Short-term effects of gastric bypass versus sleeve gastrectomy on high LDL cholesterol: The BASALTO randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: There has been a substantial increase in the use of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) to treat morbid obesity despite observational evidence demonstrating the superiority of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The main aim was to ascertain whether high LDL cholesterol levels should be considered when selecting the most appropriate surgical procedure for each patient (RYGB or SG). METHODS: In this single-center, randomized clinical trial using intention-to-treat analysis, 38 patients with severe obesity and elevated levels of LDL cholesterol were randomly assigned to undergo RYGB or SG. The primary outcome was LDL cholesterol remission at 12 months, defined as LDL cholesterol < 3.36 nmol/l without lipid-lowering medications. Secondary outcomes included changes in weight, other comorbidities, qualitative lipoprotein traits, cholesterol esters, glycoproteins, cholesterol absorption and synthesis metabolites and complications. RESULTS: Intention-to-treat analysis revealed that LDL cholesterol remission occurred in 66.6% of RYGB patients compared to 27.8% of SG patients (p = 0.019). Among patients completing follow-up, RYGB demonstrated superior remission (80.0% vs. 29.4%, p = 0.005). Exclusive benefits of RYGB included a reduction in large, medium, and small LDL particles. Cholesterol absorption markers showed differential behavior after both techniques: campesterol (Δ -15.2 µg/mg, 95% CI -30.2 to -0.1) decreased after RYGB, and sitosterol (Δ 21.1 µg/mg, 95% CI 0.9 to 41.2), cholestanol (Δ 30.6 µg/mg, 95% CI 14.8 to 57.9) and campesterol (Δ 18.4 µg/mg, 95% CI 4.4 to 32.3) increased after SG. No differences in weight loss, cholesterol esters, glycoproteins, cholesterol synthesis metabolites or postoperative complications were observed between techniques. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, RYGB is superior to SG in terms of short-term of high LDL cholesterol remission. Furthermore, RYGB also led to a greater improvement in lipoprotein parameters that confer an atherogenic profile. Therefore, the presence of elevated levels of LDL cholesterol should be considered when determining the optimal bariatric surgery procedure for each patient. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov number, NCT03975478).

Acute-to-chronic glycemic ratio as an outcome predictor in ischemic stroke in patients with and without diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: Elevated plasma glucose levels are common in patients suffering acute ischemic stroke (AIS), and acute hyperglycemia has been defined as an independent determinant of adverse outcomes. The impact of acute-to-chronic glycemic ratio (ACR) has been analyzed in other diseases, but its impact on AIS prognosis remains unclear. The main aim of this study was to assess whether the ACR was associated with a 3-month poor prognosis in patients with AIS. RESEARCH, DESIGN AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients admitted for AIS in Hospital del Mar, Barcelona. To estimate the chronic glucose levels (CGL) we used the formula eCGL= [28.7xHbA1c (%)]-46.7. The ACR (glycemic at admission / eCGL) was calculated for all subjects. Tertile 1 was defined as: 0.28-0.92, tertile 2: 0.92-1.13 and tertile 3: > 1.13. Poor prognosis at 3 months after stroke was defined as mRS score 3-6. RESULTS: 2.774 subjects with AIS diagnosis were included. Age, presence of diabetes, previous disability (mRS), initial severity (NIHSS) and revascularization therapy were associated with poor prognosis (p values < 0.05). For each 0.1 increase in ACR, there was a 7% increase in the risk of presenting a poor outcome. The 3rd ACR tertile was independently associated with a poor prognosis and mortality. In the ROC curves, adding the ACR variable to the classical clinical model did not increase the prediction of AIS prognosis (0.786 vs. 0.781). CONCLUSIONS: ACR was positively associated with a poor prognosis and mortality at 3-months follow-up after AIS. Subjects included in the 3rd ACR tertile presented a higher risk of poor prognosis and mortality. Baseline glucose or ACR did not add predictive value in comparison to only using classical clinical variables.

Resilient Older Subjects with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Baseline Differences and Associated Factors.

