European Respiratory Society Statement on preschool wheezing disorders: updated definitions, knowledge gaps, and proposed future research directions.

Since the publication of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) Task Force reports on the management of preschool wheezing in 2008 and 2014, a large body of evidence has accumulated suggesting the clinical phenotypes that were proposed, episodic (viral) wheezing and multiple-trigger wheezing, do not relate to underlying airway pathology and may not help determine response to treatment. Specifically, using clinical phenotypes alone may no longer be appropriate, and new approaches that can be used to inform clinical care are needed for future research. This ERS Task Force reviewed the literature published after 2008 related to preschool wheezing and has suggested the criteria used to define wheezing disorders in preschool children should include age of diagnosis (0 to <6 years), confirmation of wheezing on at least one occasion, and more than one episode of wheezing ever.Furthermore, diagnosis and management may be improved by identifying treatable traits, including inflammatory biomarkers (blood eosinophils, aeroallergen sensitisation) associated with type-2 immunity and differential response to inhaled corticosteroids, lung function parameters, and airway infection. However, more comprehensive use of biomarkers/treatable traits in predicting the response to treatment requires prospective validation. There is evidence that specific genetic traits may help guide management, but these must be adequately tested. In addition, the Task Force identified an absence of caregiver-reported outcomes, caregiver/self-management options, and features that should prompt specialist referral for this age group. Priorities for future research include a focus on identifying i) mechanisms driving preschool wheezing, ii) biomarkers of treatable traits and efficacy of interventions in those without allergic sensitisation/eosinophilia, iii) the need to include both objective outcomes and caregiver-reported outcomes in clinical trials, iv) the need for a suitable action plan for children with preschool wheezing and v) a definition of severe/difficult-to-treat preschool wheezing.

Applying dissemination and implementation research methods to translate a school-based asthma program.

Our school-based asthma program has reduced asthma exacerbations for youth with health disparities in the Denver metropolitan area, due partly to addressing social determinants of health, such as access to health care and medications. Dissemination and implementation (D&I) science approaches accelerate the translation of evidence-based programs into routine practice. D&I methods are being applied more commonly to improve health equity. The purpose of this publication was to give an overview of D&I research methods, using our school-based asthma program as an example. To successfully scale out our program across the state of Colorado, we are applying a D&I framework that guides the adaptation of our existing implementation approach to better meet our stakeholders' local context-the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment framework. In a pragmatic trial design, we will evaluate the outcomes of implementing the program across 5 Colorado regions, with attention to health equity, using a second commonly used D&I framework-Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance. Our central hypothesis is that our program will have broad and equitable reach to eligible students (primary outcome) and will reduce asthma attacks and symptoms. This D&I approach accelerates dissemination of our program and is an applicable process for translating other effective allergy/asthma programs to address asthma and allergy-related disparities.

Ensuring Access to Albuterol in Schools: From Policy to Implementation. An Official ATS/AANMA/ALA/NASN Policy Statement.

Rationale: For children with asthma, access to quick-relief medications is critical to minimizing morbidity and mortality. An innovative and practical approach to ensure access at school is to maintain a supply of stock albuterol that can be used by any student who experiences respiratory distress. To make this possible, state laws allowing for stock albuterol are needed to improve medication access.Objectives: To provide policy recommendations and outline steps for passing and implementing stock albuterol laws.Methods: We assembled a diverse stakeholder group and reviewed guidelines, literature, statutes, regulations, and implementation documents related to school-based medication access. Stakeholders were divided into two groups-legislation and implementation-on the basis of expertise. Each group met virtually to review documents and draft recommendations. Recommendations were compiled and revised in iterative remote meetings with all stakeholders.Main Results: We offer several recommendations for crafting state legislation and facilitating program implementation. 1) Create a coalition of stakeholders to champion legislation and implement stock albuterol programs. The coalition should include school administrators, school nurses and health personnel, parents, or caregivers of children with asthma, pediatric primary care and subspecialty providers (e.g., pulmonologists/allergists), pharmacists, health department staff, and local/regional/national advocacy organizations. 2) Legislative components critical for effective implementation of stock albuterol programs include specifying that medication can be administered in good faith to any child in respiratory distress, establishing training requirements for school staff, providing immunity from civil liability for staff and prescribers, ensuring pharmacy laws allow prescriptions to be dispensed to schools, and suggesting inhalers with valved holding chambers/spacers for administration. 3) Select an experienced and committed legislator to sponsor legislation and guide revisions as needed during passage and implementation. This person should be from the majority party and serve on the legislature's health or education committee. 4) Develop plans to disseminate legislation and regulations/policies to affected groups, including school administrators, school nurses, pharmacists, emergency responders, and primary/subspecialty clinicians. Periodically evaluate implementation effectiveness and need for adjustments.Conclusions: Stock albuterol in schools is a safe, practical, and potentially life-saving option for children with asthma, whether asthma is diagnosed or undiagnosed, who lack access to their personal quick-relief medication. Legislation is imperative for aiding in the adoption and implementation of school stock albuterol policies, and key policy inclusions can lay the groundwork for success. Future work should focus on passing legislation in all states, implementing policy in schools, and evaluating the impact of such programs on academic and health outcomes.

