Trophic Nutrition in ICU Patients Undergoing High-Flow Oxygen Therapy and/or Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation: The Nutri-Trophic Study.

Enteral nutrition (EN) therapy in ICU patients requiring oxygen therapy with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and/or noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) is controversial. A prospective, cohort, observational, and multicenter study was conducted in 10 ICUs in Spain to analyze the 90-day mortality, tolerance, side effects, and infectious complications of trophic EN in patients requiring HFNC therapy and/or NIVM. A total of 149 patients were enrolled. The mean age, severity scores, tracheobronchitis, bacteremia, and antimicrobial therapy were significantly higher in deceased than in living patients (p < 0.05), and the mortality rate was 14.8%. A total of 110 patients received oral trophic feedings, 36 patients received nasogastric tube feedings (NGFs), and 3 received mixed feedings. Trophic EN was discontinued in only ten (14.9%) patients because of feeding-related complications. The variables selected for the multivariate logistic regression on feeding discontinuation were SOFA upon admission (OR per unit = 1.461) and urea (OR per mg/dL = 1.029). There were no significant differences in the development of new infections according to the route of EN administration. Early trophic feeding administered to patients with acute respiratory failure requiring noninvasive ventilation is safe and feasible, and is associated with few dietary and infectious complications in a mortality, setting comparable to similar studies.

Evaluation of quality indicators for nutrition and metabolism in critically ill patients: role of the pharmacist.

OBJECTIVE: To assess compliance in a Spanish intensive care unit (ICU) with 8 of the 13 quality indicators of the Spanish Society of Intensive Medicine and Coronary Units (Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias, SEMICyUC) related to nutrition and metabolism in critically ill patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included all patients over 18 years of age with an ICU stay of >48 hours between January and May 2019. The pharmacist was integrated into the daily activity of the multidisciplinary team of a 20-bed ICU to monitor and carry out the control of the quality indicators of the SEMICyUC. Studied indicators refer to: nutritional risk assessment and nutritional status (three indicators), glycaemic control, calculation of calorie-protein requirements, and use of early enteral nutrition or adequate parenteral nutrition. Compliance with each indicator was measured as the percentage of patients. RESULTS: 110 patients were included and 73 (66.4%) were male. Compliance results were: blood glucose range (90.7%), severe hypoglycaemia (0%), identification of patients at nutritional risk (58.2%) or with possible refeeding syndrome (8.9%), assessment of nutritional status at admission (58.2%), calculation of calorie-protein requirements (77.8%), early enteral nutrition (96.4%), and adequate use of parenteral nutrition (37.8%) CONCLUSION: Compliance with indicators related to glycaemic control and artificial nutrition (enteral and parenteral nutrition) was higher than reference standards, but there is a need to improve compliance with indicators related to nutritional risk and status at ICU admission. The hospital pharmacist integrated into the ICU multidisciplinary team can add value to the nutrition monitoring and quality indicators of the nutritional process of the critical patient, providing safe and effective nutritional therapy to patients.

Effectiveness of corticoid pulses in patients with cytokine storm syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

INTRODUCTION: Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) is a serious complication of COVID-19 patients. Treatment is tocilizumab. The use of glucocorticoids (GC) is controversial. In other very similar CSS, such as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and hemophagocytic syndrome (HFS), the main treatment are corticosteroids. Our objective is to evaluate the efficacy of GC in the CSS by COVID-19. PATIENTS: We included 92 patients with CSS associated to COVID-19 who received GC, GC, and tocilizumab and only tocilizumab. We determine CSS markers. We evaluated mortality, intubation, and a combined variable. RESULTS: In all cases the percentages of events were lower in the group of patients with GC was administered. The hazard ratio of the final variables with GC versus the group in which only tocilizumab was administered was lower as CGs were considered, with statistical significance for survival. DISCUSSION: The early use of GC pulses could control SLC, with a lower requirement to use tocilizumab and a decrease in events such as intubation and death.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de liberación de citocinas (SLC) es una complicación grave de los pacientes COVID-19. La base del tratamiento es tocilizumab. El uso de glucocorticoides (GC) es controvertido. En otros SLC muy parecidos, como son el síndrome de activación macrofágica (SAM) y el síndrome hemofagocítico (SHF) el tratamiento con los corticoides es fundamental. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar la eficacia de los GC en el SLC por COVID-19. PACIENTES: Incluimos 92 pacientes con SLC por COVID-19 que recibieron GC, GC y tocilizumab y sólo tocilizumab. Determinamos marcadores de SLC. Evaluamos mortalidad, intubación y una variable combinada. RESULTADOS: En todos los casos los porcentajes de eventos fueron menores en el grupo de pacientes en los que se administraron GC. Las razones de riesgo de las variables finales de los grupos con GC frente al grupo en el que se administró sólo tocilizumab fue menor conforme se consideraron los GC, con significación estadística para la supervivencia. DISCUSIÓN: El uso precoz de pulsos de GC puede controlar el SLC, con un menor requerimiento de uso de tocilizumab y una disminución de eventos como la intubación y muerte.