Despite elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, some older subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) do not develop atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) during their lifetime. The factors related to this resilient state have not been fully established. The aim of this study was to evaluate differential characteristics between older HeFH subjects with and without ACVD and factors associated with the presence of ACVD. Subjects were part of the Spanish Atherosclerosis Society Dyslipidemia Registry, and those ≥ 70 years old and with HeFH were included. Baseline characteristics of these subjects with and without ACVD were compared. A multivariate analysis was performed to assess factors associated with the presence of ACVD. A total of 2148 subjects with HeFH were included. Resilient subjects were mostly female, younger and presented fewer comorbidities with respect to the ACVD group. Subjects without ACVD had higher baseline high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (55.8 ± 17.1 vs. 47.9 ± 15.4 mg/dL; p < 0.001) and lower lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] (53.4 ± 67.9 vs. 66.6 ± 85.6 mg/dL; p < 0.001) levels with respect to those in the ACVD group. Lp(a) and the presence of ≥3 risk factors were associated with the presence of ACVD.

LDL cholesterol as a causal agent of atherosclerosis. / El colesterol LDL como agente causal de la aterosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that begins in early childhood, and without intervention, progresses throughout life, and inevitably worsens over time, sometimes rapidly. LDL cholesterol, beyond being a cardiovascular risk factor, is a causal agent of atherosclerosis. Without LDL cholesterol there is no atherosclerosis, so the evolution of the disease is modifiable, and even reversible.

Effects of Preoperative Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter pylori on Bariatric Surgery Metabolic Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication with an omeprazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and metronidazole (OCAM) regimen on the metabolic profile and weight loss 12 months after bariatric surgery (BS). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with morbid obesity undergoing BS. HP presence was tested preoperatively by gastric biopsy and treated with OCAM when positive. Short-term metabolic outcomes and weight loss were evaluated. RESULTS: HP infection was detected in 75 (45.7%) of the 164 patients included. OCAM effectiveness was 90.1%. HP-negative patients had a greater reduction in glucose levels at 3 (-14.6 ± 27.5 mg/dL HP-treated vs -22.0 ± 37.1 mg/dL HP-negative, p=0.045) and 6 months (-13.7 ± 29.4 mg/dL HP-treated vs -26.4 ± 42.6 mg/dL HP-negative, p= 0.021) and greater total weight loss (%TWL) at 6 (28.7 ± 6.7% HP-treated vs 30.45 ± 6.48% HP-negative, p= 0.04) and 12 months (32.21 ± 8.11% HP-treated vs 35.14 ± 8.63% HP-negative, p= 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative treatment with OCAM has been associated to poorer glycemic and weight loss outcomes after BS. More research is needed on the influence of OCAM on gut microbiota, and in turn, the effect of the latter on metabolic and weight loss outcomes after BS.

Real-World Evidence of Off-Label Use of Commercially Automated Insulin Delivery Systems Compared to Multiple Daily Insulin Injections in Pregnancies Complicated by Type 1 Diabetes.

Aims: To compare glycemic control and maternal-fetal outcomes of women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using hybrid closed loop (HCL) versus multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) plus continuous glucose monitoring. Methods: Multicenter prospective cohort study of pregnant women with T1D in Spain. We evaluated HbA1c and time spent within (TIR), below (TBR), and above (TAR) the pregnancy-specific glucose range of 3.5-7.8 mmol/L. Adjusted models were performed for adverse pregnancy outcomes, including baseline maternal characteristics and center. Results: One hundred twelve women were included (HCL n = 59). Women in the HCL group had a longer duration of diabetes and higher rates of prepregnancy care. There was no between-group difference in HbA1c in any trimester. However, in the second trimester, MDI users had a greater decrease in HbA1c (-6.12 ± 9.06 vs. -2.16 ± 7.42 mmol/mol, P = 0.031). No difference in TIR (3.5-7.8 mmol/L) and TAR was observed between HCL and MDI users, but with a higher total insulin dose in the second trimester [+0.13 IU/kg·day)]. HCL therapy was associated with increased maternal weight gain during pregnancy (ßadjusted = 3.20 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90-5.50). Regarding neonatal outcomes, newborns of HCL users were more likely to have higher birthweight (ßadjusted = 279.0 g, 95% CI 39.5-518.5) and macrosomia (ORadjusted = 3.18, 95% CI 1.05-9.67) compared to MDI users. These associations disappeared when maternal weight gain or third trimester HbA1c was included in the models. Conclusions: In a real-world setting, HCL users gained more weight during pregnancy and had larger newborns than MDI users, while achieving similar glycemic control in terms of HbA1c and TIR.