Building Bridges for Asthma Care: Reducing school absence for inner-city children with health disparities.

BACKGROUND: Children with asthma are at increased risk for experiencing health and educational disparities because of increased school absence. School nurses are well positioned to support asthma management and improve school attendance. OBJECTIVE: We sought to implement and assess the effect of the Building Bridges for Asthma Care Program on improving school attendance and measures of asthma control. METHODS: Children with asthma (age, 5-14 years) in the Denver Public School System (n = 240) and the Hartford Public School System (n = 223) were enrolled in the Building Bridges Program during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 school years and followed until the end of the second school year. The primary outcome was school absence, with secondary outcomes, including asthma control, measured based on Childhood Asthma Control Test or the Asthma Control Test scores and rescue inhaler use. RESULTS: Participants experienced a 22% absolute decrease in school absenteeism, the number of children with an Asthma Control Test/Childhood Asthma Control Test score of less than the control threshold of 20 decreased from 42.7% to 28.8%, and bronchodilator use greater than 2 times per week decreased from 35.8% to 22.9% (all changes were significant, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Children enrolled in the Building Bridges for Asthma Care Program experienced reduced school absence and improved asthma control.

Building Bridges for Asthma Care Program: A School-Centered Program Connecting Schools, Families, and Community Health-Care Providers.

Asthma imposes tremendous burden on children, families, and society. Successful management requires coordinated care among children, families, health providers, and schools. Building Bridges for Asthma Care Program, a school-centered program to coordinate care for successful asthma management, was developed, implemented, and evaluated. The program consists of five steps: (1) identify students with asthma; (2) assess asthma risk/control; (3) engage the family and student at risk; (4) provide case management and care coordination, including engagement of health-care providers; and (5) prepare for next school year. Implementation occurred in 28 schools from two large urban school districts in Colorado and Connecticut. Significant improvements were noted in the proportions of students with completed School Asthma Care Plans, a quick-relief inhaler at school, Home Asthma Action/Treatment Plans and inhaler technique (p < .01 for all variables). Building Bridges for Asthma Care was successfully implemented extending asthma care to at-risk children with asthma through engagement of schools, health providers, and families.

Competency-Based Framework and Continuing Education for Preparing a Skilled School Health Workforce for Asthma Care: The Colorado Experience.

School health teams commonly address the needs of students with asthma, which requires specific knowledge and skills. To develop a skilled school health team, a competency-based framework for managing asthma in schools was developed. A modified Delphi with 31 panelists was completed. Consensus (≥80% agreement) was reached for all 148 items regarding the appropriateness as a minimum competency for asthma care in schools. The resultant Colorado Competency Framework for Asthma Care in Schools guided the development and pilot testing of a continuing education curriculum for school nurses. Pre- and postassessments demonstrated significant improvements in knowledge and self-confidence related to asthma care in schools and inhaler technique skills. This work is the first to use a consensus process to identify a framework of minimum competencies for providing asthma care in schools. This framework informed a continuing education curriculum that resulted in improved knowledge, confidence, and skills for school nurses.

Leveraging Partnerships: Families, Schools, and Providers Working Together to Improve Asthma Management.

