Effect of preoperative programmed death-1 or programmed death ligand-1 immune check point inhibition on complications after surgery for primary head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND: There is sparse literature on the effect of preoperative immunotherapy on complications after surgery for primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The objectives are to compare complication rates in patients receiving surgery with and without neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors (nICI) for primary HNSCC and to evaluate factors associated with increased odds of surgical complications. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who underwent ablation and free flap reconstruction or transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for primary HNSCC between 2017-2021 was conducted. Complications were compared between patients who underwent surgery with or without nICI before and after propensity score matching. Regression analysis to estimate odds ratios was performed. RESULTS: A total of 463 patients met inclusion criteria. Free flap reconstruction constituted 28.9% of patients and TORS constituted 71.1% of patients. nICI was administered in 83 of 463 (17.9%) patients. There was no statistically significant difference in surgical, medical, or overall complications between patients receiving surgery with or without nICI. In the unmatched cohort, multivariable model identified non-White race, former/current smoking history, free flap surgery, and perineural invasion as factors significantly associated with increased complications. In the matched cohort, multivariable model identified advanced age and free flap surgery as factors significantly associated with increased complications. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: It is safe to give immunotherapy before major surgery in patients who have head and neck cancer. Advanced age, non-White race, current/former smoking, free flap surgery, and perineural invasion may be associated with increased the odds of surgical complications.

IL-8 correlates with nonresponse to neoadjuvant nivolumab in HPV positive HNSCC via a potential extracellular vesicle miR-146a mediated mechanism.

Therapy using anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has revolutionized the treatment of many cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), but only a fraction of patients respond. To better understand the molecular mechanisms driving resistance, we performed extensive analysis of plasma and tumor tissues before and after a 4-week neoadjuvant trial in which HNSCC patients were treated with the anti-PD-1 inhibitor, nivolumab. Luminex cytokine analysis of patient plasma demonstrated that HPVpos nonresponders displayed high levels of the proinflammatory chemokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8), which decreased after ICI treatment, but remained higher than responders. miRNAseq analysis of tetraspanin-enriched small extracellular vesicles (sEV) purified from plasma of HPVpos nonresponders demonstrated significantly lower levels of seven miRNAs that target IL-8 including miR-146a. Levels of the pro-survival oncoprotein Dsg2, which has been to down-regulate miR-146a, are elevated with HPVpos tumors displaying higher levels than HPVneg tumors. Dsg2 levels decrease significantly following ICI in responders but not in nonresponders. In cultured HPVpos cells, restoration of miR-146a by forced expression or treatment with miR-146a-loaded sEV, reduced IL-8 level, blocked cell cycle progression, and promoted cell death. These findings identify Dsg2, miR-146a, and IL-8 as potential biomarkers for ICI response and suggest that the Dsg2/miR-146a/IL-8 signaling axis negatively impacts ICI treatment outcomes and could be targeted to improve ICI responsiveness in HPVpos HNSCC patients.

Venous Pathologies and Interventions of the Head.

Intracranial venous pathologies are a historically underrecognized group of disorders that can have a devastating impact on patients. Despite advancements in peripheral venous disorders and arterial neurointerventions, intracranial venous pathologies have received comparatively little attention. Understanding the anatomy, physiology, clinical relevance, and treatment options of intracranial venous pathologies is fundamental to evolving therapies and research priorities. This article provides an overview of major intracranial venous pathologies, the respective pathophysiologies, and treatment options.

Functional Swallow-Related Outcomes Following Transoral Robotic Surgery for Base of Tongue Carcinoma.