Hitos históricos en el tratamiento hipolipemiante antes de la era de los inhibidores de la proproteina convertasa subtilisina/kexina tipo 9 / Historical milestones in lipid-lowering treatment before the era of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 inhibitors

Evidencia amplia y sólida respalda que el colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) es un factor causal de la ateroesclerosis. El uso de fármacos hipolipemiantes para reducir la carga aterogénica de las lipoproteínas que contienen la apoprotema B, principalmente las LDL, disminuye la tasa de progresion de la enfermedad ateromatosa e incluso puede revertirla si el tratamiento se inicia de manera precoz y agresiva. La presente revisión proporciona una perspectiva historica del desarrollo de los diferentes fármacos hipolipemiantes utilizados en la prevención cardiovascular, excluidos los inhibidores de la proproteina convertasa subtilisina/kexina 9, y resume los principales estudios clínicos prospectivos de intervención con cada uno de ellos para establecer los potenciales beneficios cardiovasculares en relación con su efecto reductor en las concentraciones de colesterol unido a LDL

There is extensive, strong evidence that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a causal factor for atherosclerosis. The use of lipid-lowering drugs to reduce the atherogenic load of lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B, mainly LDLs, slows the progression of atheromatous disease and could even reverse it if treatment is started early and aggressively. This review provides a historical perspective on the development of the various lipid-lowering drugs used for cardiovascular prevention, excluding proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, and summarizes the findings of the main prospective interventional clinical trials of individual agents in order to identify the potential cardiovascular benefits associated with their ability to reduce LDL-cholesterol concentrations

Colesterol LDL en un paso / LDL cholesterol in one step

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Tratamiento hipolipemiante en la prevención secundaria de la enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica / Lipid-lowering treatment in secondary prevention of ischaemic cerebrovascular disease

El accidente cerebrovascular es la segunda causa de mortalidad después del infarto de miocardio y la principal causa de discapacidad adquirida. Los pacientes con ictus isquémico tienen un elevado riesgo de posteriores episodios vasculares, incluyendo ictus recurrente, infarto de miocardio y muerte de causa vascular. Los primeros estudios epidemiológicos mostraron una relación débil o inexistente entre la colesterolemia y el ictus. Posteriormente, los estudios de intervención con estatinas revelaron una reducción del riesgo de recurrencia de episodios cerebrovasculares. El Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL), primer ensayo clínico diseñado para analizar los efectos de la terapia con estatinas en la prevención secundaria del ictus, demostró que el tratamiento con atorvastatina 80mg/día reducía la recurrencia de ictus en pacientes con un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico reciente establecido o transitorio, con un modesto aumento en la tasa de ictus hemorrágico. Estudios posteriores han recabado los beneficios de la terapia de estatinas, con ezetimiba o inhibidores de PCSK9 tanto en la prevención primaria como secundaria del accidente cerebrovascular isquémico. Dado que el 80% de los episodios cerebrovasculares recurrentes pueden prevenirse, hemos considerado de interés realizar una revisión narrativa de los beneficios de la terapia hipolipemiante en la prevención secundaria de la enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica

