of the CATCH Healthy Smiles school-based oral health promotion intervention among elementary school children.

Background: The top two oral diseases (tooth decay and gum disease) are preventable, yet dental caries is the most common childhood disease with 68% of children entering kindergarten having tooth decay. CATCH Healthy Smiles is a coordinated school health program to prevent cavities for students in kindergarten, 1st, and 2nd grade, and is based on the framework of Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH), an evidence-based coordinated school health program. CATCH has undergone several cluster-randomized controlled trials (CRCT) demonstrating sustainable long-term effectiveness in incorporating the factors surrounding children, in improving eating and physical activity behaviors, and reductions in obesity prevalence among low-income, ethnically diverse children. The aim of this paper is to describe the design of the CATCH Healthy Smiles CRCT to determine the effectiveness of an oral health school-based behavioral intervention in reducing incidence of dental caries among children. Methods: In this CRCT, 30 schools serving low-income, ethnically-diverse children in greater Houston area are recruited and randomized into intervention and comparison groups. From which, 1020 kindergarten children (n = 510 children from 15 schools for each group) will be recruited and followed through 2nd grade. The intervention consists of four components (classroom curriculum, toothbrushing routine, family outreach, and schoolwide coordinated activities) will be implemented for three years in the intervention schools, whereas the control schools will be offered free trainings and materials to implement a sun safety curriculum in the meantime. Outcome evaluation will be conducted at four time points throughout the study period, each consists of three components: dental assessment, child anthropometric measures, and parent survey. The dental assessment will use International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) to measures the primary outcome of this study: incidence of dental caries in primary teeth as measured at the tooth surface level (dfs). The parent self-report survey measures secondary outcomes of this study, such as oral health related behavioral and psychosocial factors. A modified crude caries increment (mCCI) will be used to calculate the primary outcome of the CATCH Healthy Smiles CRCT, and a two-tailed test of the null hypothesis will be conducted to evaluate the intervention effect, while considering between- and within-cluster variances through computing the weighted-average of the mCCI ratios by cluster. Conclusion: If found to be effective, a platform for scalability, sustainability and dissemination of CATCH already exists, and opens a new line of research in school oral health. Clinical trials identifier: At ClinicalTrials.gov - NCT04632667.

Development and Feasibility Testing of CATCH Healthy Smiles, an Oral Health Promotion Intervention for Prevention of Dental Caries Among Elementary School Children.

BACKGROUND: We present results of the development and feasibility testing of CATCH Healthy Smiles, a school-based oral health program, among children in grades K-2 in Houston, Texas. METHODS: Study design was cross-sectional (N = 2 schools; N = 125 parent-child dyads; 31 kindergarteners, 42 first graders, and 52 second graders). CATCH Healthy Smiles program was implemented by trained school teachers in the 2016-2017 school year. Trained dentists conducted dental assessments to measure dental caries increment score (d3mfs). Parent-reported 24-hour dietary recalls and surveys assessed child and parent behavioral, environmental, and psychosocial factors. Logistic regression analysis assessed factors associated with caries experience adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: Of the 113 children with complete dental assessments, 54% children in grade K, 62% in first grade, and 73% in second grade had caries experience. Children with caries experience had a higher body weight (AdjOR = 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.29), were less likely to be girls (AdjOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05-0.82), had greater odds of difficulty drinking hot or cold beverages because of dental problems (AdjOR = 13.13, 95% CI: 1.09-275.14), greater frequency of consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (AdjOR = 11.53, 95% CI: 2.10-87.19), greater odds of receiving government assistance (AdjOR = 14.62, 95% CI: 2.74-119.81), and lower odds of seeing a dental provider (AdjOR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02-0.45). Process evaluation showed that 100% of the CATCH Healthy Smiles lessons and activities were taught in the two schools with a high degree of program fidelity and acceptability across the schools, children, and parents. CONCLUSIONS: These data will be used to conduct a subsequent fully powered cluster randomized controlled trial.

Innovative Partnerships to Address Food Insecurity during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Brighter Bites Produce Voucher Program.

The purpose of this communication is to describe the Brighter Bites produce voucher program, and its implementation and utilization across Brighter Bites families in four cities in the U.S., during the COVID-19 pandemic. The voucher program was implemented over nine weeks starting April 2020, with up to four USD 25 store-specific produce coupons sent bi-weekly to the homes of each participating Brighter Bites family (USD 100 total/family). Measures included type of produce purchased, amount of voucher that was used, number of vouchers distributed and redeemed by families, and a post-program participant satisfaction survey. Descriptive statistics, including count, frequency, and percent, were computed, both overall and stratified by city. During this time, Brighter Bites distributed a total of over 43,982 vouchers to 12,482 low-income families, with a redemption rate of 60% (at least one voucher redeemed) across all cities. During times of crisis, non-profit-for-profit partnerships, such as the one between Brighter Bites and the grocery retail industry, are feasible, and successful in providing produce to families in need.

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Nutrition and Dietary Intervention for Early Care and Education Providers.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary impact of the Create Healthy Futures program, a self-paced, 6-lesson, web-based intervention on promoting healthy eating for Early Care and Education (ECE) providers, using a group-randomized controlled trial design with 3 repeated measurements. METHODS: Nine ECE facilities in Ohio were recruited and randomly assigned to intervention (N = 4) and comparison (N = 5). The 111 participants are mostly female (97.3%), college graduated (59.5%), and overweight or obese (75.2%). Nutrition-related psychosocial and environmental factors and individual behaviors were assessed at baseline, post-test, and 3-month follow-up. We used mixed model analyses to compare changes between time points, controlling for ethnicity, age, and center effect, and calculated effect size to assess the magnitude of change. RESULTS: We observed significant between-group changes in improving nutrition knowledge (p = .003), increasing perceived support for staff wellness (p = .038), and reducing perceived barriers to eating fruits and vegetables (p = .004) and promoting nutrition in classrooms (p = .038), with small to medium effect sizes. The study demonstrated high feasibility with 94.1% enrollment rate, 87.5% intervention completion rate, and 83.8% retention rate. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study demonstrated high feasibility and acceptability of nutrition intervention programs using an online platform among ECE providers.