In an era where the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer is growing steadily, there have been few studies exploring functional outcomes for individuals whose definitive cancer management approach includes transoral robotic surgical (TORS) resection. This study was designed to examine swallow-related outcomes in individuals newly diagnosed with base of tongue cancer whose treatment plan included surgical resection via TORS. The aims of this study were to determine whether TORS resection for early stage BOT SCCA affected: (a) lingual strength, (b) swallow safety and efficiency, (c) oral intake, and (d) swallowing-related quality of life. Nine individuals meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited to participate from March 2017 to April 2018. Each participant was evaluated at four distinct time points: (a) preoperatively, (b) 1 week postoperatively, (c) 1 month postoperatively, and (d) 3 months postoperatively. The following data were collected at each time point: (a) maximum isometric lingual pressure, (b) Penetration-Aspiration Scale score, (c) Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale scores, (d) Functional Oral Intake Scale score, and (e) EAT-10 score. Data analysis revealed that a significant decline in maximum isometric lingual pressure, EAT-10 scores, and Functional Oral Intake Scale scores occurred between preoperative baseline measurements and 1 week post surgery. All participants in the study demonstrated a return to levels at or near their baseline level of function for maximum isometric lingual pressure, EAT-10 score, and Functional Oral Intake Scale score by 1 or 3 months post surgery. There were no significant changes in swallow safety or efficiency observed at any time point during the study.

Risk factors for gastrostomy tube dependence in transoral robotic surgery patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of gastrostomy tube dependence after transoral robotic surgery (TORS), and to determine which patient or surgical factors increase the likelihood of gastrostomy tube dependence. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent TORS for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) at a single institution from January 2011 through July 2016. Patients who underwent TORS for recurrent OPSCC were excluded. Primary outcome was gastrostomy tube (g-tube) dependence. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were performed to identify risk factors for g-tube dependence at 3-months and 1-year. RESULTS: A total of 231 patients underwent TORS during the study period. At 3-month follow-up, 58/226 patients (25.7%) required g-tube. At 1-year and 2-year follow-up, 8/203 (3.9%) and 5/176 (2.8%), remained dependent on g-tube, respectively. Advanced T stage (T3) (OR = 6.07; 95% CI, 1.28-28.9) and discharge from the hospital with enteral access (OR = 7.50; 95% CI, 1.37-41.1) were independently associated with increased risk of postoperative gastrostomy tube dependence at 1 year on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term gastrostomy tube dependence following TORS is rare, particularly in patients that receive surgery alone. Patients with advanced T stage tumors have poorer functional outcomes. Early functional outcomes, as early as discharge from the hospital, are a strong predictor for long-term functional outcomes.

Patient experiences of sialendoscopy with monitored anesthesia care versus general anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the experiences of patients who received sialendoscopy under general anesthesia (GA) with those who received monitored anesthesia care (MAC). METHODS: Patients who underwent sialendoscopy for sialadenitis or sialolithiasis from July 1, 2020, to July 31, 2021, were offered inclusion to this prospective observational study. A survey was sent to consenting patients on post-operative day 1 to record aspects of their pre-, intra-, and post-operative experience. The primary outcome was overall satisfaction. Secondary outcomes included pain tolerability and preference for similar anesthetic modality in the future. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients completed the post-operative survey (86% response rate), of which 39 patients received GA and 36 received MAC. Patient overall satisfaction was similar between groups (GA: "Poor/Average/Good" = 23%, "Excellent" = 77%; MAC: "Poor/Average/Good" = 25%, "Excellent" = 75%, p = 1.00). Tolerability of immediate post-operative pain was likewise similar between the GA (82%) and MAC (97%) groups (p = 0.058). Patients who received MAC reported intra-operative pain as "none/tolerable" 72% of the time and "uncomfortable" 28% of the time. Patients who received GA would prefer the same anesthetic in the future more often than in the MAC group (85% versus 61%, respectively, OR 3.50, 95% CI 1.17-10.50, p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: In regard to patient satisfaction, both MAC and GA are acceptable anesthetic choices in sialendoscopy for appropriate cases. Patients report similar overall satisfaction and post-operative pain tolerance under either anesthetic modality. Patients who undergo GA report higher rates of preference for similar anesthetic modality in the future. Further study is needed to determine the most appropriate criteria for anesthesia modality selection.

Otologic opioid usage and pain control in the postoperative period: An observational prospective study.