Stroke is the second cause of death after myocardial infarction, and the main cause of acquired disability. Patients with ischaemic stroke have a higher risk of future vascular events, including recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death by vascular cause. The initial epidemiological studies demonstrated a weak or non-existent relationship between cholesterolaemia and stroke. Subsequently, statin intervention trials showed a reduction in the risk of recurrence of cerebrovascular events. The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL), the first clinical trial designed to assess effects of statin therapy in secondary stroke prevention, highlighted the reduction of stroke recurrence with atorvastatin 80mg/daily in patients with a recent ischaemic established or transient stroke, with a modest increase in the rate of haemorrhagic stroke. Successive studies have also reported the benefits of statin therapy combined with ezetimibe or PCSK9 inhibitors in primary and secondary ischaemic stroke prevention. Since 80% of recurrent cerebrovascular events could be prevented, it is considered of interest to carry out a narrative review of the benefits of lipid-lowering therapy in the secondary prevention of ischaemic cerebrovascular disease

Arteriosclerosis e inflamación. Nuevos enfoques terapéuticos / Atherosclerosis and inflammation. New therapeutic approaches

El reconocimiento de la aterogénesis como un proceso dinámico en vez de un depósito pasivo de colesterol ha subrayado la existencia de mecanismos inflamatorios claves. Así, la respuesta inmune, tanto innata como adaptativa, desempeña un papel importante en el inicio y la progresión de la aterosclerosis. Más recientemente, algunos estudios clínicos han sido diseñados para abordar el impacto de las estrategias de intervención antiinflamatoria en la reducción del riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular más allá del control de los factores clásicos de riesgo. Por todo ello, revisamos en primer lugar la contribución fisiopatológica de la inflamación en la aterosclerosis y el efecto del tratamiento farmacológico hipolipidemiante en los marcadores de inflamación. A continuación, abordamos el efecto de los fármacos antiinflamatorios clásicos, de los tratamientos farmacológicos dirigidos a mediadores inflamatorios específicos y de las vacunas en la prevención cardiovascular

The recognition of atherogenesis as an active process rather than a passive cholesterol storage disease has underlined key inflammatory mechanisms. Hence, innate and adaptive immune responses play an important role in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. More recently, some clinical studies were designed to address the impact of anti-inflammatory intervention strategies in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease beyond the management of classic risk factors. Therefore, we review first the pathophysiological contribution of inflammation to atherosclerosis and the effect of lipid-lowering drugs on inflammatory biomarkers. Next, we address the effect of classic anti-inflammatory drugs, pharmacological therapies targeting specific inflammatory mediators and vaccines in cardiovascular prevention

Obesidad mórbida y dislipemia: impacto de la cirugía bariátrica / Morbid obesity and dyslipidaemia: The impact of bariatric surgery

La prevalencia de la obesidad ha aumentado de manera exponencial en las últimas décadas, convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública de primer orden. La dislipemia de la obesidad, caracterizada por niveles bajos de colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL), hipertrigliceridemia y partículas pequeñas y densas de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), es responsable en parte del elevado riesgo cardiovascular residual de esta situación clínica. Por otro lado, la cirugía bariátrica (CB) es el tratamiento más eficaz para la obesidad; con ella se obtiene una mayor pérdida ponderal que con el tratamiento médico convencional y favorece la mejoría o remisión de las comorbilidades asociadas. Las técnicas de CB más utilizadas en la actualidad son el bypass gástrico laparoscópico en Y de Roux (BGYRL) y la gastrectomía tubular laparoscópica (GTL). Estas han obtenido resultados similares tanto en cuanto a la pérdida de peso como a la remisión de ciertas comorbilidades como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 o la hipertensión arterial. Un rasgo diferencial entre ambas técnicas podría ser el diferente impacto sobre el perfil lipoproteico. Así, estudios previos con seguimiento a corto y a medio plazo han objetivado una superioridad del BGYRL frente a la GTL en la reducción del colesterol total y del colesterol LDL. Existen resultados discordantes en cuanto a la evolución del colesterol HDL y los triglicéridos. Por todo ello, hemos considerado de interés revisar los efectos de la CB a corto y a medio plazo en el perfil lipoproteico, así como las tasas de remisión de las diferentes alteraciones lipídicas y los posibles factores relacionados