[Effectiveness of corticoid pulses in patients with cytokine storm syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection]. / Eficacia de los pulsos de corticoides en pacientes con síndrome de liberación de citocinas inducido por infección por SARS-CoV-2.

INTRODUCTION: Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) is a serious complication of COVID-19 patients. Treatment is tocilizumab. The use of glucocorticoids (GC) is controversial. In other very similar CSS, such as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and hemophagocytic syndrome (HFS), the main treatment are corticosteroids. Our objective is to evaluate the efficacy of GC in the CSS by COVID-19. PATIENTS: We included 92 patients with CSS associated to COVID-19 who received GC, GC, and tocilizumab and only tocilizumab. We determine CSS markers. We evaluated mortality, intubation, and a combined variable. RESULTS: In all cases the percentages of events were lower in the group of patients with GC was administered. The hazard ratio of the final variables with GC versus the group in which only tocilizumab was administered was lower as CGs were considered, with statistical significance for survival. DISCUSSION: The early use of GC pulses could control SLC, with a lower requirement to use tocilizumab and a decrease in events such as intubation and death.

Quantification of lung water by transpulmonary thermodilution in normal and edematous lung.

PURPOSE: To analyze the accuracy of the transpulmonary thermodilution method in the determination of extravascular lung water (EVLW). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Acute lung injury was produced in eight adolescent pigs weighing 28 to 35 kg by bronchoalveolar lung lavage. EVLW was measured by transpulmonary thermodilution method before and after the intratracheal introduction of 250 or 500 mL of saline solution in different lung injury conditions. No corrections for anatomic dead space were made. RESULTS: When 250 mL was introduced, 195 +/- 17 mL was detected in normal (uninjured) lungs versus 74 +/- 57 mL in edematous (injured) lungs (P <.05). When 500 mL was introduced, 343 +/- 67 mL was detected in normal lungs versus 160 +/- 51 mL in edematous lungs (P <.001). Considering all determinations together, there was a very high negative correlation between the baseline EVLW and the percentage of EVLW detected (r = -0.92, P <.001). CONCLUSION: The transpulmonary thermodilution method is very accurate to detect changes in EVLW in normal lungs. In edematous lung, this method may underestimate the EVLW.

Post-thrombolysis intracerebral hemorrhage: data from the Spanish Register ARIAM.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the predisposing factors in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated with thrombolysis and complicated by intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), as well as the factors associated with death for patients whose conditions were complicated by ICH. DESIGN: A retrospective study. SETTING: An intensive care/critical care unit. PATIENTS: All patients with AMI listed in the Spanish ARIAM register. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The study period was from June 1996 to December 2003. The follow-up period was limited to the time spent in the intensive care unit/coronary care unit. Associations with the development of ICH were studied by univariate analysis. Another univariate analysis was used to evaluate the differences between patients affected by AMI complicated by ICH who died and those who survived. Two multivariate analyses were also used: one to evaluate the factors related to the development of ICH and the other to evaluate the factors associated with the death of patients with ICH. A total of 17,111 patients with AMI were included in the study. ICH occurred in 151 (0.9%) of these patients during their stay in the intensive care unit/coronary care unit. The multivariate analysis showed that the variables associated with ICH development were smoking (odds ratio [OR], 0.684; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.478-0.979); oral b-blockers (OR, 0.488; CI, 0.337-0.706); angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (OR, 0.480; CI, 0.340-0.678); arterial hypertension (OR, 4.900; CI, 2.758-8.705); age of 55-64 yrs (OR, 2.253; CI, 1.117-4.546); age of 65-74 yrs (OR, 4.240; CI, 2.276-7.901); age of 75-84 yrs (OR, 4.450; CI, 2.319-8.539); and age of >84 yrs (OR, 2.997; CI, 1.039-8.647). The mortality rate among patients with ICH was 48.3%, vs. 8.3% among patients without ICH. The multivariate study showed that the mortality rate among patients with ICH was associated with age (OR, 1.086; CI, 1.033-1.143), arterial hypertension cardiovascular risk factor (OR, 2.773; CI, 1.216-6.324), and the need for mechanical ventilation (OR, 4.324; CI, 1.665-11.230) or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OR, 12.258; CI, 1.268-118.523). However, the administration of b-blockers (OR, 0.369; CI, 0.136-0.997) or ACE inhibitors (OR, 0.367; CI, 0.149-0.902) was associated with a reduction in the mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: Factors associated with the development of ICH in our population were age and arterial hypertension, whereas smoking and the administration of b-blockers or ACE inhibitors were associated with a reduction in incidence. Among patients with AMI complicated by ICH, mortality was associated with age, arterial hypertension, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the use of mechanical ventilation, whereas the administration of oral b-blockers and ACE inhibitors could be associated with a reduction in mortality.