PURPOSE: Evaluate opioid prescribing patterns, opioid consumption, and patient pain patterns following otologic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were included if they were ≥18 years old and received otologic surgery between November 2019 and August 2020. Patients were provided a survey which included a visual analog scale for recording their pain postoperatively and the amount of opioid they had remaining. Patients who did not complete all portions of the survey were excluded. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients completed the post-operative questionnaire. Collectively, patients were prescribed 5797 morphine milligram equivalents and used 3092: approximately 47% went unused. Of patients receiving a transcanal incision (n = 28/91, 31%), 70% went unused, whereas patients receiving a postauricular incision (n = 57/91, 63%), 38% went unutilized. The utilization difference between transcanal and postauricular cohorts was significant (p = 0.002). On multivariate analysis, patients who received a postauricular incision had 60% more opioid usage (p < 0.001), whereas those with a transcanal incision had an average reduction of 40% in opioid usage (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A significant amount of opioid medication went unused in this study. Patients with postauricular incisions had significantly increased opioid utilization as compared to those with transcanal incisions. Otologists may be able to successfully manage pain in the postoperative period with a reduced opioid prescription multimodal analgesia and increased patient education. Further study is needed to support this suggestion.

Oncologic outcomes of human papillomavirus-associated oropharynx carcinoma treated with surgery alone: A 12-institution study of 344 patients.

BACKGROUND: The oncologic outcomes of surgery alone for patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition (AJCC 7th) pN2a and pN2b human papillomavirus-associated oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+OPSCC) are not clear. METHODS: The authors performed a 12-institution retrospective study of 344 consecutive patients with HPV+OPSCC (AJCC 7th pT0-3 N3 M0) treated with surgery alone with 6 months or more of follow-up using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The 2-year outcomes for the entire cohort were 91% (182 of 200) disease-free survival (DFS), 100% (200 of 200) disease-specific survival (DSS), and 98% (200 of 204) overall survival (OS). The 18 recurrences within 2 years were 88.9% (16 of 18) local and/or regional recurrences and 11.1% (2 of 18) distant metastases. Recurrences were not significantly associated with smoking, pT stage, or pN stage. The 16 patients with locoregional recurrences within 2 years all underwent successful salvage treatments (median follow-up after salvage: 13.1 months), 43.8% (7 of 16) of whom underwent salvage surgery alone for a 2-year overall salvage radiation need of 4.5% (9 of 200). The 2-year outcomes for the 59 evaluable patients among the 109 AJCC 7th pT0-2 N2a-N2b patients with 1 to 3 pathologic lymph nodes (LNs) were as follows: local recurrence, 3.4% (2 of 59); regional recurrence, 8.4% (5 of 59); distant metastases, 0%; DFS, 88.1% (52 of 59); DSS, 100% (59 of 59); OS, 96.7% (59 of 61); and salvage radiation, 5.1% (3 of 59). CONCLUSIONS: With careful selection, surgery alone for AJCC 7th pT0-T2N0-N2b HPV+OPSCC with zero to 3 pathologic LNs without perineural invasion, extranodal extension, or positive margins results in high DFS, DSS, OS, and salvage treatment success. Because of the short-term follow-up, these data support further investigation of treatment de-escalation in this population.

Improved efficiency of sialendoscopy procedures at an ambulatory surgery center.

OBJECTIVES: To compare time spent on day of surgery and post-surgical outcomes for sialendoscopy procedures at an ambulatory surgery center versus in a hospital operating room. METHODS: Retrospective chart review for patients who underwent sialendoscopy for sialadenitis or sialolithiasis from March 2017 to May 2020 were included. Surgery location (ambulatory surgery center or hospital operating room) was compared. Primary outcomes included total time in hospital, operative time, total time in operating room. and recovery time. Secondary outcomes included rate of symptoms resolutions, requiring further medical management, and requiring further surgical intervention. RESULTS: A total of 321 procedures were included. Sialendoscopy in an ambulatory surgery center compared to main operating room decreased median hospital time (166 min reduction, p < 0.001), operative time (18 min reduction, p < 0.001), total time in operating room (34 min reduction, p < 0.001), and recovery time (64 min reduction, p < 0.001). Sialendoscopy in an ambulatory surgery center had similar rates of post-operative resolution of symptoms and further medical or surgical intervention compared to procedures in a hospital operating room. CONCLUSION: Sialendoscopy can be safely performed in an ambulatory surgery center for sialadenitis or appropriate sialolithiasis cases while decreasing hospital time, operative time, total time in operating room time, and recovery time.