Obesity prevalence has presented an exponential increase in the last decades, becoming a first order public health issue. Dyslipidemia of obesity, characterized by low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia and small and dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, is partly responsible for the high residual cardiovascular risk of this clinical situation. On the other hand, bariatric surgery (BS) is the most effective treatment for obesity, obtaining a greater weight loss than achieved with conventional medical therapy and favoring the improvement or remission of associated comorbidities. The most commonly used BS techniques nowadays are laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Both of these procedures have obtained similar results in terms of weight loss and comorbidity remission such as type 2 diabetes mellitus or hypertension. A differential feature between both techniques could be the different impact on the lipoprotein profile. In this respect, previous studies with short and mid-term follow-up have proved LRYGB to be superior to LSG in total and LDL cholesterol reduction. Results regarding triglycerides and HDL cholesterol are contradictory. Therefore, we consider of interest to review the effects of BS at short and mid-term follow-up on lipoprotein profile, as well as the remission rates of the different lipid abnormalities and the possible related factors

Diferencias clínicas y genéticas de los pacientes con hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigota con y sin diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Clinical and genetic differences between heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients with and without type 2 diabetes

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La menor prevalencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigota (HFHe) podría explicar por qué la DM2 no siempre se ha descrito como un predictor de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) en estos pacientes. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los aspectos clínicos y genéticos de pacientes con HFHe y DM2 del registro de dislipidemias de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis. MÉTODOS: Los pacientes con HFHe se clasificaron según la presencia/ausencia de DM2. Se compararon las características clínicas, bioquímicas y genéticas de ambos grupos. RESULTADOS: De los 2.301 casos de hipercolesterolemia primaria del registro, se incluyeron 1.724 casos con el diagnóstico cierto o probable según la Dutch Lipid Clinic Network para la hipercolesterolemia familiar. Los pacientes con HFHe y DM2 presentaron una tasa más elevada de ECV y un perfil lipídico menos favorable, con niveles más elevados de colesterol total (366,9±86,7 mg/dl frente a 342,0±74,7 mg/dl; diferencia media 24,894; IC95%, 5,840-43,949) y colesterol no-unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad (316,9±87,8 mg/dl frente a 286,4±75,4 mg/dl; diferencia media 30,500; IC95%, 11,211-49,790). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos con respecto al tipo de mutación (p = 0,720). Después de ajustar por los principales factores de riesgo, el análisis de regresión logística confirmó una relación entre la DM2 y la ECV (OR=2,01; IC95%, 1,18-3,43; p = 0,010). CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes con HFHe y DM2 presentan una tasa más elevada de ECV y un perfil lipídico menos favorable, independientemente del tipo de mutación. La diabetes mellitus es un factor asociado a la presencia de ECV en estos pacientes

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) could explain why T2DM has not always been identified as an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in different familial hypercholesterolemia cohort studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical and genetic aspects of HeFH patients with T2DM in the dyslipidemia registry of the Spanish Arteriosclerosis Society. METHODS: HeFH patients were classified according to the presence or absence of T2DM. The clinical, biochemical and genetic characteristics of the 2 groups were compared. RESULTS: Of the 2301 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia included in the registry, 1724 with a probable or definite diagnosis according to the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network score were finally included. HeFH patients with T2DM had a higher rate of CVD and a less favorable lipid profile, with higher total cholesterol (366.9±86.7mg/dL vs 342.0±74.7mg/dL; mean difference 24.894; 95%CI, 5.840-43.949) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (316.9±87.8mg/dL vs 286.4±75.4mg/dL; mean difference 30.500; 95%CI, 11.211-49.790) levels. No significant differences were found between the groups concerning the specific type of HeFH-causing mutation (P=.720). After adjustment for major risk factors, logistic regression analysis confirmed a relationship between T2DM and the presence of CVD (OR, 2.01; 95%CI, 1.18-3.43; P=.010). CONCLUSIONS: HeFH patients with T2DM have a higher rate of CVD and a less favorable lipid profile, regardless of genetic mutation type. In these patients, T2DM is associated with the presence of CVD

