The immune epitope database (IEDB) 3.0.

The IEDB, www.iedb.org, contains information on immune epitopes--the molecular targets of adaptive immune responses--curated from the published literature and submitted by National Institutes of Health funded epitope discovery efforts. From 2004 to 2012 the IEDB curation of journal articles published since 1960 has caught up to the present day, with >95% of relevant published literature manually curated amounting to more than 15,000 journal articles and more than 704,000 experiments to date. The revised curation target since 2012 has been to make recent research findings quickly available in the IEDB and thereby ensure that it continues to be an up-to-date resource. Having gathered a comprehensive dataset in the IEDB, a complete redesign of the query and reporting interface has been performed in the IEDB 3.0 release to improve how end users can access this information in an intuitive and biologically accurate manner. We here present this most recent release of the IEDB and describe the user testing procedures as well as the use of external ontologies that have enabled it.

A novel method for evaluating the particle distributional behavior of a spray-dried technical concentrate and a water-dispersible granule formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis in an aqueous column.

A novel method for evaluating the particle behavior of a spray-dried technical concentrate and a water-dispersible granule (WDG) formulation of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in an aqueous column was established. The objective was to determine the distributional behavior (minus any extraneous environmental factors) of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis within a water column over time. Studies showed a fairly even distribution of particles over a 16-h period for the technical concentrate and WDG formulation. The particle behavior of the WDG formulation also showed homogeneous distribution of particles at 64 and 128 h. The results demonstrated that Brownian motion plays a significant role in the particle distributional behavior of this entomopathogen.

Particle distributional behavior of a spray-dried technical concentrate and a water-dispersible granule formulation of Bacillus sphaericus in an aqueous column.

Bacillus sphaericus is a bacterium that is specifically pathogenic to mosquitoes. The current study investigated the particle behavior of a spray-dried technical concentrate and a water-dispersible granule (WDG) formulation of B. sphaericus in an aqueous column. The objective was to determine the distributional behavior (minus any extraneous environmental factors) of B. sphaericus within a water column over time. Studies showed a homogenous distribution of particles over a 16-h period for the technical concentrate and WDG. The particle behavior of the WDG formulation also showed homogenous distribution of particles at 64 and 128 h. These results show that declines in particle availability in the field may not be due to the bacterium itself or to the WDG formulation.

Femur fractures: complications & treatments of traumatic femoral shaft fractures.

Femoral shaft fractures can present many challenges to health-care providers from the time of injury to the time of discharge and beyond. Ongoing assessment and definitive interventions prove successful in limiting additional morbidity and mortality.