Comparison of general anesthesia and monitored anesthesia care for sialendoscopy procedures.

OBJECTIVES: The literature remains scarce in terms of comparing different anesthesia modalities in sialendoscopy. Due to the lack of a standard of care or guidelines to anesthetic care, it is generally accepted that surgeons perform these surgeries under the anesthetic modality in which they are most comfortable. In this study, we evaluate time spent on the day of surgery and post-surgical outcomes for patients receiving sialendoscopy under monitored anesthesia care versus general anesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively assessed patients who underwent sialendoscopy using a solely endoscopic approach for sialadenitis or sialolithiasis from March 2017 to December 2019. Anesthesia modality (monitored anesthesia care versus general anesthesia) was compared. Main outcomes included total time in hospital, operative time, total time in operating room, anesthesia time, and recovery time. Secondary outcomes included rate of resolution of symptoms, requiring further medical management, requiring further surgical intervention, and complications. RESULTS: A total of 172 procedures were included. Sialendoscopy under monitored anesthesia care center compared to general anesthesia decreased median hospital time (141 min reduction), anesthesia time (46 min reduction), operative time (24 min reduction), time in operating room (43 min reduction), and recovery time (56 min reduction). Utilizing monitored anesthesia care demonstrated similar rates of post-operative resolution of symptoms, complications, and further medical or surgical intervention compared to the general anesthesia cohort. CONCLUSION: Sialendoscopy can be safely performed under monitored anesthesia care for appropriate sialadenitis or sialolithiasis cases while decreasing hospital time, operative time, time in operating room, anesthesia time, and recovery time while maintaining similar post-operative outcomes. Monitored anesthesia care should be considered for solely endoscopic cases as guided by surgeon and patient comfort.

Evaluating the impact of smoking on disease-specific survival outcomes in patients with human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer treated with transoral robotic surgery.

BACKGROUND: When treated nonsurgically with definitive chemoradiation, smokers with human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) have a worse prognosis compared with their nonsmoking counterparts. To the authors' knowledge, the prognostic significance of smoking in surgically treated patients is unknown. METHODS: The current study is a retrospective case series of patients with HPV-positive OPSCC who underwent upfront transoral robotic surgery at a single institution from 2010 through 2017. Exclusion criteria were nonoropharyngeal primary tumors, histology other than SCC, HPV-negative tumors, previous history of head and neck cancer, and/or previous head and neck radiotherapy. Recurrence-free survival (RFS), overall survival, and disease-specific survival were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Smoking history was categorized as never smokers (<1 pack-year), current smokers (smoking at the time of the cancer diagnosis), and former smokers. RESULTS: A total of 258 patients met the study criteria. The average age was 60 years, and approximately 87% of patients were male. A total of 148 patients (57.4%) were smokers whereas 110 (42.6%) reported never smoking. There were 44 active smokers (17.1%) and 104 former smokers (40.3%). The median follow-up was 3.23 years. There were 17 patients of disease recurrence. Smoking pack-year history was not found to be significant for RFS (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.99-1.03 [P = .45]). There was no significant difference in RFS noted between never and ever smokers (92% vs 89.8%; P = .85) nor was there a difference observed between never, former, and current smokers (92% vs 91.5% vs 86.1%, respectively; P = .69). CONCLUSIONS: A smoking history is common in patients with HPV-positive OPSCC. In the current study, HPV-positive smokers were found to have excellent survival and locoregional control, similar to their nonsmoking counterparts. The results of the current study do not support the exclusion of smokers with early-stage, HPV-positive OPSCC from transoral robotic surgery-based deintensification trials.

Early squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue with histologically benign lymph nodes: A model predicting local control and vetting of the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer pathologic T stage.