Most of qualitative dietary changes observed one year post-bariatric surgery can be achieved with a preoperative dietary intervention / La mayoría de los cambios dietéticos un año después de la cirugía bariátrica pueden conseguirse con una intervención nutricional preoperatoria

Background and objectives: Bariatric surgery (BS) leads to several changes in nutritional habits that can be attributed to different mechanisms. Some of these changes could be achievable with a preoperative nutritional intervention. The objective was to evaluate dietary modifications during the preoperative and postoperative periods of BS. Methods: Prospective observational study of patients who underwent BS between 2010 and 2014 at the Hospital del Mar; 60 consecutive patients were included. Food consumption was measured by a validated food-frequency questionnaire at inclusion in the bariatric surgery program, after preoperative nutritional intervention, and one year after surgery. Generalized estimating equation models were used to assess differences in food group intake during follow up. Results: Energy intake significantly decreased from inclusion to 1 year of surgery (p = 0.003). After the preoperative intervention and prior to surgery, there was an increase in intake of nuts, vegetables, poultry and rabbit, fruit, fish and skimmed milk products and a decrease in bread, soft drinks and pastry. At one year post-surgery, a continued decrease in the consumption of bread and soft drinks and an increase in nuts was observed (linear non-quadratic trend). Consumption of fruit, pastry, fish and skimmed milk products remained stable showing a linear and quadratic trend. Vegetables and poultry and rabbit increased in the preoperative period and decreased after surgery, showing a quadratic but not linear trend. Conclusions: a preoperative nutritional intervention in morbidly obese patients can associate favorable dietary changes that are mostly maintained one year after bariatric surgery

Introducción y objetivos: La cirugía bariátrica produce diferentes cambios en los hábitos alimentarios que se han atribuido a diferentes mecanismos. Algunos de estos cambios se podrían conseguir con una intervención nutricional preoperatoria. El objetivo fue estudiar los cambios dietéticos durante el periodo preoperatorio y postoperatorio de la cirugía bariátrica. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes intervenidos de cirugía bariátrica entre los años 2010 y 2014 en el Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Se incluyeron 60 pacientes consecutivos. El registro de alimentos se midió mediante cuestionarios de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos a la inclusión en el programa de cirugía bariátrica, después de una intervención nutricional preoperatoria y un año después de la cirugía. Se usaron las ecuaciones de estimación generalizadas para determinar diferencias en el consumo de los grupos de alimentos durante el seguimiento. Resultados: El consumo de energía disminuyó desde la inclusión un año después de la intervención (p = 0,003). En el periodo preoperatorio y antes de la cirugía se detectó un aumento en el consumo de frutos secos, vegetales, aves y conejo, fruta, pescado y lácticos desnatados y un descenso en el consumo de pan, bebidas azucaradas y bollería. Un año después de la cirugía, se observó que el consumo de pan y bebidas azucaradas siguió descendiendo y el de frutos secos siguió aumentando (tendencia lineal pero no cuadrática). El consumo de fruta, pescado y lácticos desnatados se mantuvo estable (tendencia lineal y cuadrática). El consumo de vegetales, aves y conejo aumentó en el periodo preoperatorio y disminuyó después de la cirugía (tendencia cuadrática pero no lineal). Conclusiones: Una intervención nutricional preoperatoria en pacientes con obesidad mórbida puede asociarse a cambios dietéticos favorables, los cuales se mantienen en su mayoría un año después de la intervención

Statin treatment and increased diabetes risk. Possible mechanisms / Tratamiento con estatinas y mayor riesgo de diabetes. Posibles mecanismos

Statins have been associated with an increased risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM), as confirmed in previous observational studies and meta-analyses. Controversy exists as to whether this risk varies depending on statin type or dose. However, there appears to be unanimity regarding the different associated factors that raise this risk. Furthermore, diverse pathophysiologic mechanisms have been described that could explain the increased risk of diabetes in patients with statin treatment. These fundamentally cause a rise in insulin resistance together with a decrease in insulin secretion. The present review aimed to describe the relationship between statin treatment and the presence of diabetes and provide an update of previous published evidence and the possible mechanisms involved