Asthma is one of the most common illnesses of school-aged children and can lead to both health and educational disparities. Children from low socioeconomic backgrounds and racial/ethnic minorities suffer the greatest impact. They often lack the asthma self-management skills to successfully monitor, navigate, and negotiate appropriate asthma care. School settings are a strategic point of contact for this additional support. School nurses can monitor for signs of asthma worsening, manage symptoms, provide care coordination, and reinforce self-management skills. Likewise, school-based asthma programs have the potential to reduce health and educational disparities, but it is the strong linkage to the asthma care provider that is critical to successful school-based asthma management. Healthcare providers are encouraged to establish partnerships with families through patient-centered care and schools through clear communication and care coordination to ensure asthma is well controlled so the child is in school and ready to learn.

Low awareness of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among patients at high metabolic risk.

GOALS: To assess awareness of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a disease entity among individuals with and without metabolic risk factors in an outpatient clinical setting, and to evaluate interest in patient-centered education on NAFLD. BACKGROUND: NAFLD is the most common chronic liver disease in the United States with up to 30% of the adult population affected. Individuals with metabolic risk factors, particularly, insulin resistance, diabetes, and overweight/obesity, have a high prevalence of NAFLD estimated up to 70%, yet little is known about the understanding and perceptions of NAFLD in these high-risk patients. STUDY: A self-administered paper questionnaire was given to 368 adult patients presenting to an outpatient endocrinology clinic from February 2012 to October 2012. RESULTS: A total of 302 surveys were completed for a response rate of 82%. Overall, 18% of all respondents reported awareness of NAFLD. Even among patients with self-reported major risk factors for NAFLD (overweight/obese, insulin resistant, or both overweight/obese and insulin resistant), the rates of awareness of NAFLD were low (19%, 23%, and 24%, respectively). A majority of survey respondents expressed interest in receiving patient-centered education on NAFLD (73%). CONCLUSIONS: Among high metabolic risk individuals there is low awareness of NAFLD. The majority of those surveyed expressed interest in learning about NAFLD. These findings suggest opportunities to raise public awareness of NAFLD, particularly among patients at high metabolic risk, and to provide education to high-risk individuals with the goal of implementing early prevention strategies and optimizing care.

Establishing school-centered asthma programs.

Asthma is a common chronic childhood disease associated with significant morbidity and high rates of school absenteeism, along with excessive costs for the patient and society. Asthma is a leading cause of school absenteeism, but this absenteeism is not equally distributed among those with asthma. Second to their home, school-aged children spend the largest portion of their wakeful hours at school. Opportunities exist to partner with schools to reach most children with asthma and those at the highest risk for asthma burden and in need of assistance. Asthma management at schools is important for pediatric pulmonologists and allergists, primary care providers, and the whole interdisciplinary team working alongside them to provide quality asthma care. The variability of asthma care services and programs provided in schools should prompt clinicians to understand their own school system and to advocate for appropriate services. Models of asthma care that place schools at the center or core of the model and coordinate evidence-based asthma care are applicable nationwide and might serve as a model for managing other chronic illnesses.

Outcomes of a Career Development Award (Pre-K) Mock Review Program for Postdoctoral Fellows and Early-Career Faculty.

PURPOSE: Securing research funding for early-career investigators remains challenging. The authors present the results of a presubmission career development award (Pre-K) review program for postdoctoral fellows and early-career faculty. METHOD: The Pre-K program is designed to help mentored postdoctoral fellows and early-career faculty write successful career development awards by assigning expert reviewers to score each application and provide written and oral critiques before a mock study section. Applicants and mentors attend the review and can ask questions directly to reviewers about their application. Quarterly, annual, and alumni surveys are sent to applicants who participated in the Pre-K program to assess satisfaction, confirm grant submission and status (i.e., funded and unfunded), and understand the long-term career impact of the program. RESULTS: A total of 212 applicants (136 [64%] female; 19 [9%] from underrepresented in medicine groups) participated in the program between 2014 and 2021. Outcome data from 194 grants were available. Among these grants, 71 were awarded (37% success rate). Among underrepresented in medicine applicants, 7 of 18 submitted grants were funded (39% success rate). Of 183 Pre-K participants sent the alumni survey, 123 (67%) responded. Academic degrees included 64 PhDs (52%), 46 MDs (37%), and 14 MDs/PhDs (11%). One hundred nine respondents (90%) were employed in an academic institution, and 106 (86%) devoted more than 50% of their time to research. One hundred twelve (91%) reported receipt of an award (87 [78%] federal and 59 [53%] intramural funding), the most common being National Institutes of Health K/Career Development Awards. Pre-K was rated as very useful to their careers by 102 respondents (83%). CONCLUSIONS: A Pre-K mock review program can assist early-career investigators in securing funding and launching their research career. Continued investment in the next generation of clinical and translational researchers should remain an institutional priority.