BACKGROUND: The eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging manual (AJCC8) added depth of invasion to the definition of pathologic T stage (pT). In the current study, the authors assess pT stage migration and the prognostic performance of the updated pT stage and compare it with other clinicopathologic variables in patients with early squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (OTSCC; tumors measuring ≤4 cm) with histologically benign lymph nodes (pN0). METHODS: A multi-institutional cohort of patients with early OTSCC was restaged as per AJCC8. Primary endpoints were local recurrence (LR) and locoregional recurrence (LRR). Influential variables were identified and an LR/LRR prediction model was developed. RESULTS: There were a total of 494 patients, with 49 LR and 73 LRR. AJCC8 pT criteria resulted in upstaging of 37.9% of patients (187 of 494 patients), including 34.5% (64 of 185 patients) from pT2 to pT3, without improving the prognostication for LR or LRR. Both LR and LRR were found to be similar for patients with AJCC8 pT2 and pT3 disease. On multivariate analysis, LR was only found to be associated with distance to the closest margin (hazard ratio, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.20-0.64 [P = .0007]) and perineural invasion (hazard ratio, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.10-0.64 [P = .046]). Based on these 2 predictors, a final proportional hazards regression model (which may be used similar to a nomogram) was developed. The proposed model appeared to be superior to AJCC pT stage for estimating the probability of LR and LRR for individual patients with early OTSCC. CONCLUSIONS: AJCC8 pT criteria resulted in pT upstaging of patients with pN0 disease without improved LR or LRR prognostication. The proposed model based on distance to the closest margin and perineural invasion, status outperformed pT as a predictor of LR and LRR in patients with early OTSCC.

[(99m)Tc]Tilmanocept Accurately Detects Sentinel Lymph Nodes and Predicts Node Pathology Status in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Results of a Phase III Multi-institutional Trial.

BACKGROUND: [(99m)Tc]Tilmanocept, a novel CD206 receptor-targeted radiopharmaceutical, was evaluated in an open-label, phase III trial to determine the false negative rate (FNR) of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) relative to the pathologic nodal status in patients with intraoral or cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) undergoing tumor resection, SLNB, and planned elective neck dissection (END). Negative predictive value (NPV), overall accuracy of SLNB, and the impact of radiopharmaceutical injection timing relative to surgery were assessed. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This multicenter, non-randomized, single-arm trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00911326) enrolled 101 patients with T1-T4, N0, and M0 HNSCC. Patients received 50 µg [(99m)Tc]tilmanocept radiolabeled with either 0.5 mCi (same day) or 2.0 mCi (next day), followed by lymphoscintigraphy, SLNB, and END. All excised tissues were evaluated for tissue type and tumor presence. [(99m)Tc]Tilmanocept identified one or more SLNs in 81 of 83 patients (97.6 %). Of 39 patients identified with any tumor-positive nodes (SLN or non-SLN), one patient had a single tumor-positive non-SLN in whom all SLNs were tumor-negative, yielding an FNR of 2.56 %; NPV was 97.8 % and overall accuracy was 98.8 %. No significant differences were observed between same-day and next-day procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Use of receptor-targeted [(99m)Tc]tilmanocept for lymphatic mapping allows for a high rate of SLN identification in patients with intraoral and cutaneous HNSCC. SLNB employing [(99m)Tc]tilmanocept accurately predicts the pathologic nodal status of intraoral HNSCC patients with low FNR, high NPV, and high overall accuracy. The use of [(99m)Tc]tilmanocept for SLNB in select patients may be appropriate and may obviate the need to perform more extensive procedures such as END.

Orbital Involvement by NUT Midline Carcinoma.

A 32-year-old female presented with a sino-orbital lesion that proved to be a NUT midline carcinoma. This is only the third case of orbital involvement by this aggressive lesion. The clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of NUT midline carcinoma are discussed, as well as its management options.

Perineural invasion of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma along the zygomaticotemporal nerve.

The vast majority of periocular squamous cell carcinoma spreads intraorbitally along the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves into the cavernous sinus. A patient presented with a history of resected squamous cell carcinoma and pain in the zygomatic distribution. She was found to have temporalis involvement of the malignancy and invasion of the zygomaticotemporal nerve by histopathology. She underwent aggressive resection and adjuvant treatment with no evidence of recurrence at 8-month follow up. This case illustrates an uncommon route of squamous cell carcinoma spread through the zygomaticotemporal sensory nerve distribution.

Modified Frailty Index Associates With Transoral Robotic Surgery Complications and Survival: A National Database Study.