Las estatinas se han asociado con un incremento en el riesgo de aparición de diabetes mellitus de novo, siendo esto confirmado en estudios previos observacionales así como metaanálisis. Sin embargo, existe cierta controversia sobre si este riesgo varia en función de la dosis o tipo de estatina. Por otro lado, parece que hay unanimidad con respecto a los factores asociados a este incremento de riesgo. Asimismo, se han descrito diversos mecanismos fisiopatológicos que podrían explicar el aumento de riesgo de padecer diabetes en los pacientes tratados con estatinas. Estos mecanismos se basan fundamentalmente en un incremento en la resistencia a la insulina así como un descenso en su sensibilidad. La presente revisión está enfocada en describir la relación entre el tratamiento con estatinas y el riesgo de padecer diabetes y revisar los datos publicados hasta las fecha así como los posibles mecanismos fisiopatológicos involucrados en este aumento de riesgo

La diabetes mellitus como factor protector del aneurisma de aorta abdominal: posibles mecanismos / Diabetes mellitus as a protective factor of abdominal aortic aneurysm: Possible mechanisms

El aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) comparte diversos factores de riesgo con la aterosclerosis. De entre estos la diabetes mellitus (DM) podría tener un efecto negativo en la formación, crecimiento y expansión del AAA. En este sentido, diversas revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis publicados hasta 2016 han mostrado resultados concordantes en cuanto al posible efecto protector de la DM en la formación y progresión del AAA. No obstante, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de esta supuesta protección son aún desconocidos. Parece que tanto la hiperglucemia como la hiperinsulinemia asociadas a la DM, al causar un incremento de los productos de glicación avanzada, una disminución de la fibrinólisis y alteraciones en las células musculares lisas, comportarían un menor riesgo de expansión aneurismática. Se considera que este papel protector está principalmente mediado por una disminución de las metaloproteasas, en concreto la tipo 2 y 9. Además, los fármacos utilizados en el tratamiento tanto de la DM tipo 2 como de la hipertensión arterial y la dislipidemia también podrían desempeñar un papel en este efecto protector. La metformina, las tiazolidinedionas, los inhibidores del DPP4, las estatinas y los inhibidores de la enzima conversora de la angiotensina han sido evaluados en este sentido. En conclusión, los estudios publicados hasta el momento parecen confirmar el efecto protector de la DM en la formación y expansión del AAA, aunque son necesarios futuros estudios a largo plazo para confirmar los mecanismos fisiopatológicos implicados, así como el papel de la medicación concomitante

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) shares several risk factors with atherosclerosis. Among these, diabetes mellitus (DM) could have a negative effect on the formation, growth and expansion of AAA. Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses reported up to 2016 have shown concordant results regarding the possible protective effect on AAA formation. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of this supposed protective effect are still unknown. It appears that both hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia, which are closely associated with DM, cause an increase in advanced glycation end-products, a decrease in fibrinolysis, and alterations in smooth muscle cells, leading to a decreased risk of aneurysm growth and expansion. This protective role is mainly mediated by a decrease in metalloproteinases, mainly type 2 and 9. In addition, drugs used to treat type 2 DM, as well as those for hypertension and dyslipidaemia could also play an important role in this protective effect. Metformin, thiazolidinediones, DPP4 inhibitors, statins, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been evaluated in this field. In conclusion, studies reported so far seem to confirm the protective effect of DM in both the formation and expansion of AAA, although future long-term studies are needed to confirm the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, as well as the role of concomitant medication

Un resplandor en la prevención secundaria de la enfermedad cardiovascular / A glow in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

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Miopatía asociada al uso de estatinas en la práctica clínica. Resultados del estudio DAMA / Statin associated myopathy in clinical practice. Results of DAMA study