Retrospective Review of Directional Atherectomy and Drug-Coated Balloon Use in a PAD Safety-Net Population.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, particularly once patients develop critical limb threatening ischemia (CLTI). Minorities and vulnerable populations often present with CLTI and experience worse outcomes. The use of directional atherectomy (DA) and drug-coated balloon (DCB) during lower-extremity revascularization (LER) has not been previously described in a safety-net population. OBJECTIVE: To review demographic and clinical characteristics, and short- intermediate term outcomes of patients presenting to a safety-net hospital with PAD treated with DA and DCB during LER. METHODS: In this retrospective, observational cohort study, chart review was performed of all patients who underwent DA and DCB during LER for PAD from April 2016 to January 2020 in a safety-net hospital. RESULTS: The analysis included 58 patients, with 41% female, 24% Black/African American, and 31% Hispanic. From this group, 17% spoke a non-English primary language and 10% reported current or previous housing insecurity. Most (65%) presented with CLTI and had undergone a previous index leg LER (58%). The combination of DA and DCB was efficacious, resulting in low rates of bail-out stenting (16%) and target-vessel revascularization (26%) at 2 years. Low complication rates (tibial embolism in 12% and vessel perforation in 2% of cases) were also observed. Most patients (67%) with Rutherford category 5 experienced wound healing by 2 years. CONCLUSION: In this safety-net population, the majority presented with CLTI and a previous LER of the index leg. The combination of DA and DCB resulted in low complication rates, and good short-intermediate outcomes in this frequently undertreated population.

Understanding Core Community Needs for School-Based Asthma Programming: A Qualitative Assessment in Colorado Communities.

Objectives: Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions affecting approximately 8.5% of children in Colorado. Our school-based asthma program (SBAP) has effectively improved asthma control and reduced asthma disparities among children but has been largely limited to the Denver area. We interviewed community stakeholders in 5 regions of Colorado to understand community needs for broader dissemination of SBAPs. Methods: In-depth, semistructured key informant interviews were conducted with school nurses, parents, pediatric healthcare providers, public health professionals, and community resource organization representatives. Inductive and deductive analyses were informed by the practical, robust, implementation, and sustainability model, an implementation science framework. Results: Participants (n=52) identified 6 types of needs for successful future implementation of our SBAP: (1) buy-in from stakeholders; (2) asthma prioritization; (3) improved relationships, communication, and coordination among school nurses, healthcare providers, and community organizations that address social determinants of health (SDOH) and children/families; (4) resources to address healthcare and SDOH needs and awareness of existing resources; (5) asthma education for children/families, school staff, and community members; and (6) improved coordination for School Asthma Care Plan completion. These needs mapped to a 3-tiered, progressive structure of foundational, relational, and functional needs for implementation success. Conclusion: These 6 types of needs illuminate factors that will allow this SBAP to work well and program delivery approaches and implementation strategies that may need modification to be successful. Next steps should include tailoring implementation strategies to variations in local context to support fit, effectiveness, and sustainment.

Developing a Social Determinants of Health Needs Assessment for Colorado Kids (SNACK) Tool for a School-Based Asthma Program: Findings from a Pilot Study.

Background: School-based asthma programs effectively address poorly controlled asthma and asthma disparities, especially when coupled with screening for and addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) needs. Existing screening tools are tailored to clinical settings; therefore, we sought to develop a community-based SDOH screening tool. Design/Methods: We used a four-phase iterative design process to develop and pilot a community-based screening tool. We used a modified Delphi process to identify screening tool domains, identified validated items for inclusion, and developed an appropriate tool layout for populations with limited health/general literacy. Community advisory boards reviewed and refined a draft tool. Next, we conducted a qualitative pilot test of acceptability to parents and feasibility for staff in a community health center. Results: Six domains are included in our SDOH screening tool: health care access, transportation, food insecurity, public benefits, housing, and utilities. In the pilot test, 41 screenings were completed, and 36 parents (16.7% Spanish speaking) provided feedback. Most families understood the purpose of the screening; felt that the questions were clear, appropriate, and quick to complete; and liked the pictures. The clinic's care coordinator expressed a preference for the pilot tool compared to their existing screening tool and recommended improvements to encourage honest reporting by patients. Conclusion: This community-based screening tool addresses key SDOH needs that impact asthma and is acceptable to families. The next steps are to implement the tool in school-based asthma programs to support improvements in asthma outcomes and disparities by identifying and addressing families' unmet SDOH needs.