OBJECTIVE: The modified frailty index (mFI-5) is a National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-derived 5-factor index that has been proven to reflect frailty and predict morbidity and mortality. We hypothesize that mFI-5 is a valid predictive measure in the transoral robotic surgery (TORS) population. METHODS: Retrospective study utilizing the TriNetX US-collaborative health records network querying for TORS patients. Cohorts were stratified by mFI-5 score which uses five ICD-10 codes: nonindependent functional status, hypertension, obstructive respiratory disease, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus. Cohorts were matched by age using propensity score matching. Outcome measures included survival, infection, pneumonia, tracheostomy dependence, and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy dependence. Reported odds ratios were normalized to mFI-5 = 0. RESULTS: A total of 9,081 patients were included in the final analysis. Greater mFI-5 scores predicted decreased survival and increased incidence of postoperative infection and pneumonia. Odds of 5-year mortality were 1.93 (p = 0.0003) for mFI-5 = 2 and 1.90 (p = 0.0002) for mFI-5 = 3. Odds of 2-year mortality were 1.25 (p = 0.0125) for mFI-5 = 1, 1.58 (p = 0.0002) for mFI-5 = 2, and 1.87 (p = 0.003) for mFI-5 = 3. Odds of postoperative infection were 1.51 (p = 0.02) for mFI-5 = 2 and 1.78 (p = 0.05) for mFI-5 = 3. Two-year odds of developing pneumonia were 1.69 (p = 0.0001) for mFI-5 = 2 and 2.84 (p < 0.0001) for mFI-5 = 3. Two-month odds of pneumonia were 1.50 (p = 0.0259) for mFI-5 = 2 and 2.55 (p = 0.0037) for mFI-5 = 3. mFI-5 = 4 or 5 had too few patients to analyze. Using polynomial regression to model age versus incident 5-year post-TORS death (R2 = 0.99), mFI-5 scores better predicted survival than age alone. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that mFI-5 predicts mortality, pneumonia, and postoperative infection independently of age. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 2024.

Otolaryngology Applicant Perspectives on In-person and Virtual Residency Interviews.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to understand applicant perspectives on in-person and virtual otolaryngology residency interviews. STUDY DESIGN: Survey study. SETTING: Otolaryngology residency applicants who were interviewed during 2022-2023. METHODS: Survey sent to all otolaryngology residency applicants who interviewed during the 2022-2023 interview season. RESULTS: A total of 499 applicants were surveyed with 150 responses (30%). Approximately 48.3% of respondents were offered an in-person interview with 78.9% accepting the offer. Of those who did not accept, reasons included not wanting to travel (21.1%) and time conflicts (15.5%). When comparing virtual versus in-person interviews, those who attended virtual interviews were more likely to disagree that they connected with residents (P = .02) and that they had an improved perspective of the program (P = .002). The majority of applicants agreed that virtual interviews are more inclusive and equitable than in-person interviews (70.4%). When asked which interview style applicants would prefer, 63.1% of applicants preferred an in-person interview when compared to virtual with a second look option (29.5%) and virtual (7.4%). Respondents who self-identified as being underrepresented in medicine were less likely to choose in-person as their preferred interview format (P = .01) and were more likely to decline an in-person interview offer due to monetary limitations (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Applicants indicated dissatisfaction with connecting with residents and improving their perspective of the program when in a virtual setting. Applicants felt that virtual interviews were more equitable, but that if the barriers to equity were lessened then they would prefer in-person interviews.