Antecedentes y objetivo: Los síntomas musculares, con o sin elevación de creatincinasa, son uno de los principales efectos adversos del tratamiento con estatinas, hecho que en ocasiones limita su uso. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido evaluar las características clínicas de los pacientes tratados con estatinas que han presentado síntomas musculares, e identificar los posibles factores predictores. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio transversal de una sola visita, no intervencional, multicéntrico nacional, que incluyó pacientes de ambos sexos mayores de 18 años de edad que habían presentado o presentaban síntomas musculares asociados a la terapia con estatinas. Participaron 2.001 médicos que aportaron los datos clínicos de un total de 3.845 pacientes. Resultados La mialgia estuvo presente en el 78,2% de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio, la miositis en un 19,3% y la rabdomiólisis en el 2,5%. Los pacientes refirieron dolor muscular en el 77,5% de los casos, debilidad general en el 42,7% y calambres en el 28,1%. La insuficiencia renal, el ejercicio físico intenso, el consumo de alcohol (> 30 g/d en varón y 20 g/d en mujer) y la obesidad abdominal fueron las situaciones clínicas asociadas con la miopatía por estatinas. Conclusiones: La mialgia seguida de la miositis son los efectos musculares más frecuentes relacionados con el uso de estatinas. Debe recomendarse el control de factores ambientales como el ejercicio físico intenso y la ingesta alcohólica, así como la obesidad abdominal y la función renal del paciente tratado con estatinas

Background and objective: Muscle symptoms, with or without elevation of creatin kinase are one of the main adverse effects of statin therapy, a fact that sometimes limits their use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients treated with statins who have complained muscle symptoms and to identify possible predictive factors. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional one-visit, non-interventional, national multicenter study including patients of both sexes over 18 years of age referred for past or present muscle symptoms associated with statin therapy was conducted. 3,845 patients were recruited from a one-day record from 2,001 physicians. Results: Myalgia was present in 78.2% of patients included in the study, myositis in 19.3%, and rhabdomyolysis in 2.5%. Patients reported muscle pain in 77.5% of statin-treated individuals, general weakness 42.7%, and cramps 28.1%. Kidney failure, intense physical exercise, alcohol consumption (> 30 g/d in men and 20 g/d in women) and abdominal obesity were the clinical situations associated with statin myopathy. Conclusions: Myalgia followed by myositis are the most frequent statin-related side effects. It should be recommended control environmental factors such as intense exercise and alcohol intake as well as abdominal obesity and renal function of the patient treated with statins

Pasado, presente y futuro de la farmacoterapia para la obesidad / Past, present and future of pharmacotherapy for obesity

El tratamiento convencional de la obesidad con dieta y ejercicio así como la cirugía bariátrica tienen sus limitaciones, por lo que es necesario disponer de fármacos para su tratamiento. En el pasado se comercializaron diferentes fármacos que fueron retirados por problemas de seguridad. Actualmente existen 3 fármacos aprobados por la Agencia Europea del Medicamento (EMA) y la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) para el tratamiento de la obesidad (orlistat, combinación de bupropión y naltrexona de liberación retardada y liraglutida) y 2 más solo autorizados por la FDA (lorcaserina y la combinación de fentermina y topiramato de liberación prolongada). Se aconseja su uso como segunda línea terapéutica y su elección debe individualizarse teniendo en cuenta múltiples aspectos como la pérdida de peso esperada, la vía de administración, su perfil de seguridad y el coste. Por otra parte, actualmente existen varios fármacos en vías de desarrollo que actúan sobre diferentes dianas terapéuticas (AU)

Conventional treatment for obesity with diet, exercise and bariatric surgery has limitations; thus, it is necessary to have pharmacological tools. In the past, different drugs were marketed that were withdrawn due to safety problems. There are currently 3 drugs approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for obesity therapy (orlistat, combination of bupropion and delayed-release naltrexone and liraglutide) and two more only authorized by FDA (lorcaserin and the combination of phentermine and extended release topiramate). It is recommended to use as a second therapeutic line and its choice should be individualized taking into account multiple aspects such as expected weight loss, route of administration, safety profile and cost. Currently there are several drugs under development that act on different therapeutic targets (AU)