Support needs and preferences of young adolescents with asthma and allergies: "just no one really seems to understand".

The objectives of this study were to identify support needs, support resources, and support barriers for young adolescents with asthma and allergies and to describe preferences for an accessible support intervention. Adolescents (N = 57) completed a survey questionnaire. Eight young adolescents, 10 parents, and 5 older adolescents participated in separate group interviews. Young adolescents' challenges included transition to self-care, balancing restrictions with safety, social isolation, and loneliness. Young teens recommended supportive networks facilitated by older adolescent peers and wanted to meet with other young adolescents living with asthma and allergies online and share information, advice, and encouragement with them.

Impact of online support for youth with asthma and allergies: pilot study.

Youth with asthma and allergies often feel isolated and different from their peers. The objective of this study was to test the impact of online social support for these youth. Three months of support was provided using weekly synchronous chat sessions. Online sessions were facilitated by trained peer mentors (older youth with asthma and/or allergies) and health professionals. Youth could also e-mail one another between chat sessions and post messages on an electronic community bulletin board. Twenty-eight adolescents across Canada participated. Social isolation and loneliness were significantly reduced. Youth reported gaining confidence and a sense of normality.

Management of anaphylaxis in schools: Evaluation of an epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen®) use by school personnel and comparison of two approaches of soliciting participation.

BACKGROUND: There has been no large study characterizing selection bias in allergy and evaluating school personnel's ability to use an epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen®). Our objective was to determine if the consent process introduces selection bias by comparing 2 methods of soliciting participation of school personnel in a study evaluating their ability to demonstrate the EpiPen®. METHODS: School personnel from randomly selected schools in Quebec were approached using a 1) partial or 2) full disclosure approach and were assessed on their ability to use the EpiPen® and identify anaphylaxis. RESULTS: 343 school personnel participated. In the full disclosure group, the participation rate was lower: 21.9% (95%CI, 19.0%-25.2%) versus 40.7% (95%CI, 36.1%-45.3%), but more participants achieved a perfect score: 26.3% (95%CI, 19.6%-33.9%) versus 15.8% (95%CI, 10.8%-21.8%), and identified 3 signs of anaphylaxis: 71.8% (95%CI, 64.0%-78.7%) versus 55.6% (95%CI, 48.2%-62.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Selection bias is suspected as school personnel who were fully informed of the purpose of the assessment were less likely to participate; those who participated among the fully informed were more likely to earn perfect scores and identify anaphylaxis. As the process of consent can influence participation and bias outcomes, researchers and Ethics Boards need to consider conditions under which studies can proceed without full consent. Despite training, school personnel perform poorly when asked to demonstrate the EpiPen®.

The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Disparities Elimination through Coordinated Interventions to Prevent and Control Heart and Lung Disease Alliance.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) sponsored Disparities Elimination through Coordinated Interventions to Prevent and Control Heart and Lung Disease (DECIPHeR) Alliance to support late-stage implementation research aimed at reducing disparities in communities with high burdens of cardiovascular and/or pulmonary disease. STUDY SETTING: NHBLI funded seven DECIPHeR studies and a Coordinating Center. Projects target high-risk diverse populations including racial and ethnic minorities, urban, rural, and low-income communities, disadvantaged children, and persons with serious mental illness. Two projects address multiple cardiovascular risk factors, three focus on hypertension, one on tobacco use, and one on pediatric asthma. STUDY DESIGN: The initial phase supports planning activities for sustainable uptake of evidence-based interventions in targeted communities. The second phase tests late-stage evidence-based implementation strategies. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Not applicable. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We provide an overview of the DECIPHeR Alliance and individual study designs, populations, and settings, implementation strategies, interventions, and outcomes. We describe the Alliance's organizational structure, designed to promote cross-center partnership and collaboration. CONCLUSIONS: The DECIPHeR Alliance represents an ambitious national effort to develop sustainable implementation of interventions to achieve cardiovascular and pulmonary health equity.