Predictive capacity of immune-related adverse events and cytokine profiling in neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Certain low-level immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have been associated with survival benefits in patients with various solid tumors on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We aimed to investigate the association between irAEs and response to neoadjuvant ICIs in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and to identify differences in circulating cytokine levels based on irAE status. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study including three neoadjuvant clinical trials from July 2017 to January 2022: NCT03238365 (nivolumab ± tadalafil), NCT03854032 (nivolumab ± BMS986205), NCT03618654 (durvalumab ± metformin). The presence and type of irAEs, pathologic treatment response, and survival were compared. Canonical linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed to identify combinations of circulating cytokines predictive of irAEs using plasma sample multiplex assay. RESULTS: Of 113 participants meeting inclusion criteria, 32 (28.3%) developed irAEs during treatment or follow-up. Positive p16 status was associated with irAEs (odds ratio [OR] 2.489; 95% CI 1.069-6.119; p = 0.043). irAEs were associated with pathologic treatment response (OR 3.73; 95% CI 1.34-10.35; p = 0.011) and with higher OS in the combined cohort (HR 0.319; 95% CI 0.113-0.906; p = 0.032). Patients with irAEs within the nivolumab cohort had significant elevations of select cytokines pre-treatment. Canonical LDA identified key drivers of irAEs among all trials, which were highly predictive of future irAE status. CONCLUSIONS: irAEs are associated with response to neoadjuvant ICI therapy in HNSCC and can serve as clinical indicators for improved clinical outcomes. irAEs can be predicted by concentrations of several circulating cytokines prior to treatment.

Obesity and Survival After Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Importance: For patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), recent data suggest that obesity has a beneficial effect on survival outcomes in various cancer types. Reports on this association in head and neck cancer are limited. Objectives: To compare overall survival (OS) to 5 years and functional outcomes in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with ICIs based on pretreatment body mass index (BMI). Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective population-based cohort study used data obtained from the TriNetX Global Collaborative Network database to identify patients with HNSCC who received ICI treatment between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2023, resulting in a total of 166 patients (83 with BMI of 20.0-24.9 [normal BMI] and 83 with BMI of ≥30.0 [obesity BMI]) after propensity score matching (PSM) for pretreatment medical comorbidities and oncologic staging. Exposure: Normal BMI vs obesity BMI. Main Outcomes and Measures: Overall survival and functional outcomes (dysphagia, tracheostomy dependence, and gastrostomy tube dependence) were measured to 5 years after ICI treatment and compared between patients with obesity BMI and normal BMI. Additional analyses compared OS and functional outcomes in the cohort with normal BMI and cohorts with overweight BMI (25.0-29.9) and underweight BMI (<20.0). Results: Among the 166 patients included in the PSM analysis (112 men [67.1%]; mean [SD] age, 62.9 [15.4] years), obesity BMI was associated with significantly improved OS at 6 months (hazard ratio [HR], 0.54 [95% CI, 0.31-0.96]), 3 years (HR, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.38-0.83]), and 5 years (HR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.44-0.86]) after ICI treatment, compared with patients with normal BMI. Obesity BMI was also associated with decreased risk of gastrostomy tube dependence at 6 months (odds ratio [OR], 0.41 [95% CI, 0.21-0.80]), 1 year (OR, 0.41 [95% CI, 0.21-0.78]), 3 years (OR, 0.35 [95% CI, 0.18-0.65]), and 5 years (OR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.18-0.65]). Obesity was also associated with decreased risk for tracheostomy dependence at 1 year (OR, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.28-0.90]), 3 years (OR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.45-0.90]), and 5 years (OR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.45-0.90]). There were no differences in rates of dysphagia or immune-related adverse events between cohorts at any points. Conclusions and Relevance: Using population-level data for patients with HNSCC treated with ICIs, these results suggest that having obesity was associated with improved 6-month, 3-year, and 5-year OS compared with having normal BMI. Additionally, obesity was associated with decreased gastrostomy and tracheostomy tube dependence compared with normal BMI. Further investigation is required to understand the mechanism of these findings.

Proposal for standardized ultrasound analysis of the salivary glands: Part 1 submandibular gland.

Objectives: The Salivary Gland Committee of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery seeks to standardize terminology and technique for ultrasonograpy used in the evaluation and treatment of salivary gland disorders. Methods: Development of expert opinion obtained through interaction with international practitioners representing multiple specialties. This committee work includes a comprehensive literature review with presentation of case examples to propose a standardized protocol for the language used in ultrasound salivary gland assessment. Results: A multiple segment proposal is initiated with this focus on the submandibular gland. We provide a concise rationale for recommended descriptive language highlighted by a more extensive supplement that includes an extensive literature review with additional case examples. Conclusion: Recommendations are provided to improve consistency both in performing and reporting submandibular gland ultrasound.