Illustrating risk: anaphylaxis through the eyes of the food-allergic child.

The risk perception research is widely focused on children as targets of risk. To date, very few studies have consulted with the impacted group to assess the perceptions of risk associated with the exposures of interest. Much less research has investigated the experiences of children at risk for anaphylaxis, their concerns, and the psychosocial stresses associated with risk. The present study explores the perceptions and experiences of Ontario students with anaphylaxis, and their parents regarding school as a safe place in order to inform school policy around risk management and coping. A "child-centered" analytical framework incorporating illustrative techniques within interpretative analysis is outlined. Five prominent themes: (a) social and environmental barriers to safety, (b) coping strategies, (c) emotional burden of responsibility, (d) balance of responsibility (transitions), and (e) redefining "normal" are discussed. Results found that "child-centered" techniques empowered children in a process that is meaningful and relevant to their lives. A preliminary framework for understanding what risk means to children highlighted the differences in how they cope in the public sphere of school.

Exploring the supportiveness and preparedness of child care settings for children with asthma: a needs assessment.

BACKGROUND: The role of child care centers has increased to extreme importance as the majority of young children are in some form of child care setting. Child care centers are increasingly faced with providing health-related care to children with asthma. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine child care workers' perceived knowledge and confidence and their perceptions of their child care setting's preparedness to handle asthma-related issues. Methods. The study used a cross-sectional postal survey design that followed a modified Dillman's protocol. Questionnaires were sent to staff in 235 randomly selected child care centers across four Ontario public health regions. The questionnaire assessed several asthma-related areas: identifying and caring for children with asthma, emergency plans for asthma, and confidence in ability to handle asthma-related issues. RESULTS: A total of 489 (69% overall response rate) questionnaires were returned and 180 centers (76.6%) of the 235 child care centers participated. Most child care workers (67%) cared for a child with asthma, but only 21% ever received formal training on caring for a child with asthma. When asked about having an emergency plan for a child having an asthma flare-up/attack, 52.3% of the workers reported that their center lacked such a plan or they were unaware of it. Many (45%) reported feeling uncertain about how to manage worsening asthma. The area of trigger identification and management was also an issue regarding child center preparedness: 43.6% of centers had a plan or process and 48% of staff felt uncertain of their abilities in this area. Child care workers who reported receiving formalized training were more likely to have higher confidence scores in their ability to handle asthma-related issues compared with those who did not receive training in many areas. CONCLUSIONS: Gaps in asthma care preparedness exist within the child care system. The provision of formalized learning opportunities is one strategy that could narrow these gaps.

How much do health care providers value a community-based asthma care program? A survey to collect their opinions on the utilities of and barriers to its uptake.

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive asthma care program (ACP) based on Canadian Asthma Consensus Guidelines was implemented in 8 primary care sites in Ontario, Canada. A survey was distributed to health care providers' (HCPs) to collect their opinions on the utilities of and barriers to the uptake of the ACP. METHODS: A 39-item self-administered survey was mailed to 184 HCPs and support staff involved in delivering the ACP at the end of implementation. The items were presented in mixed formats with most items requiring responses on a five-point Likert scale. Distributions of responses were analyzed and compared across types of HCPs and sites. RESULTS: Of the 184 surveys distributed, 108 (59%) were returned, and of that, 83 were completed by HCPs who had clinical contact with the patients. Overall, 95% of the HCPs considered the ACP useful for improving asthma care management. Most HCPs favored using the asthma care map (72%), believed it decreased uncertainties and variations in patient management (91%), and considered it a convenient and reliable source of information (86%). The most commonly reported barrier was time required to complete the asthma care map. Over half of the HCPs reported challenges to using spirometry, while almost 40% identified barriers to using the asthma action plan. CONCLUSION: Contrary to the notion that physicians believe that guidelines foster cookbook medicine, our study showed that HCPs believed that the ACP offered an effective and reliable approach for enhancing asthma care and management in primary care.